THE 





Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, and the Household Arts 



Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts I TilWn „~ 1 t> j ~ " 

J-^kon^^ __J | tetatel-S"^ 6 "° ^ tW ° brea8ts ° f ^ 

FEANK. G. KUFFIN, Editor. 



Vol. XVI. 



F. G. RUFFIN & N. AUGUST, P R0 V RS . 



RICHMOND, JULY, 1856. 



No. 7. 



COMMUNICATION. 

To the Editor of the Southern Planter: 
Mr Dear Sir-1 have read, with unmixed 

£f^'? e i Cntl< ^V n your last * umb er o° 
my little book, entitled "Liberty and Slavery" 
and desire thus publicly to thank the writer 
tor his manly strictures no less than for hi* 
generous praise. Indeed, as truth is dearer to 
every true i man than reputation, so such criti- 
cism should be more coveted than the most ex- 
S d e ° c , 0I ? lums - , Hence, if it were not believed 
that truth is involved in the issue, I should far 
more reluctantly endeavor to repel the charges 
which have %een urged against my little essay 
I fear, sir, that there must be some want of 
clearness in my expressions, or some other defect 
1^1 m °£? of P r ? s . ent jng the subject treated of, ' 
since so able a critic has charged me, not only 
with self-contradiction .in regard to a- funda- 
mental point, but also with having "surrend- 
th! J. "S?™*?*" t0 the abolitionists. On 
the other hand it has seemed to me, that if he 
had more carefully weighed the import of my 
words, he would have seen that the self-contra 7 
die ion complained of is apparent only, and not 
real. This point, however, I shall not presume 

naSn rf 5? Cheerfall 7 SUbmit i4 10 the SS! 
nation of the impartial reader 

The strictures in question are introduced with 
the remark that the abolitionists usually appeal 
to the Declaration of Independence. This t 
very true. The Declaration of Independence 
is as understood by themselves, the greLst/ong! 

fni of the' l^ htl0n,StS - A At *» A ^st meef- 
• g I- , th A" American Anti-Slavery Society" 
in which Wm. Loyd Garrison, Lucy Stone Theo- 
dore Parker, and Lucretia Mott, acted the most 

"SSaT/effV* W " reS ° lved ^at slavery 
*h? ■ u? l iebateable question, any more than is 
the right to commit adultery, burMary hfeh- 
way robbery* or piracy." '^And to S'ery de- 
fence or apo ogy" thereof, continues the relolu 

«W' IVJ? the «°° d ° Id revolution^ S 1 ;: 
We hold these truths to be self-evident that 
al men- are create,! equal; that they are en- 
dowed by their Creator with certain ESSE 



rights; that among these are life, liberty an 
the pursuit of happiness " "Deny, an 

quesUo n feS <Von B ! ed / 0e '" ^ the ™ te ' in. 
question, concludes a strong reply to this 

fallacy with a declaration in conflict it seme 

fact that T ?L \ C , harge is based on tb e 
tact, that 1 have asserted "that life and liberty 

are not inalienable," (article p. 150 ) yet if I 

am not very greatly mistaken, this assertion 

m ?y b e thoroughly vindicated,' as we 1 Kff 

ciled with every other portion of my e "av on 

SS^™ 1 ? S i a . ver y- But let the deader y se? 
and judge for himself. *e«iuer see, 

I have questioned, it is true and a t;n a„ 

Bg&£ s\ 8 t r f >«"r»" 5 

to go unchecked. But let us see in +i,« « ? 
place, if, in assuming this nositTon tY firSt 
tradicted myself. S P osltlOD > I have con- 

Having referred to this position that lift. »»a 
liberty may be alienated, the Trite -of 'the art? 
cle in question continues " Yet the author S 
previously pointed out the error of deS S 
lienable nghts as those over which soS had 
no control. < An inalienable right/ he says fn 
35) is either one which the posses or of i?him ' 
self cannot alienate or transfer nr;*' 
which society has not the power to tat^f ^ 
Jim According to the imporTof the S5ft3 

■AiolAistt, an alienable r iht ft""J £ft 
society itself cannot, Sou! Sftf^gSS 

L r rdoes e the dlV l UaI -' • 1rt » We ^Peclfut" 
ask, does the author reject the 'import of the 

hS'" a Onth: Pt <th6 *T ° f tb e abolftion. 
Remarks Coffer! ^^ * h ™ 8e ™ al ISB* 
In the first place, nothing was farther from 
my intention than to point out "the error of S 
fining ina .enable rights as those ore? which 
Jsociety had no control;" and, with all respSfor 



194 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 






Mr. "R." as the writer signs himself, my words, 
it seems to me, cannot be made to bear any such 
construction. For whatever may be the naked 
import of the term inalienable, when standing 
alone, or in no particular connexion; yet when 
found in a political instrument, and iii relation 
to the natural rights of all men, it usually and 
very properly, it seems to me, denotes those in- 
herent rights over which society has no control, 
except to defend and protect he possessor in the 
enjoyment of them. Hence, as any one I think 
may see, by referring to the whole passage in 
question, (p. 35), I have simply stated the fact, 
that such is the meaning attached to the expres- 
sive inalienable rights by the abolitionists, with- 
out intending to signalize this as one of their er- 
rors. I have never regarded it as one of their 
errors. On the contrary, it has ever appeared 
to me a perfectly legitimate sense of the words, 
and, accordingly, I have repeatedly so used them 
myself. An inalienable right is, it seems to me, 
a right ivhich the possessor of it cannot give up 
or transfer to society, and which society cannot 
lake from him. 

Secondly, I have to reply that I do not "re- 
ject the import of the terms." On the contrary, 
as I have just declared, I hold an inalienable 
right to be one which the individual cannot 
transfer to society. But it is true that in deba- 
ting the justice of slavery with the abolitionists, 
I have laid this meaning of the terms out of the 
question; because, as I have most explicitly sta- 
ted, in regard to this meaning of the words 
there is no dispute between us. Let the pas- 
sage speak for itself. Here it is: "An inalien- 
able right is either one which the possessor of 
it himself cannot alienate or transfer, or it is 
one which Society has not the power to take 
from him. According to the import of the 
terms, the first would seem to be what is meant 
by an inalienable right; but in this sense it is not 
pretended that the right to cither life or liberty 
has been transferred to society or alienated by the 
individual. And if, as we have endeavored to 
show, the right, or power, or authority of society 
is not derived from, a transfer of individual 
rights, then it is clear that neither the right to 
life nor liberty is transferred to society. That 
is, if no rights are transferred, then these par- 
ticular rights are. still untransferred, and, if you 
please, untransferable. Be it conceded, then, 

THAT THE INDIVIDUAL HAS NEVER TRANSFERRED 
HIS RIGHT TO LIFE OR LIBERTY TO SOCIETY." 

Hence, as in regard to this meaning of the 
terms inalienable rights there was no dispute be- 
tween us, so it was very properly laid aside, we 
think, as having nothing to do with the contro- 
versy. Most assuredly, if we mean to combat 
the proposition of an adversary, we should take 
its terms as he intends them to be understood. 
Thirdly, it seems hardly correct to ask, why I 
have adopted "the view of the abolitionist?" 
For, in reality, I have merely admitted that the 
sense in which he " uses the expression, ina- 
lienable rights," (p. 35), is one of its legitimate 



significations, and then proceeded to combat 
"the view" which is peculiar to him, or which 
may be properly called "the view of the aboli- 
tionists." I adopt none of their views. I de- 
clare eternal hostility to them. 

"Was it necessary," continues Mr. R., (p. 150) 
"for his argument in behalf of slavery, to main- 
tain that man has a right to alienate his life 
and his liberty?" I answer, it was'not at all ne- 
cessary. It was necessary, however, to contend 
that whatever may be a man's right, he certain- 
ly has the power to alienate both his life and his 
liberty, and that he sometimes exercises this fa- 
tal power. No man, for example, has the right 
to murder his fellow man; but he has the power 
to do so, and by the perpetration of so horrible 
a crime, he alienates his own right to life, and 
it is extinguished. He does not alienate it jin 
the sense above specified ; that is, he does not 
confer it upon society; but he casts it from him- 
self, and it is forever gone. And society pro- 
ceeds, not by virtue of any right derived from 
him or his consent, but by virtue of authority 
direct from God and from his law, to take away 
that life to which he no longer has a right, and 
which self-protection requires her to take. 

Nor is it otherwise with liberty. The man 
who has a right to freedom, has no right to 
make his freedom a nuisance to society. But he 
has the power to do so, if unrestrained and left 
to himself. He may steal, slander, rob, mur- 
der, kill, and in various, other ways, wage war 
against the peace and well-being of society. 
Thus his right to freedom may, be alienated 
from himself, though not conferred upon society ; 
which, derives her sacred rights from a higher 
source. Hence, she takes away no natural 
right, when she proceeds to strip the villain of 
his ill-used freedom, and secure herself against 
his evil deeds. She takes no right from him ; 
she merely wields the right invested in herself 
by God to keep such outlaws in their own place. 

But although it was not indispensably neces- 
sary to assume such ground, I have not hesita- 
ted to plant myself upon it, and as I trust not 
without good and sufficient reason. For, if I 
mistake not, a man may have "a right to alien- 
ate his life and his liberty." If the public good 
require, (and that is the case I have always put,) 
then he has a right to alienate either life- or lib- 
erty; or, in other words, if the sacred rights of 
man demand the sacrifice, then may his life or 
liberty be freely sacrificed. Nay, it were not 
only his right, it were his bounden duty, to lay 
down both life and liberty in such a cause. Let 
the abolitionists, for example, endeavor to urge 
their bloody schemes upon the South by force 
of arms, and what true man is there among us, 
who does not purpose to lay down his life as 
freely as he ever breathed the air of heaven ? 

Here I beg that my precise expressions may 
be noted. For these are very delicate, as well 
as very difficult matters; and hence whosoever 
aspires to the truth in regard to them should not 
only think closely, but also narrowly watch his 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



195 



words. I have said, then, that a man may have 
a right to alienate his life and liberty, not his 
right to life and liberty. No man has a right to 
alienate his rights. All natural rights are, in- 
deed, in so far as they are real and existing, ina- 
lienable. That is to say, no man can rightfully 
transfer them to society, nor can society right- 
fully divest him of them. To say that a man 
has a right to any thing, and, at the same time, 
assert that society may take it from him, is to 
affirm that society may do injustice, or deprive 
the individual of his due. I hold to no such 
doctrine. 

Hence, in maintaining that a man may lay 
down his life or liberty for the general good, I 
have been careful, in my work on liberty and sla- 
very, to remind the reader that, in such case, 
the individual has no right to his life or liberty, 
but that society has the sole and exclusive right 
to them. Mr. R. has overlooked the sentence 
containing this guarded expression. It imme- 
diately precedes the passage quoted by him ; and 
1 beg leave to insert it here. "All we ask is," 
(p. 110), "as may be seen from the first chap- 
ter of this Essay, that the rights of the individ- 
ual, whether real or imaginary, may be held in 
subjection to the undoubted right of the commu- 
nity to protect itself and to secure its own high- 
est good. This solemn right, so inseparably 
linked to a sacred duty, is paramount to the 
rights and powers of the. individual. Nay, as 

WE HAVE ALREADY SEEN, (iN THE FIRST CHAPTER,) 
THE INDIVIDUAL CAN HAVE NO RIGHT THAT CON- 
FLICTS WITH THIS; BECAUSE IT IS HIS DUTY TO CO- 
OPERATE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GFNE- 
RAL GOOD. SURELT HE CAN HAVE NO RIGHT 

which is adverse to duty." "With the follow- 
ing sentence, the extract of Mr. R. begins. 

It appears, then, that according to the views 
expressed by me, the individual may not alien- 
ate his right to life or liberty. That is, he can 
neither confer this right upon society, nor can 
society take it from him. Yet, as I have said in 
the extract made by Mr. R., "if for the general 
good, he would not cheerfully lay down both life 
and liberty, then both may be rightfully taken 
from him." (p. Ill) Mark the words: "life 
and liberty may," in such case, ,"be taken from 
him," and not this right to life and liberty; for 
as I have most explicitly stated he has, in such 
case, no right to life or liberty, according to 
my views as therein expressed. Hence, no 
right of the individual is touched, but 'only 
things to which he has no right. How, then, 
does this passage conflict with the first chapter 
of my Essay? In that chapter, it is asserted, 
that the rights to life and liberty are inalienable ; 
"that all the powers of earth combined cannot 
take them away." But I have not asserted ei- 
ther there, or elsewhere, that life and liberty are 
inalienable; and in the passage before us, I have 
merely affirmed that society may take them from 
us in such cases, and in such cases only, as 
those in which we have no right to them. I ap- 
peal to the impartial reader if there is any con- 
tradiction here? Is not the doctrine of the pas- 



sage quoted by Mr. R. precisely the same as 
as that of the first chapter, to which it most ex- 
plicitly refers for confirmation of the very senti- 
ment, that no right is taken away by societyl 
Life and liberty may, when the individual has no 
right to them, be taken away ; but the right to 

THEM, WHENSOEVER AND WHERESOEVER IT MAY RE- 
ALLY EXIST, CANNOT BE TOUCHED BY MAN. Like 

all other really existing natural rights, or rights 
derived from God, they are inalienable, either by 
the rightful act of the possessor, or by the legit- 
imate authority of society. 

But to pass on. "Had he not previously sta- 
ted," asks Mr. R., "that 'Society arises not 
from a surrender of individual rights,' and 
hence, need not appeal to the alienation of such 
rights in support of its powers." Most assu- 
redly he had, and, as we have already seen, he 
has not appealed to the alienation of such 
rights in support of its powers. He has not as- 
serted, that the power of society arises from a 
surrender to her of individual rights, but only 
that she possesses power over those things to 
which the individual has no right, and which 
her own highest good demands. 

"Was it wise," Mr. R. proceeds, "to aban- 
don this impregnable position for the purpose 
of maintaining that slavery is justifiable, because 
life and liberty are alienable rights?" It were, 
indeed, most unwise, if he had done so ; but, as 
we have seen, he has not contended for " alien- 
able rights." He has merely contended for the 
alienability of life and liberty when they are not 
rights. I repeat, then, that all men have "cer- 
tain inalienable rights, but {hat life and liberty 
are not among these." Life and liberty are not 
among the inalienable rights of all men ; for the 
simple, sole, and sufficient reason that some men 
have no such rights at all; the murderer, for in- 
stance, has no right to life, nor has the highway 
robber to liberty. In those who have, these 
rights, however, they are inalienable; for soci- 
ety never takes the rights she is ordained to 
defend and protect. These rights are not abso- 
lute, like the right of all men to do their duty; 
they are conditional. Hence, in some cases they 
exist, and in some they are without existence. 

Having, as it seems to me, misconceived my 
position, and impuetd to me the doctrine "that 
life and liberty are alienable rights," Mr. R. 
thinks it might be easily overthrown by the ab- 
olitionist. Let us hear, then, what this imagi- 
nary abolitionist might say, against nay doctrine. 
"If life be alienable," he might say, "then sui- 
cide may be right, for man cannot alienate a 
right over his own life without possessing that 
right himself." When it is affirmed that life is 
alienable, the meaning is, nay, the express as- 
sertion is, that it may be alienated only for good 
and sufficient reason. No one pretends that it 
may be wantonly or wickedly thrown away, as 
in suicide, or sacrificed to the whims of a 
blood-thirsty tyrant. As I have repeatedly said, 
in my' work on liberty and slavery, "It is pre- 
tended by no one that society has the right to 



196 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



deprive any subject 'of either life or liberty, 
without good and sufficient reason;" and if I had 
not said this, the proposition should, it seems to 
me, have been understood with this limitation, 
unless this limitation had been excluded by its 
express terms. The right of a man to alienate 
his life at the call of of his country, or for the 
good of his race, does not imply, it seems to me, 
the right to commit suicide." 

"Moreover," says our imaginary abolitionist, 
"the mere quality of alienability does not trans- 
fer a right or any other piece of property. Ac- 
tual alienation is necessary for this purpose. 
And when and where, the abolitionist may most 
triumphantly ask, has the Southern slave per- 
formed the act of alienating his liberty ? Who 
were the witnesses and how was the transfer 
evidenced?" Now, all that is here said, all 
that is here implied, is most freely admitted. 
"Be it conceded," as I have said in the extract 
already made from liberty and slavery, "that 
the individual has never transferred his right to 
life or liberty to society." All this has been, as 
we have seen, conceded to the abolitionist, and 
laid out of the controversy between us. The 
question between us is, not what the slave has 
done, but what he might. have done. We all 
know he has never transferred his freedom to 
society, but might he not have done so with per- 
fect propriety ? And if he had refused to do so, 
might not society, as in these Southern States 
she has done, have taken it from him? The 
question is, not whether the slave has trans- 
ferred to society his right to freedom, but wheth- 
er he had any such right to transfer. I have 
uniformly contended that he had no such right; 
and that society, in denying freedom to him, 
has done no wrong to any one, and a great good 
to all. Hence, I would respectfully say to such 
an abolitionist, that he only contends for what I 
had fully conceded to him at the outset, and 
mistakes the real point in dispute between us. 

"How pointedly," continues Mr. R., "might 
he address Professor Bledsoe in his own lan- 
guage, 'do we then live, and move and breathe, 
and think, and worship God, only by rights de- 
rived from society? No, certainly. We have 
these rights from a higher source. God gave them 
and all the powers of the earth combined cannot 
take them away.' " And how well might he main- 
tain that right derived from God cannot be alien- 
able. True, our rights are derived from God, 
and the powers of earth cannot take them away. 
I am not at all startled by these old familiar 
words, which have been six times transcribed 
with our own hand, and stood upon record be- 
fore me for ten long years. They assert, it is 
true, that certain rights are derived from God, 
and are inalienable. But they do not assert, 
that all men are created equal, that all men are 
endowed by their Creator with an inalienable 
right to life and liberty. Only some men pos- 
sess such right at all ; and they, it is conceded, 
possess it as an inalienable right. That is, they 
can neither transfer it to society, nor can soci- 



ety take it from them. But there are, as I have 
everywhere contended, cases in which men pos- 
sess no right to life or liberty ; and, in all such 
cases, both life and liberty may be taken away 
by society for its own highest good. It is on 
this ground that I justify the institution of sla- 
ery. Not on the ground that society may divest 
the slave of his natural right to personal free- 
dom, but on the ground that he possesses no 
such natural right, and the good of all is incom- 
patible with his personal freedom. 

In the foregoing remarks, as well as in vari- 
ous portions of my work on Liberty and Slave- 
ry, I wish it to be remembered, that as I have 
been reasoning with the abolitionist, so I have 
used the terms fiberty and freedom in his sense 
of them, and not my own. In the true sense of 
the word, liberty is, I admit, an inalienable 
right ; and cannot be taken away by society. 
For liberty is "the enjoyment of one's rights ;" 
and every man ceriainly has a right to enjoy 
these, be they more or less. 

But in this sense, slavery is not, as I have 
endeavored to show, at all inconsistent with 
liberty. For I have endeavored to show, that 
the slave of the South have no right to perso- 
nal freedom; and that consequently, in denying 
it to them, no right is infringed, while great 
good is accomplished. "As it is their duty to 
labor," I have said, (p. 271) "so the law which 
compels them to do so is not oppressive. It de- 
prives them of the enjoyment of no right, unless, 
indeed, they may be supposed to have a 
right to violate their duty. Hence, in com- 
pelling the colored population of the South 
to work, the law does deprive them of liberty in 
the true sense of the word ; that is, it does not 
deprive them of the enjoyment of any right. It 
merely requires them to peform a natural duty." 

'But in arguing the question of liberty and 
slavery with the abolitionist, I have been com- 
pelled to use these words in the sense which he 
attaches to them. In this sense, I deem his pro- 
positions false, his premises as well as his conclu- 
sions. Hence, I am not able to agreewith Mr. R., 
that the premise of the abolitionists correct (p. 
150) while his conclusion is false. "The aboli- 
tionist," says he, " is right in maintaining that 
life and liberty are inalienable rights, but wrong 
in thence condemning slavery." He is certain- 
ly right in his premise, that liberty is an in- 
alienable right, if he attaches the true idea to the 
term liberty ; but nothing is farther from his 
thoughts than this, as I suppose it will be ad- 
mitted by Mr. R. himself. By liberty or free- 
dom, the abolitionist means the power to act as 
one pleases, or at least withcnd the restraint or 
control of a master. Such is his own meaning ; 
and his premise is, I apprehend, as he under- 
stands it himself, and not as it may be under- 
stood by another. Hence I deem his premise 
false. 

In the true sense of the term liberty, slavery 
is not its opposite. Its opposite, its antago- 
nistic principle, is license. By the institution 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



197 



of slavery for the blacks, license is shut out, 
and liberty is introduced. It is introduced by 
the slaves themselves. For they have a natural 
right to that government, to that supervision and 
control, which, on the whole, is best for them ; 
and such is slavery. Hence, slavery secures 
them in the enjoyment of their natural right; 
and, according to the measure of their capacity 
to receive it, bestows upon them real liberty. 
Let this institution be abolished, and they will 
mo l6nger enjoy their natural rights. In the 
strong language of Mr. R.. they would "moulder 
away as if by a consuming pestilence, their 
morals, their minds, and their bodies rotting 
■down in one universal ruin." 

Though there are some points of difference be- 
tween Mr- R. and myself; yet these, I am highly 
gratified to believe, are insignificant and trifling 
when compared with the great fundamental 
conceptions in which we agree. A laudable 
desire on his part, to defend the doctrine of the 
Declaration of Independence, that all men are 
endowed by their Creator with an inalienable 
right to life and liberty, is perhaps the chief 
source of our differences. But though his 
veneration for that noble and time-honored in- 
strument is great, it is by no means blind or 
undiscriminating. He defends the language, 
and shows that it admits of a high and glorious 
sense ; but yet he does not insist that such was 
the sense of its illustrious author. In his own 
way. and according to bis own independent 
views, he maintains that slavery is consistent 
with the Declaration of Independence, and with 
the natural right of the slave. But, he adds, 
"we shall be told that such was not the view 
taken of slavery by the authors of the Declara- 
tion of Independence and the Virginia Bill of 
Rights. That in their opinion it violated those 
great organic laws. We grant it to the fullest 
extent. But our departure from their opinion 
is neither disrespect to them nor arrogance in 
us." We should be happy to quote the whole of 
this striking passage ; but the readers of the 
Southern Planter may easily turn to it for them- 
elves, and read the admirable reflections with 
which it concludes. 

With sentiments of the highest consideration 
and esteem, I have, Sir, the honor to remain 
your friend and servant. 

A. T. BLEDSOE. 



USE OF THE SCRAPER IN CLEANING 

DITCHES MILL-RACES AND CREEKS. 
Mr. Sara. P. Ryland : 

Yours of the 23d of April has just been re- 
ceived, which finds me confined to my home 
after an indisposition of* more than a week. 
Supposing an immediate reply necessary for 
your work, I will at once give you my mode 
of using the scraper. More than two years 
ago I purchased an iron scraper of Mr. Palmer 
(Seedsman of Richmond, Va.) at a cost of seven 
dollars all ready for hitching the horses. This 
I esteem the very best scraper I have ever used, 



or seen. It is an implement no farmer should 
be without, as it is a great labour-saving article 
of but small cost and great last. I find it use- 
ful not only in cleaning out my mill race, 
cleaning out and straightening \uj creeks, but 
very useful in scraping up my farm pens and 
wood piles and in makiug roads. Now in the ar- 
ticle alluded to by you, in which I say it will do 
the work of fifteen or twenty hands, I certainly 
did not mean to say it could always, and every- 
whre accomplish so much ; for the scraper, nor 
no other machine can do this ; for instance, if I 
had only a few bushels of wheat' to get out, it 
would hardly be thought a saving of time to fix 
up an improved threshing machine to do what 
in less time I could accomplish with a flail or 
even over a barrel ; so with the scraper, where 
the banks are low and the mud, .had merely to 
be spaded and raised a foot or two upon the 
bank, then the fifteen hands could and would 
accomplish more than the scraper. I will now 
show you where I meant the scraper could and 
would accomplish more than fifteen or twenty 
field hands. My mill race, from the point at 
which the water is taken from the creek and 
that point at which it re-enters the creek below 
the mill is about one thousand yards and varies 
in depth from four to fifteen feet ; in the deep cuts 
the channel was so narrow, it could not convey 
water enough for my grist mill, threshing ma- 
chine and a saw mill then but lately attached ; 
nor could could the hands work at these points 
in cleaning it out. One set of hands had to throw 
the dirt a part of the way, and another set had 
re-throw it out, and this half way work- 
ing was at a great loss of time and labour: and, 
more than all, the work was not half done. I at 
once determined to cut .the canal' 6even feet 
wide. I did so : it answered all I expected of 
it ; but I soon found it filling up very fast, owing 
to my having no dam. And the washings of the 
mountain farms were rapidly accumulating in 
my race, which required more time than I 
could spare to keep it cleaned out — especially at 
these deep cuts the labour was vastly heavy, 
and progress very slow. I now do this work 
with a man and two horses, a coulter or plough 
and scraper in the following way: on each side of 
these deep cuts, say fifty yards, it fulls to four or 
five feet rise, at which low points I cut a graded 
outlet parallel with the race, just wide enough 
for the horses to pull out the loaded scraper. If 
the horses enter above, they drag the scraper 
midway between the two outlets, where the 
scraper is set to load itself, (which it does very 
rapidly if there are no tussocks, turf, roots, or 
sticks to impede its wedge-like shape), it is then 
dragged to the outlet, and carried to some low or 
weak place of the embankment and deposited 
there by a mere tilt of the handle towards the 
horses, and returned in place, all without stop- 
ping the horse at at all ; tbey then re-enter where 
they came out — go up to the midway point, re- 
load and go out above in the same manner, 
which saves the expense of cutting the race 



198 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 






wide enough for the teams to turn around in ; 
always keep the work clean up as you progress, 
leaving the points where you go out for the last, 
as the rise will aid the teams very much in 
going out, and at these points I have to finish 
with shovels. If the cleaning out is not wanted 
for raising or strengthening the banks, it makes 
first-rate manure mixed with lime, ashes or 
stable manure. I* have so u ed it to a great 
advantage. Here the scrapers will equal fifteen 
or twenty hands. In straightening my creek, 
where I had some washed places to be filled, 
from fifty to a hundred yards distant, I think 
my man, two horses, coulter and plough, did 
more than any fifteen or twenty hands could 
have done in cleaning out some shoals, and 
moving the dirt to some low or weak places of 
the emba'fikment. 

I let the water out of the canal and permit it 
to get dry enough for the hand, horses and 'scra- 
per to do good work in ; and if any part of it be- 
comes too compact, then, as thought best, the 
colter or plough is used. I never work but 
one man and one set of horses at these jobs ; 
more would be in the way, as it is only necessa- 
ry to take the stretcher or double-tree from one 
and fix it to the other, which is quickly done. 
With a quick and sensible driver, and a quick 
pair of horses, you would be astonished at the 
amount of work done in a day. The shoals in 
my creek are merely loosened up by the coulter 
or plough, and quickly removed by the scraper. 
Where the creek is to be straightened, it is- 
laid off, and the grass tussocks, roots, &c, re*- 
moved by ploughs, spades and carts when it is 
to be carried off; for the scraper cannot work in 
such rough materials. Small holes made by 
the crawfish and eels, I have stopped bet- 
ter by saw dust than any other article I have 
ever used. I have thus hurriedly answered 
your enquiries, and I hope you may be able to 
understand my letter. If you should use it, and 
find it of any service to you, please let me hear 
of it through the Planter, that it may be 
of service to some other of our numerous 
brethren of the plough. Most of us poor fellows 
are so hard to believe and so slow to try is the 
one great cause why improvements progress so 
slowly. If I know anything, that little is 
always at the service of my brother farmers. 
With best wishes for your success. 

Most Respectfully, 
GEO. C. GILMER. 

Inglewood, Albemarle Co., May 3d, 1856. 



Cooking Onions. — Onions are very good 
boiled in milk and water, which diminishes the 
strong taste of that vegetable. An excellent 
way of serving them up, is to chop them after 
they are boiled, and put them in a stew pan 
with a little milk, butter, salt and pepper, and 
let them stew about fifteen minutes. — Western 
Agriculturist. 



Report of the Committee of the United Farmers' 
Agricultural Club on Agricultural Implements. 
Communicated to the Southern Planter. 

The subject, referred' to the committee at a for' 
mer meeting of the Club, is second to no other 
in importance to the farming community. At 
ho former period has the knowledge of me- 
chanics, or skill and enterprise in mechanism, 
been so successfully applied to the interests of 
agriculture. Until within a few years past, 
implements employed in husbandry were of the 
simplest and most primitive character, costing 
but little in the outlay, but expensive in the end, 
and constructed without reference to the econo- 
my of manual labor. But the general progress 
of science, the necessity of increased products to 
meet the multiplied wants, real or imaginary, of 
a higher civilization, and the reluctance of labor 
to seek employment in agricultural pursuits, 
have conspired to give an impetus to improve- 
ment in agricultural implements, and to stimu- 
late the invention of time and labor saving ma- 
chinery, hitherto unknown. This direction of 
mechanic art has been encouraged and fostered 
by the liberal patronage of more enlightened 
agricultural enterprise, till implements of hus- 
bandry have multipled to a degree, in some de- 
partments, almost beyond the knowledge of the 
farmer of their use or mode of operating them. 
Hence, the judicious and enterprising farmer of 
the present day, possesses advantages wholly 
unknown to his predecessors. Time and labor 
constitute an essential item of the capital of the 
farmer; and he, who fails to economize these, 
cannot hope for successful competition with 
more enterprising rivals. To neglect the 
strengthening of ourselves by all such substan- 
tial aids, would be that species of economy 
which may properly be designated as " penny 
wise and pound foolish," 

But in availing ourselves of the advantages 
we may enjoy, a shrewd discrimination is ne- 
cessary, to save us from becoming victims to the 
tricks of trade, or dupes of those whose creduli- 
ty, and not judgment or experience, forms the 
basis of their opinions and recommendations. 
It is often the case that implements of real 
merit in one locality are worse than useless in 
another, where peculiar conditions of soil and 
other circumstances exist, not taken into calcu- 
lation in the mode or principle of their con- 
struction. In such cases, injustice to one party 
and injury or loss to the other may result from 
the want of a proper discrimination. In con- 
cluding these introductory remarks, the com- 
mittee will take occasion to suggest the proprie- 
ty of a distinct understanding between buyer 
and seller, in all cases, where the implement is 
not of tried and acknowledged merit, and also of 
familiar use to the purchaser, that it be re- 
turned on terms agreed, if, on fair trial, it fails 
to give satisfaction — the experimenter pointing 
out its defects and the special reasons of its 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



199 



failure under particular circumstances. This 
course, it seems to us, -would be beneficial alike 
to the farmer and the mechanic — remove dis- 
trust, and establish confidence. 

Farm implements may be classified as, 1st, 
those proper for preparing the soil ; 2nd, those 
for putting in and cultivating grain and other 
crops ; 3rd, implements for severing and secur- 
ing crops ; 4th, those for threshing and prepar- 
ing for market ; 5th, implements of promiscu- 
ous uses. 

1st. Implements for preparing the soil. It is 
a just sentiment, and one more universally ad- 
mitted than practiced, that thorough prepara- 
tion of the soil is the first element of success, 
and moreover, that thus prepared, little subse- 
quent cultivation is needed to ensure a satisfac- 
tory crop. The implement best adapted to this 
purpose, and vastly superior to all others in the 
knowledge of the Committee, is the Livingston 
plough. Its superiority consists in its simplici- 
ty, durability, easy draft, width and depth of 
furrow, and in inverting the sod. The V and 
square harrow, the latter adapted to the inequal- 
ities of the surface by means of a double frame 
with hinges in the middle, are all needful to be 
mentioned under this head. 

2nd. For putting in and cultivating grain 
and other crops. 

The corn planter the Committee cannot re- 
commend to general use, as at present con- 
structed. The track of its roller renders the 
soil liable to brake after a heavy shower, both 
before and after the corn comes up. It is liable 
to deposite the grain unequally, and at irregu- 
lar distances. Corn thus planted, with dry 
plaster irregularly scattered, and not always 
brought in contact with the grain, is observed 
no tot vegetate with the same vigor as when rolled 
in plaster. The shear coulter in the first in- 
stance, and the three tooth sidewipe, with slight 
wings on the shanks, for the purpose of throw- 
ing earth to the corn, are preferred to other im- 
plements under this head, and by timely and 
judicious use, may be made ordinarily, to super- 
sede all others in the culture of corn. 
. The subject of Wheat-Drills, a costly imple- 
ment, has engaged much attention recently, and 
the Committee regret it3 inabilily to speak com- 
paratively of the dhTerent kinds. But one pat- 
tern has been used to any extent as yet by us — 
Pinnock's— and whatever may be said in recom- 
mendation of the principle of its construction, 
which may or may not be a good one, the 
committee feels authorized to denounce the 
machines sent us, as humbugs ; and the reverse 
of time and labor saving. Of the very consid- 
erable number sold in this county last year, we 
have yet to hear of the first instance in which 
satisfaction was given. With a few or no ex- 
ception-', all that were used had first to be re- 
paired or altered ; some, when not paid for, 
were sent back, — others could not be used at all, 
for want of. necessary parts of the machinery ; 
and which being paid for, the agents refused to 



take back, on account of the lateness of the pe- 
riod, though offered fifteen per cent, discount 
and freight on the return. ■ Of those that 
were sold, some came to pieces, and all performed 
imperfectly and unsatisfactorily. 

The committee feels warranted in saying 
this article was made to sell, and that the only 
profit, connected with it, enures wholly to the 
manufacturer and the of agents, who, innocently 
lend themselves to impose them on the farming 
community. Those who wish to make farther 
improvements with drills, are recommended to 
the pattern of Bickwell & Hoffman, which is 
highly spoken of in some quarters. 

The single or light double-shovel may be re- 
garded as most satisfactory for putting in small 
grain. In dry seasons the ordinary harrow 
cannot be relied on. Under this head may be 
classed Seymore's Broad-Caster — an implement 
highly spoken of, and so far as the committee 
have observed, of real merit. The regularity 
and evenness of its work in sowing wheat, guano 
and plaster, cannot be surpassed. But the price 
demanded for such a machine seems to the Com- 
mittee muqh too high,, and this with the cost of 
working it, will greatly limit its use. 
3rd. For severing and securing grain- 
On large estates the grain reaper is much ap- 
proved, and on smooth land may be advantage- 
ously employed. Neither the experience nor 
the observation of the Committee warrants it in 
recommending any particular pattern. 

The light hand hoe is preferred to any. other im- 
plement for cutting up corn. The elastic wire 
tooth gleaner, (the name of the patentee not re- 
membered,) is valuable both in the wheat field 
and meadow. 

4th. For threshing and cleaning grain. 
■The staple tooth thresher, manufactured by 
Smith of Louisa, and Smith of Richmond, and 
we believe also by Fishback of Green, may be 
recommended for the ease, rapidity and efficien- 
cy with which it operates. The manufacturers 
of this machine, the Committee will remark, 
neither do themselves nor their patrons justice 
in claiming for it the merit of being staple 
tooth, when in fact it is not entirely so — the 
teeth in the concave being simply spikes — less 
secure and more dangerous than if what they 
are claimed to be. 

The Virginia corn-sheller, manufactured by 
Smith of Richmond, is an admirable implement 
and entitled to precedence over all others of its 
class. No farmer who has occasion to shell five 
bushels of corn a week, should be without one. 
Doyle's fan for grain and grass seed is very gen- 
erally in use and universally approved. The 
Committee is not prepared to say whether im- 
provements have been made to supersede it by 
some other pattern. Of portable mills, no other 
than the Little Giant Corn and Cob Crusher has 
come under the observation of the Committee, 
and this is earnestly recommended as a most 
valuable machine — operating most expeditious- 
ly and so effectually as to render it difficult to 



200 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



1 



distinguish the grain from the Cob in the ground 
state. If it be economy to crush corn and cob, 
which can scarcely .be doubted, then few im- 
provements have been introduced, of which the 
farmer should more promptly avail himself than 
of this. Other machines for the same purpose 
are favorably spoken of, which may prove more 
desirable than this on trial — the Excelsior for 
example, upon the same principle and about the 
same costs. 

IMPLEMENTS OF PROMISCUOUS USES. 

5th. The committee recommends Wells' Seed 
Sower as a valuable implement. By it, time, 
labor and seed are saved and the operation of 
sowing, better and more uniformly done, than 
by hand-sowing ; but the price so far exceeds a 
fair profit on the cost of manufacture as to 
amount to extortion, and, therefore, the commit- 
tee will not recommend its vise. 

The English Clod Crusher, which consists of 
a series of revolving sections, whose outer edges 
are indented after the fashion of a cross-cut 
saw, is costly, very heavy and effective. On one 
or two farms of the stiff lands of James River it 
is highly esteemed. In our Piedmont district, 
implements of far less cost may be substituted 
when necessary, though occasions for such rare- 
ly occur. 

The ordinary roller, either plain or pegged, is 
indispensable upon our light lands to secure a 
stand of young grasses. Of straw cutters the 
committee unhesitatingly award its preference to 
Smith's of Richmond, for its simplicity, expedi- 
tion, durability and the evenness of its work.. 
No stable should be without one. The scraper, 
so valuable for removing earth, ditch banks 
and levelling inconvenient equalities of surface, 
is recommended. The various improvements in 
shovels and forks for handling manures are 
worthy of consideration and adoption. 
JAMES NEWMAN, ) 
PHILIP B. JONES, V of Orange. 
HENRY MASSIE. ) 

Pot Cheese. — There is an other dish, 
when one is scarce of sause, that we may 
use a great deal : Take a crock or two of 
thick milk.; put it on the slove, stir it once 
in a while ; -let it get milk-warm and no 
warmer ; take it off and pour it into a thin 
bag ; hang 'it up five or six hours, so that 
they will run off; then take a bowlfull, and 
put on enough sour cream to make it quite 
soft, and it is good, and certainly cheap. 
■ < ■»» » — ■ 

Boil tour Molasses. — When molasses 
is used in cooking, it is a very great im- 
provement to boil and skim it before you 
use it. It takes out the raw taste, and 
makes it almost as good as sugar. Where 
molasses is used much for culinary purpo- 
ses, it is well to prepare one or two gallons 
in this manner at a time. 



[From the Valley Farmer.] 
STEAM POWER FOR FARM PURPOSES. 

You request me in your letter to furnish you 
with an account of my " Portable Steam Engine 
for Farm Purposes," which I do with pleasure, 
fully assured that the substitution of such a 
steam power, on all our farms of moderate size, 
is only a question of time. 

The Engine as yet has been tried only under 
the most unfavorable circumstances. Standing 
out doors, entirely unprotected, the weather in- 
tensely cold, the wood green, the machinery all 
new, many little advantages not giyen in it, — yet 
yet it more than equalled my expectations, and 
gave entire satisfaction to all who saw it work. 
I tried it threshing again with perfect success — i 
not using more than one-third the amount of 
steam, which was kept up without the least dif- 
ficulty — nor did there appear to be the least 
danger of setting fire te the straw. I then tried 
it crushing corn in the cob with one of Pitt's 
Crushers, which I have had in use for the last 
four years, and though it was dull, and many of 
the teen broken, with such an application of 
power, I never saw better nor faster work done. 
I also tried the engine cutting straw, corn stalks 
and hay with equal success, using one of Sin- 
clairs 12 inch cutters. I was satisfied that the 
engine could have driven the three machines all 
at the same time. Will the Engine do ? is a 
question quite settled with me, and in future I 
shall use it as a motive power for all the ma- 
chinery on my farm, to which power can be 
conveniently applied. The space occupied by 
my Engine is G by 9 feet. The boiler is 41 
inches in diameter, and made of the best No. 4 
4 Philadelphia stamped iron. The exhausted 
steam paases into the smoke-pipe, killing all the 
sparks. The smoke-pipe is 19 feet high and 12 
inches in diameter, which gives a strong draft. 
The whole machine is mounted on a strong iron 
truck, with wheels 20 inches in diameter, and 
can be easily drawn to any part of my farm by 
four horses. My Engine can be worked up to 
about an eight horse power. The weight inclu- 
ding the truck, is 4900 lbs. These engines are 
manufactured by Messrs. A. N. Wood & Co., and 
for compactness of form, simplicity of construc- 
tion, arrangements of working parts, durability 
and good workmanship, they can scarcely be 
surpassed. They are easily managed, as you 
may judge from the fact that mine is being 
safely run and perfectly well attended to by one 
of my negro boys, who had never so much as 
seen an engine before. The price at which 
these engines are afforded places them within 
the reach of nearly every farmer. They are 
made from 2J to 10 horse power, costing from 
$225 to -§835. My engine consumes from three 
to four barrels of water per day, and about § 
cord of wood. [Signed,] 

J. A. HUMPHREYS 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



201 



TURNIP CULTURE. 

Mr. F. G. Ruffin, •• 

Dear Sir : — In the December number of your 
Planter, you called attention to a specimen of 
King William turnips received from me, with a 
request that I should tell the public howl raised 
them, on what kind of land, &c. At the same 
time you inquired of me whether I was not sat- 
isfied that turnips, in King William, were a bet- 
ter crop than law suits ; inasmuch as you had 
heard through a friend that a few years ago, 
there was only oner new suit brought to a term 
of the Circuit Court, You put a tough question 
to a young lawyer, and I will answer it indi- 
rectly by stating that it gives me great pleasure 
to render a more favorable report of my county. 
Litigation is increasing : and I hope old King 
William will soon occupy the position she ought — 
that of an enterprising and trading commu- 
nity. This is quite a digression from the sub- 
ject of turnips, but I hope you will pardon' me 
for giving you a little news. 

About the 25th of July, 1855, I drilled an 
acre of land in Rutobaga turnips, and a fourth 
of an acre in white turnips. The land, of a 
medium texture, was ploughed eight or ten 
inches deep in the latter part of June, and 
thoroughly harrowed previous to drilling the 
seed. Most persons do not plough up the land 
for turnips, until they are ready to sow or 
drill. I think it far preferable to plough the 
land a month or two previous, as it is all impor- 
tant that it should be reduced to a perfect state 
of pulverization. If harrowing will not prepare 
the ground nicely, it should be reploughed. 
This will depend on the kind of soil and the 
season. I prefer a medium soil for turnips. If 
the land is sandy, the turnips will suffer from a 
drought. On the contrary, if the land is stiff, 
the turnips will not grow very large. 

My Rutobaga seed were put in drills 3 feet 
wide, and 12 inches distant in the drill. 

One third of the land was covered with cow- 
pen manure, and guanoed in the drill at the 
time of drilling the seed. One third was guan- 
oed in the drill (on land not cow-penned), and 
had a second application of guano previous to 
throwing dirt to the turnips with a single 
plough. 

The remaining third of an acre bad only one 
application of guano, and that in the drill. 
Quaere as to the product of each. The product 
of the first mentioned third of an acre was a 
little greater than that of the second ; and the 
product of the second was more than double 
that of the third. The portion of land drilled 
in white turnips was heavily manured by cow- 
pens, and had an application of guano in the 
drill. The product was the greatest I have ever 
seen from the same quantity of land : the lar- 
gest size weighing from 10 to 13 pounds. I 
did not measure to ascertain the quantity of tur- 
nips I raised, but the supply seems to be almost 
inexhaustible. My fattening hogs last fall were 
fed on them once a day for six weeks, and I 



would occasionally feed my out hogs on them. 
My milch cows and sheep have been feeding on 
them during the past winter up to the present 
time; and I still have " a few more left." 
Preservation through winter and spring. 

The first frosty morning in autumn have the 
tops of your turnips taken off an inch or more 
above the roots with small sticks. This is bet- 
ter than cutting off the tops, as they are brittle 
when frozen, and you will be thus rid of a very 
tedious operation. A neat farmer would advo- 
cate cutting off the tops, but " dispatch" is my 
motto. Have your roots taken up with care so 
as not to bruise them ; then place them in con- 
ical piles or mounds containing 30 bushels each. 
Around these mounds place straw or some other 
coarse material, five or six inches thick. Over 
it place dirt, taken from the base of the mound, 
so as to form a covering 10 or 12 inches thick, 
thereby preventing water from coming in con- 
tact with the roots. In the top of the mound it 
would be well to insert a wisp of straw, to allow 
the impure air to escape, by removing it in wet 
weather; although my turnips have kept well 
without this precaution. When wanted for use, 
remove the contents of the whole mound opened, 
to some convenient place where they will be 
sheltered from the inclement weather: If you 
leave turnips in the mound, after it is opened 
they will soon rot. 

Farmers vary as much as to the most economi- 
cal modeof feeding away their Rutobagas, as they 
do about the most judicious way in which guano 
should be used. : My way is certainly attended 
with less trouble, as I feed to my stock the raw 
turnip chopped fine, unless when the weather 
was so cold as to freeze them, which was the 
case during most of the past winter. Of course 
it would answer a better purpose to mix the Ru- 
tobaga with corn meal, &c, and then boil ; but 
I look on so many bushels of corn as so much 
money, which is a scarcer article with me than 
turnips were. 

Farmers who differ with me will say that it is 
a waste to feed the raw turnip to cattle, unmixed 
with other nutritive food ; but I ask why the 
necessity for consuming so much corn, while 
these milch cows, are affording enough milk and 
butter for a hjrge family, subsisting on the nu- 
tritive matter of the raw turnip. 

I regret to see that turnip culture is so much 
neglected in this section of Virginia. A farm- 
er's ambition is satisfied if he has a small piece 
of cow-penned land to seed a few turnips in. 
The preparation of the ground is a matter of 
little moment. All he wants is to be able to 
boast that he has got a turnip patch ! He gives 
a. small spot a slight scratching with a plough, 
sows the seed broadcast to expedite the work, 
and then leaves them to shift for themselves. 
There are a few farmers who regard the turnip 
culture of more value, but they are " like angel's 
visits few and far between." 



Richard Hawes. 



King Wm. Co. April, 1856. 



202 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER 






CHRONIC RHEUMATISM IN HOR- 
SES. 

Chronic rheumatism is generally a se- 
quel to the acute, yet if the subject be 
closely watched a train of phenomena 
may be observed very similar to those at- 
tending the acute stage : yet differing in 
its gradual accession: obscure state of the 
phenomena, and less functional and struc- 
tural changes. 

At times, chronic rheumatism, is noth- 
ing more than a modified and protracted 
state of the acute stage, it is migratory 
like the former; attacking this, that, or 
other tissues, without reference to its ori- 
ginal locality. For example, a horse may, 
after a brisk driving and subsequent ex- 
posure, become lame in the region of the 
fore extremeties, this lameness may, per- 
haps, be defined as sub-acute, or chronic 
rheumatism ; from the fact that there 
is no increase in arterial nor respi- 
ratory actions ; but the first thing we ob- 
serve, is, that the subject is laboring under 
hypertrophy of the heart, perhaps cardit- 
is or endo-carditis, and this is proof posi- 
tive of the migratory character of rheu- 
matism. 

But why should rheumatism attack the 
■heart 1 This is quite an interesting ques- 
tion, and thus we answer it. The physi- 
ology of the heart instructs us that its 
motions are governed by the impression 
made upon the susceptible nervous tissues. 
Its responses are physiological when the 
whole system is unembarrassed. It is 
the centre, not only of circulation, but of 
sympathy, and responds to the impressions 
made upon the general system, so that it 
any disturbance shall occur in the animal 
economy, in the form of fever, spasm, 
&c, or, the horse be affrighted, punished, 
or exposed to sudden variatjpns in tem- 
perature, the heart is one of the organs 
first deranged. ■ Rheumatism therefore be- 
ing migratory, is apt, in travelling from 
tissue to tissue, to locate on a deranged 
organ, especially when that organ is one 
so easily excited as the heart. 

Causes of Rheumatism. — The special 
cause of rheumatism is, hereditary pre- 
disposition. -In certain families morbid 
tendencies are transmitted from parents 
to offspring and display themselves in the 
developement, of parental defect and de- 
formity. There are, also, general exciting 
causes, such as exposure after perspiring 



freely; dam pf and cold stables, errors in 
diet, or stable management, over-work, 
&c. 

Principal symptoms of chronic rheu- 
matism. — The subject is generally ob- 
served to travel a limited, or stiffened gait 
at first, when taken out of the stable ; he 
appears " stiffened up," as the saying is, 
yet " limbers up," as he proceeds ; this 
depends, however, somewhat on the tem- 
perature of the atmosphere, for the ani- 
mal is nothing less than a walking barom- 
eter,* and the slightest alteration in the 
weather affects him very sensibly. 

The disease may manifest itself in the 
diffuse form, affecting the body, as well 
as the limbs and feet, which gives to the 
animal a sort of wirey, spare appearance; 
yet otherwise, he appears well and can 
play his part at the game of food, as well 
as any horse. In the absence of all in- 
flammatory symptoms, this peculiar and 
almost ruined condition is designated, by 
some, as general founder, and as no one 
has ever drawn a line of demarcation be- 
tween what is known to medical men as 
chronic rheumatism, and what the rest part 
of the world denominate chronic founder, 
we shall consider that chronic rheuma- 
tism is founder and vice versa. 

Passing from the diffuse form this chron- 
ic affection may locate in the muscles of 
the trunk; then, it gets the name of "body 
founder," the animal is then unabled to 
move the body in lateral directions, with- 
out showing an awkward stiffness, and on 
being made to turn a corner, when going 
at a smart gait, a stiffness, apparently in 
the spinal regions, is generally perceived. 

At times it locates in the pectoral re- 
gion, and in consequence of either long 
continued pain, (which is known to ex- 
haust muscular rotundity,) or innutrition, 
the parts, present a shrunken or hollow 
aspect. In the absence of acute symp- 
toms this is the veritable " chest founder ." 

A disease of this character long con- 
fined to one or both shoulders is often fol- 
lowed by a similar wasting of the spina- 
tus muscles and is often termed " sweeny," 
the same condition of parts, however, may 
be the consequence of diseased feet, for 
we often observe an atrophy or wasting ©f 
the above muscles in animals that have 
long been the subjects of chronic liminit- 
is, ami altered structures about the feet. 
The term founder is often applied to a 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



20£ 



[ruined state of these parts. Chronic 
rheumatism is more aft to localize itself 
ithan the acute kind, and once located it 
is not so easily removed although the 
[animal may receive benefit from the ordi- 
jnary means, such as warm clothing, and 
Stimulating embrocations, yet, when ex- 
posed to wet or cold he again relapses 
jinto his former condition, travelling .stiff, 
and lame as ever. The stiffness, and 
lameness if there be any, attending chronic 
rheumatism, disappears to a certain extent 
lafter a brisk trot, whereas, acute rheuma- 
tism is generally aggravated by exercise. 

Chronic rheumatism may, however, ap- 
pear in one spot to-day, and to-morrow 
imanifest itself in another, yet the affected 
Iparts exhibit none of the heat nor tender- 
iness, difficult respiration, wirey pulse, nor 
functional disturbance which attends the 
lacute stage, so that the difference between 
[the acute and chronic conditions of this 
affection is very marked. 

Treatment of Chronic Rheumatism. 
Local Treatment, consists in the applica- 
tion of vapor, warm blankets and leggings, 
and stimulating liniments, the patient to 
ibe located in a warm, yet, ventilated sta- 
ble. 

The following is probably one of the 
best local applications : — 



Sulphuric aether, 
Oil of cedar, 
Camphor. 
Proof spirit, 
Soft soap, 



2 ounces. 
1 ounce- 
1 ounce. 
1 pint. 
1 sill. 



Dissolve the oil of cedar, in the sulphu- 
ric aether ; then dissolve the camphor first 
and soap afterwards, in the proof spirit, 
and mix. 

Apply a portion of the above to the af- 
fected parts, night and morning, so long 
as the case seems to require it. 

Constitutional Treatment. --The con- 
stitutional remedies, are various, those en- 
titled to our greatest confidence are 

First — Medicines which act upon the 
cutaneous vessels. 

Secondly — Medicines recognised nspure 
tonics, which impart tone and activity to 
organs without inducing subsequent pros- 
tration. 

Thirdly — Medicines known as general 
stimulants that'excite without depression. 

As an example of the above we give 
the following formulae : 



Thayer's fluid extract of Black Cohosh, 

diaphoretic, - - - 2 ounces. 

" " " gentian, pure 

tonic, - - - 2 ounces. 

" '' " Jamaica gin- 

ger stimulant, -. - - 1 ounce. 

Syrup of garlic, antipasmodic, - 4 ounces. 

Mix. 

One fourth of this mixture may be giv- 
en night and morning in the form of 
drench- 
Other medicines are in high repute such, 
for example, as hydriadate of potassa, ni- 
trate of potassa, phosphate of ammonia, 
camphor, aconite, capsicum, &c, &.c. 

Those of our patrons who cannot avail 
themselves of the services of a regular ve- 
terinary surgeon, and having a horse labo- 
ring under the symptoms of chronic rheu- 
matism, may, without injury to the ani- 
mal, use the preceding prescriptions, if 
they fail to cure the subject, the case is, 
probably, incurable. Such will not injure 
the patient, and this is more than we can 
certify to, as regards the popular barn-yard 
prescriptions. 



NEGRO 'ABSORPTION. 

, It is frequently charged against the 
South that mulattoism is prevalent there 
to a fearful extent. Indeed, the Tribune 
has had the ignorance and audacity to de- 
clare that the time will probably come 
when all will be white. The following, 
from the Concord Patriot, will, however, 
make them scratch their heads : — 

The census of 1850 shows that while 
more than one-fourth of the colored peo- 
ple of the North are mulattoes, only one- 
thirteenth of the slave population are mu- 
lattoes! Among the 3,204,313 slaves, 
246,656 were mulattoes, or had more or 
less, white blood ; while of the 195,000 
eolored people of the free states, over 56,- 
500 are mulattoes! In Ohio, more than 
half of the colored population are mulat- 
toes, or over 14,000 out of 25,000. In 
Indiana, about 90 per cent are mulattoes ; 
in Wisconsin and Iowa, over 86 per cent ; 
in Illinois, over 85 per cent; in Michigan 
76 per cent; in N. Hampshire 54 per 
cent; in Maine 51 per cent; in Pennsyl- 
vania and Vermont 40 per cent; in Mas- 
sachusetts 34 per cent; in Connecticut 
30 per cent; in New York 19 per cent; 
and in N. Jersey 18 percent; while in 
only one slave State do the molattoes form 
16 per cent of the whole number of slaves, 



204 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



I I 



and in only three do they amount to 10 
per cent. 

Now it £eems to us that it is a disgrace 
to the South that they have carried out 
Mr. Batiks' ' absorption' theory to such 
an extent that one-thirteenth of their 
slaves have white blood in their veins, it is 
a still greater disgrace to the Northern 
people that they have applied the same 
theory so far that more than one quarter 
of the negroes among them are part 
white ! And we say further that those 
among whom this infamous amalga- 
mation theory is so extensively applied, 
and who justify it as do the black .republi- 
cans in their defence and support of Mr. 
Banks only add to their shame by con- 
stantly talking about the sins of the South- 
ern people in this particular. 

" SWINNEY" IN HORSES. 

Several of our readers have requested 
us to give some information in regard to 
what is called "swinney," or " sweeny" 
in horses. We have frequently seen hor- 
ses affected with this so-called disease, 
but having no special skill in the treat- 
ment of ills which this species of flesh if 
heir to, we must refer to better authortiy. 

We do not find that any disease or af- 
fection is known by this name in Europe. 
Percival, in his " Hippopathology," makes 
no mention of it, though, under the head 
of "Shoulder Lameness," he describes 
what might be here called " swinney." 
He says — " the shoulder, over and over 
again, has been imagined to have suffered 
'wrench,' or laceration or injury of some 
sort, when all the time the seat of the 
lameness has been the foot." He admits 
that lameness may occur in the shoulder, 
or more particularly In the shoulder joint, 
but adds — "It must be borne in mind, 
however, that for one case that is in verity 
shoulder lameness there occur thirty that 
are not." Again, in his diagnosis, he 
says — " Strange as it may appear to per- 
sons out of the veterinary profession, it is 
notorious enough to those in it, that no 
two kinds of lameness -have so frequently 
been confounded as foot lameness and 
shoulder lameness; the best explanation 
we can offer of which seemingly unpar- 
donable error in judgment, probably, is to 
be found in the fact of there being ' noth- 
ing to be seen' to account for the lame- 
ness either in one or the other. . . . 



. . . As for ' wasting of the shoulder.' 
a symptom by farriers and grooms in gen- 
eral laid great stress on, it is at best but a 
remote consequence of lameness, which 
may be in the foot or leg, and not neces- 
sarily in the explanation of the 'wasting' 
being simply the loss or diminution frorrn 
absorbtion of the fleshv fibres of heathfu!? 
exercise, and of being compelled to be* 
laid up in a state of inactivity, or even ab-^ 
solute repose. Lastly, we must bear in' 
mind that the knee joint may the hidden 
and mysterious seat of lameness, and that 
we may be referring that to the shoulder 
or foot which all the while lies concealed 
within or about the knee." 

The causes of shoulder lameness arej 
attributed by Percival to injury in somej 
form or other. He says — "We have noj 
notion of the production of lameness of! 
this description apart from some wrench, 
sprain, stretch, laceration, or contusion of 
the shoulder; hence a slip-up or false 
step, an over-strained gallop or leap, — 
anything, in fact, that may outwardly in- 
jure himself, may prove the cause of 
shoulder lameness." 

In regard to treatment, he observes that 
particular attention should be paid " to 
the history of the case submitted for treat- 
ment, its duration, and the mode in which 
it occurred." Repose of the lame limb is 
regarded as indispensable. Fomentation' 
is favorably spoken of. A dose of cathartic 
medicine is recommended, as well as 
" topical blood-letting, so far as 'that can 
be carried into effect by drawing blood 
from the plat vein." The latter in severe 
cases is regarded as indispensable. 

The foregoing comprises about all, 
which would be interesting to most read- j 
ers, to be found in the work from whichij 
we have quoted. In The Veterinarian for \ 
1847, however, is a letter from Charles j 
Percival, — Veterinary Surgeon to the Roy- 
al Artillery, then stationed at Montreal, — . 
directed to. his brother, Wm. Percival, ed- j 
itor of The Veterinarian, and author of j 
Hippopathology. From this letter we take I 
the following paragraph: 

"This [swinney] is a disease (if such it | 
be) peculiar to the imagination of Upper ; 
Canada, it never being heard of in the j 
Lower Province. It consists in a shrink- 
ing or wasting, of the muscles of the ! 
shoulder or shoulders. In the summer of 
1845, when purchasing horses for the ar- 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



205 



llery, I went to look at a black colt, 
'hich I understood was for sale, but I was 
iformed he had got the swinney. On 
roceeding to the house of the owner, he 
iformed me, as his neighbour had previ- 
usly done, that his horse was not in sale- 
ble condition, in consequence of the said 
Section. On entering the stable I found 
le colt in a miserable state from the 
eatment he was undergoing, having had 
hole bored into thi upper part of each 
moulder, with a hot iron, into which hole 
ad been inserted a piece of bacon ; in 
ddition to which the shoulder and arm 
r ere covered with grease of some kind, 
nd altogether in such a filthy state that it 
as impossible to touch him. As far, 
Dwever, as I could then judge of him, 
le horse was lame in the feet." 



Virginia State Agricultural Society. 

LIST OF 

PREMIUMS AND REGULATIONS 

FOE THE 

FOURTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 

TO BE HELD AT 

RICHMOND, 

OX THE 

3th, 29th, 30th and 31st of October, '56. 

PREMIUMS. 

BRANCH I. 

Premiums of First Grade of Experiments. 

I to 5. For each of five best series of 
iperiments, each series to include not 
58 than eight' different matters of trial, 
>servation, measurement or correct esti- 
ate or comparison of results, and each 
ries to cover not less than four acres of 
nd — on any important and doubtful ■ or 
sputed question or questions of practi- 
.1 agriculture ; and which experiments, 

• their proper direction, variety, accur'a- 
■ of performance, and the careful and 

II reports of procedure and results 
ereof, shall serve to furnish valuable ir> 
ruction for practice on the several sub- 
:-ts investigated ; for each series, whether 
i the same or on different subjects, a pre- 
lum of $100 

Second Grade. 

6 to 15. For each of ten other next 
at series or single experiments, of simi- 
r character and merit with the above de- 



scribed, but falling short of the full requi- 
sitions for the foregoing, a premium of 25 

Third Grade. 

16 to 35. For each of twenty other accu- 
rate and instructive experiments or series, 
on one general subject, of merit and use- 
ful value, a premium of 10 

Remarks and Special Rules for Branch I. 

The superiority of merit or value of any two 
series of experiments, claiming the same or like 
premiums, will be decided in reference to the 
nearest approximation to the following condi- 
tions : 

1st. The comparative extent and complete- 
ness of the processes of experiment, and the 
apparent accuracy of the precedure. 

2nd. The clearness of the report. 

3rd. The utility of the information so con- 
veyed. 

Exact measurements, of results always will 
add much value to reports of experiments, and 
should not be omitted whenever the case may 
require such exactness. But in many other 
cases, estimates of comparative results, or pro- 
ducts, by the eye, may serve, if sufficient for the 
case and for reaching correct conclusions. 

JUDGES. 

Edmund Ruffin, Jr-., Prince George ; * ' 
Dr. Jno. B. Harvie, Powhatan ; 
Dr. Cart C. Cock, Fluvanna; 
James B. Jones, Chesterfield ; 
Jeremiah Morton, Culpeper. 



BRANCH II. 

First Grade of Premiums for Written Commu- 
nications. 



36 to 40. For each of the five best es- 
says or written communications, whether 
on the same or on different subjects of 
practical agriculture, or on scientific agri- 
culture, strictly and usefully applicable 
to practice, of high order of merit and 
utility for instructions — and conforming 
to the requisitions of the general rules on 
this subject, a premium of . $50 

Second Grade. 

41 to 50. For each of ten of other and 
next best essays or written communica- 
tions as above described, but which may 
fall short of the requisitions for the higher 
offers, a premium of $20 

Ihird Grade. 

51 to 70. For each of other twenty next 
best instructive written communications of 
new facts in agriculture, a premium of $10 

71. For the best treatise on gardening, 



206 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 






suited to the climate of Virginia, to be not 
less than one hundred pages, . . $25 

72. Best treatise on the culture and 
management of Brown Corn, . . $10 
Remarks on, and Special Rules for, Branch II. 

ESSAYS AND OTHER WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS.' 

Essays and other written articles on practical 
subjects, must be founded mainly, and. on scien- 
tific subjects, at least partly, on the writer's 
practical experience and personal observation 
or investigation ; though portions of each may 
rest on other authorities, to be stated particu- 
larly or generally, as required by the case. 

The award of superiority to any one writing 
over others on the same subject, will be made in 
reference to its probable greater utility to ag- 
ricultural improvement or profit, , as . well as 
to the ability with which the subject is treated. 

In matter designed to instruct or to guide 
practical labors, clearness and fullness of de- 
tails will be deemed a high claim to merit — and 
next conciseness. Nothing necessary for in- 
struction should be omitted, and nothing inclu- 
ded that can be omitted without injury to the 
value of the instruction. 

Written Communications to the Executive 
Committee may be sent in at any time — the ear- 
lier, the better — as they will at once be referred 
to the Committee on Essays, who will thus be 
, enabled to scrutinize, and the more correctly to 
estimate by comparison, the relative merits of 
the different Essays submitted for their exami- 
nation. 

It is required that all written communications 
to the Society, received at any previous time 
and published by the order of Executive Com- 
mittee, and which have not been duly considered, 
and denied premiums by the judges, shall be 
still held and considered as claiming, and in 
competition with any more recent writings for 
premiums offered, and for which any such wri- 
tings may be suitable, and further, even the 
previously published writings, which had' been 
duly considered by the judges at the preceding 
Fair, and to which premiums were denied, shall 
still be held under review and consideration, by 
the judges for the next year's premiums, not to 
again be placed in competition, but for the pur- 
pose of being compared as to degrees of merit 
with the later writings then under consideration 
and adjudication for premiums. 

When a premium has been awarded at a pre- 
vious time to an essay, any other and later es- 
say, or written communication on that subject, 
to obtain a premium, must be either deemed to 
have important additional value compared to 
the former one so honored, or otherwise be very 
different in matter, or manner of treatment, 
as well as of a sufficiently high order of 
merit. 

All written communications to which may be 
awarded premiums, will be published in the 
Transactions of the Society. And .any others 
offered to compete for premiums, and not ob- 
taining that honor, will be published in like 



manner, if deemed worthy by the Executive 
Committee. 

JUDGES. 
Dr. Henry Curtis, Hanover ; 
Franklin Minor, Albemarle ; 
Wm. M. Harrison, Amelia; 
J. Ravenscroft Jones, Brunswick ; 
Robert T. Hubard, Buokingham. 

BRANCH III. 

BEST ENTIRE CROPS OF DIFFERENT FARMS. 

For the best product averaged in the acre, of 
each of the following crops, raised in 1855, or 
1856, on a bona fide farm, and for an entire crop, 
of the farm, according to its usual or designed 
rotation, the annexed premiums : 

73. Best average product of Indian 
corn, $50 00 

74. Best average product of wheat, 50 00 

75. Best average product of clover, 30 00 

76. Best average product of tobacco, 30 00 

77. Best average product of oats, 30 00 

78. Best average product of peas, 
(Southern or corn-field, either 
among corn or separate, ) in grain 
or in green manure, comparing 

each to each of like kind, 30 00 

79. Best average product of rye, 30 00 

80. Best average product of barley, 30 00 

81. Best average product of timothy, 
herds-grass, or other hay of 'arti- 
ficial grass or clover, 30 00 

And for entire crops, though not occupying , 
an entire shift of the farm, or making one full 
member of the regular or designed rotation, 
but yet being a subject of large culture on a 
bona fide farm, a premium of $20 for the larg- 
est average production of all the following. 
crops : 

82. Corn, not less than 75 bushels to the* 
acre, on low ground, and 60 bushels on 
high land. 

83. Wheat, not less than 30 bushels to the | 

acre. 

84. Clover, not less than 2 tons of hay to the 
acre. 

85. Tobaceo, not less than 1000 pounds. 

86. Oats. 

87. Rye. 

88. Barley. 

89. Southern peas, (as above stated). 

90. Cotton. 

91. Sweet potatoes. 

92. Irish potatoes. 

93. Turnips'. 

94. Pumpkins. 

95. Buckwheat. 

96. Hemp. 
07. Flax. 

Remarks on and Special Rules for Branch HI. ' 

No crop will be deemed a subject of large 



THE SOUTHE'RN PLANTER. 



207 



culture, or as having any claim for one of the 
latter stated premiums, unless it occupies at 
least one-fifteith part of all the arable land of a 
bona fide farm, whether large or small — and 
farther, that it shall appear to the judges from 
the extent of culture or otherwise, that such 
crop was cultivated for its expected farming 
profit, and not especially aided by greater ex- 
penses incurred merely to obtain a premium. 

Crops, and other agricultural or horticultu- 
ral products, must be the growth of the per- 
sons for whom, respectively, premiums may be 
claimed. 

Crops of corn, tobacco, or any others of which 
the amounts cannot be usually ascertained in 
the year o£ their growth, or before the time for 
awarding premiums, are proper subjects for pre- 
miums, if of the growth of the year previous 
to the awards being made. 

Crops offered as largest products, must have 
had their amounts fixed with sufficient accura- 
cy — and for the whole, if of grain, tobacco, or 
other market crops. But grass, roots, or other 
provender products, designed mainly for home 
consumption, and not suitable for being wholly 
measured or weighed, may be estimated by the 
accurate measurement or weighing of the pro- 
duct of one or more average acres, or of a known 
proportion of the whole product. 

The testimony required will be the best that 
the'nature of the case may admit, and such as 
will be satisfactory to the judges. 

JUDGES. 

Chas. P. Moncure, Culpeper. 
Philip. B. Jones, Orange. 
Dr. Wm. G. Carr, Albemarle. 
J. J. Hite, Clarke. 
Edmund Hill, King & Queen. 

BRANCH IV. 

DORSES. 

Thorough Bred.— 1st Class. 

8C§=. Awards to be made without regard to per- 
formance on the turf, and the Judges are required 
to reject any animal competing in this division, 
with- which there is not furnished a complete ped- 
igree, shewing the purity of blood on the side of 
both dam and sire. 

98. For the best thorough bred stal- 
lion, §40 00 

99. For the second best thorough bred 
stallion, 20 00 

100. For the third best thorough bred 
stallion, Certificate of Merit. 

101. For the best thorough bred 
mare, §20 00 

102. For the second best thorough bred 
mare, 10 00 

10i For the third best thorough bred 
mare, Certificate of Merit. 



104. For the best entire colt foaled 
since January, 1853, §10 00 

105. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1854, 10 00 

106. For the best entire colt foaled 
since January, 1855, 7 50 

107. For the best filly foaled since 

1st January, 1853, 10 00 

108. For the best filly foaled since 
since 1st January, 1854, 10 00 

109. For the best filly foaled since 

1st January, 1855, 7 50 

110. For the best foal dropped since 

1st January, 1856. 5 00 

JUDGES. 
William W. Crump, Richmond. 
Wm. Townes, Mecklenburg, 
George Booker, Hampton. 
Gen. E. P. Scott, Greensville. 
John Marshall, Charlotte. 

The Horse of General Utility. — 2nd Class. 

111. For the best stallion for useful 

and elegant purposes combined, §40 00 

112. For the second best stallion for 
useful and elegant purposes combined", 20 00 

113. For the third best stallion for use- 
ful and elegant purposes combined, 

Certificate of Merit. 
114 .For the best brood mare for use- 
ful and elegant purposes combined, §20 00 

115. For the second best brood mare 

for useful and elegant purposes combined, 10 00 

116. For the third best brood mare for 
useful and elegant purposes combined, 

Certificate of Merit. 

117. For the best entire colt folded 
since January 1853, 10 00 

118. ..For Jthe best entire colt folded 
since 1st January, 1854, 10 00 

119. For the best entire colt folded 

since 1st January, 1855, 7 50 

120. For the best filly foaled since 

1st January, 1853, 10 00 

121. For the best filly foaled since lstj 
January, 1854, "10 00 

122. For the best filly foaled since 1st 
January, 1855, , 7 50 

123. For the best foal dropped since 

1st January, 1856, 5 00 

JUDGES. 

Thomas Branch, Petersburg, 
Samuel B. Finley, Augusta, 
R. W. Saunders, Wythe. 
John A. Carter, Loudoun. 
Wm. D. Mansfield, Louisa, 

Quick Draught Horses. — Zrd Class. 

124. For the best stallion for quick 
draught, §40 00 

125. For the second best stallion for 
quick draught, 20 00 






' 



208 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



126. For the third 
quick draught, 



best stallion for 
Certificate of Merit. 



127. For the best brood mare for quick 



00 



10 00 

10 00 

7 50 

10 00 

10 00 

7 50 

5 00 

25 00 



10 00 



15 00 



10 00 



draught, 20 

128. For the second best brood mare 

for quick draught, 10 00 

129. For the third best brood mare for 
quick draught, Certificate oe Merit. 

130. For the best entire colt folded 
since 1st January, 1853, 

131. For the best entire colt fooled 
since January, 1854, 

132. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1855, 

133. For the best filly foaled since 
1st January, 1853, 

134. For the b'est filly foaled since 1st 
January, 1854, 

135. For the best filly foaled since 1st 
January, 1855. 

136. For the best foal dropped since 
1st January, 1856, 

137. For the best pair of matched 
horses for quick draught, 

138. For the second best pair of match- 
ed horses for quick draught, 

139. For the best single harness horse, 
mare or gelding, 

140. For the second 'best single har- 
ness horse, mare or gelding, 

JUDGES. 

D. W. Haxall, Charles City, 
R'd N. Thweatt, Chesterfield, 
William H. Clarke, Halifax. 
James Bumgardner, Augusta. 
Wm. T. H. Pollard, Hanover. 



Heavy Draught Horses. — 4th Class 

141. For the best stallion for heavy 
draught, $40 00 

142. For the second best stallion for 
heavy draught, 20 00 

143.. For the third best stallion for 
heavy draught, Certificate of Merit. 

144. For the best brood mare for 
heavy draught, 20 00 

145. For the second -best brood mare 

for heavy draught, 10 00 

146. For the third best brood mare for 
heavy draught. Certificate of Merit. 

_ 147. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1853, 10 00 

148. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1854, 10 00 

149. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1855, 7 50 

150. For the best filly foaled since 1st 
January, 1853, 1q qo 

151. For the best filly foaled since 1st 

Ja ? R u o ar; fe 18 ^ 4 '- 10 00 

152. For the best filly foaled since 1st 



7 50 



5 00 
20 00 
30 00 



January, 1855, 

153. For the best foal droppel since 
1st January, 1856, 

154. For the best pair of heavy draught 
horses, 

155. For the best team of heavy draught 
horses not less than four, 

[To be tested on the fair grounds according to 
such plan as may be prescribed by the Judges.] 

JUDGES. 

Beverly Randolph, Clark,. 
John F. Lewis, Rockingham. 
Jas. P. Edmundson, Montgomery. 
J. S. Calvert, Shenandoah. 
Andrew Kuyser, Page. # 

Saddle Horses. — 5th Class. 

156. For the best stallion for the saddle $40 00 

157. For the second best stallion for 

the saddle, 20 00 

158. For the third best stallion, for the 
saddle, Certificate of Merit. 

159. For the best brood mare for. the 
saddle, 20 00 

160 For the second best brood mare 
for the saddle, 10 00 

161. For the third best brood mare for 

the saddle, Certificate of Merit. 

162. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1853. 

_ 163. For the best 'entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1854, 

_ 164. For the best entire colt foaled 
since 1st January, 1855, 

165. For the best filly foaled since 1st 
January 1853, 

166. For the best filly foaded since 1st 
January, 1854, 

167. For the best filly foaled since 1st 
January, 1855, 

168. For the best foal dropped since 
1st January, 1856, 

169. For the best saddle horse, mare 
or gelding, 

170. For the second best saddle horse 
or gelding, 

^©"-No Premium to be given in any oTthe 
foregoing classes to an animal that is unsound. 

JUDGES. 
R. W. N. Noland, Albemarle. 
Dr. Thomas Creigh, Greenbrier. 
Robert Carter, Fauquier. 
Dr. Wm. H. Macon, New Kent. ■ 
Wm. P. Nottingham, Northampton. 



MULES AND JACKS.— 6th ClaSS. 

171. For the best jack, 

172. For the second best jack, 

173. For the best jennet, 

174. For the second best jennet. 



10 00 

10 00 

7 50 

10 00 

10 00 

7 50 

5 00 

20 00 

10 00 



$40 00 
20 00 
20 00 
10 00 



THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER. 



203 



175. For the best pair of mules, to be 
owned and worked 1 year preceding their 
exhibition, 15 00 

176. For the best team of mules, 4 or 
more, to be owned and worked 1 year pre- 
ceding their exhibition, 25 00 

177. For the best mule colt 3 years old, 
foaled in Virginia, 10 00 

178. For the best mule colt 2 years old, 
foaled in Virginia, 10 00 

179. For the best mule colt 1 year old, 
foaled in Virginia, 7 50 

180. For the best mule colt, a suckling, 
folded in Virginia. 5 00 

JUDGES. 
George Waddell, Charles City. 
N. M. Lee, Richmond, 
P. P. Batte, Prince George, 
Edmuxd T. Morris, Caroline. 
Dandridge Ball, Henrico. 



Short Horns or Durhams and Herefords, three 
years old and upwards. — 1st Class 

181. For the best bull, §30 00 

182. For the second best bull, 15 00 

183. For the third best bull, 

Certificate of Merit. 

184. For the best cow, 30 00 

185. For the second best cow, 15 00 

186. For the third best cow, 

Certificate of Merit. 

Short Horns or Durhams and Herefords, under 
three years old. 

187. For the best bull between two and 
three years old, $15 00 

188. For the 2nd best bull between two 

and three years old, 8 00 

189- For the third best bull between 
two and three years old, Certificate of Merit. 

190. For the best bull between one and 

two years old, 15 00 

191. For the second best bull between 

one and two years old, 8 00 

192. For the best heifer between two 

and three years old, 15 00 

193. For the second best heifer between 

two and three years old, 8 00 

194. For the best heifer between one 

and two years old. 15 00 

195. For the second best heifer be- 
tween one and two years old, 8 00 

For the best imported Short Horns same pre- 
miums as the above. 

JUDGES. 
David McGavock, Pulaski. 
Stephen- McGavock, Wythe, 
Wm. Seymour, Hardy. 
Robert L. Wright, Loudoun. 
Thomas F. Nelsox, Clarke, 



Devons and Alderneys, over three years old 
2nd Class. 

196. For the best bull three years old 

and upwards, $30 00 

197. For the second best bull thi-ee 
years old and upwards, 15 00 

198. For the third best bull three years 

old and upwards, Certificate of Merit. 

199. For the best cow three years old 

and upwards, 30 00 

200. For the second best cow three 
years old and upwards, 15 00 

201. For the third best cow three years 

old and upwards, Certificate of Merit.' 

202. For the best bull between two and 
three years old, $15 00 

203. For the second best bull between 

two and three years old, 8 00 

204. For the third best bull between 

two and three years old, Certificate of Merit. 

205. For the best bull between one and 

two years old, 15 00 

206. For the second best bull between 

one and two years old, 8 00 

207. For the best heifer between two 

and three years old, 15 00 

208. For the second best heifer be- 
tween two and three years old, 8 00 

209. For the best heifer between one 

and two years old, 15 00 

210. For the second best heifer be- 
tween one and two years old, 8 00 

211. For the best Imported Devons, 
same premium as the above. 

JUDGES. 
Wm. Allen, Surry. 
Dr. R. H. Stuart, King George. 
S. C. Stuart, Fairfax. 
Wm. Turnbull, Dinwiddie. 
Johw Wickham, Henrico. 

Ayrshires and H/lsteins, over three years old. 
3rd. Class. I 

212. For the best bull three years old 

and upwards, $30 00 

213. For the 2nd best bull three years 

old and upwards, 15 00 

214. For the 3rd best bull three years 

old and upwards, Certificate of Merit. 

215. For the best cow three years old 

and upwards, 30 00 

216. For the 2nd best cow three years 

old and upwards, 15 00 

217. For the 3rd best cow three years 

old and upwards, Certificate of Merit. 

218. For the best bull between two and 
three years old, $15 00 

219. For the 2nd best bull between 

two and three years old, 8 00 

220. For the 3rd best bull between 

two and three years old, 5 00 

221. For the best heifer between two 

and three years old, 15 00 

222. For the 2nd best heifer between 

two and three years old, Certif. of Merit- 



210 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



223. For the best bull between one and 

two years old, 15 00 

224. For the 2nd best bull between one 

and two years old, 8 00 

225. For the best heifer between one 

and two years old, 15 00 

226. For the 2nd best heifer between 

one and two years old, 8 00 

For the best imported Ayrshires the 
same premiums as the above. 

JUDGES. 
John A. Washington, Fairfax. 
A. Stevenson, Albemarle. 
Dr. P. B. Pendleton, Louisa. 
Thomas L. Farish, Albemarle. 
Chas. H. Rhodes, Chesterfield. 

Natives or G/rades. — Fourth Class. 

227. For the best bull three years old 

and upwards, $15 00 

228. For the 2nd best bull three years 

old and upwards, 10 00 

229. For the 3rd best bull three years 

old and upwards. Certificate of Merit 

230. For the best bull between two and 
three years old, 10 00 

231. For the 2nd best bull between two 

and three years old, 5 00 

232. For the 3rd best bull between two 

and three years old, Certificate of Merit 

233. For the best bull between one and 

two years old, 10 00 

234. For the 2nd best bull between one 

and two years old, 5 00 

235. For the best cow three years old 

and upwards, 30 00 

236. For the 2nd best cow three years 

old and upwards, 15 00 

237. For the 3rd best cow three years 
old and upwards, Certificate of Merit 

238. For the best heifer between two 
and three years old, 10 00 

239. For the 2nd best heifer between 

two and three years old, 5 00 

240. For the 3rd best heifer between 

two and three years old, Certificate of Merit 

241. For the best heifer between one 

and two years old, 10 00 

242. For the 2nd best heifer between 

one and two years old, 5 00 

This class includes native stock or crosses of 
any of the foregoing breeds with the native 
stock or with each other. 

JUDGES. 
George Hocker, Buchfhgham. 
Col. S. B. Gatewood, Bath. 
Daniel Ammen, Botetourt. 
Dr. Thos. J. Wooldridge, Hanover. 
Dr. Thos. P. Mitchell, Bedford. 



dairy cows. 
5 th Class. 
243. For the best cow for the dairy, 



$30 00 



244. For the second best cow for the 
dairy, 15 00 

JUDGES. 
Wm. B. Sydner, Hanover. 
Jas. W. Binford, Henrico. 
"Wm. H. Brandek, Chesterfield. 
J. R. Gates, Powhatan. 
John G. Jefferson, Amelia. 



Working Oxen. — Gth Class. 

245. For the best yoke of trained oxen 

over four years old, $30 00 

246. For the second best yoke of oxen 

over four years old, 15 00 

247. For the best yoke of oxen under 

four years old, 30 00 

248. For the second best yoke of oxen 
under four years old, 15 00 

The oxen to be tested according to rules to be 
prescribed by the Committee of Award. 

JUDGES. 

Gen. Wm. Ligon, Powhatan. 
Lawrence H. Taliaferro, Culpeper. 
James Walker, Jr., Madison. 
James R. Fleet, King & Queen. 
Wm. D. Blanton, Cumberland. 



fat stock. 
1th Class. 

249. For the best pair aged fat steers, $40 00 

250. For the second best pair of aged 

fat steers, 25 00 

251. For the best pair of fat steers un- 
der four years old, 40 00 

252. For the second best pair fat steers 
under four years old, 25 00 

253. For the best fat cow over four 
years old, 20 00 

254. For the second best fat cow over 

four years old, 10 00 

255. For the best fat heifer under four 
years old, 20 00 

256. For the second best fat heifer un- 
der four years old, 10 00 

257. For the best single fat steer, 15 00 

258. For the second best single fat 
steer, 10 00 

[The owner will be required to state the mode 
of fattening in all cases.] 



8th Class. 

259. For the best pen of fat sheep, 4 

or more, 15 00 

260. For the best pen of fat hogs 5 or 
more, 10 00 

261. For the best slaughtered mutton 

of fine w r ools, 5 00 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



iii 



262. For the best slaughtered mutton 
of middle wools, 5 00 

263. For the best slaughtered mutton 

of long wools, 5 00 

JUDGES. 

A. S. Matthews, Wythe. 

Wm. M, Rogers, Loudoun. 

Samuel Brierly, Jefferson. 

Robert J. Glexdy, Augusta. 

Cen. Gilbert L. Meem, Shenandoah. 

Robert M. Kyle, Rockingham. 



SHEEP. 

FINE WOOLS. 

Saxons. — 1st Class. 

264. For the best buck, $20 00 

265. For the second best buck, 10 00 

266. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

267. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

268. For the second best pen of ewes, 
three in number, 10 00 

269. For the third best pen of ewes, 
three in number, Certificate of Merit 

270. For the best pen of ewe lambs 4 
in number, 10 00 

271. For the best pen of ram lambs, 4 
in number, 10 00 

Saxon Grades. — 2nd Class. 

272. For the best buck, $10 00 

273. For the second best buck, 5 00 

274. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

275. For the besfrpen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

276. For the second best pen of ewes, 
three in number, 10 00 

277. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

278. For the best, pen of ewe lambs, 

four in number, 10 00 

279. For the best pen of ram lambs, 4 



287. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 
in number, 10 00 



Merino Grades. — it7i Class. 



$10 00 
5 00 



in number, 



5 00 



Merinos — 3rd! Class. 



280. For the best buck, • $20 00 

281. For the second best buck, 10 00 

282. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

283. For the best pen of ewes, 3 in 
number, 20 00 

284. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

285. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

286. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 



288. For the best buck, 

289. For the second best buck, 

290. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

291. For the best pen of ewes, 3 in 
number, 20 00 

292. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

293. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

294. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

295. For the best pen of buck lambs, 

4 in number, 5 00 

Gi-ades are crosses of the above breeds on 
native stock. For crosses of pure breeds, one 
with another, see Cross Breeds. 

JUDGES. 

S. F. Christian, Augusta. 

H. N. Dox, Amherst. 

W. P. Brady, Ohio. 

Dr. Wm. L. Wight, Goochland. 

James F. Jones, Fauquier. 



middle wools; 
South Downs. — 5th Class. 

296. For the best buck, $20 00 

297. For the second best buck, 10 00 

298. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

299. For the best pen of ewes, three 

in number, 20 00 

300. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

301. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

302. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

303. For the best pen of buck lambs, 

4 in number, 10 00 

South Down Grades. — 6th Class. 

304. For the best buck, $10 00 

305. For the second best buck, 5 00 

306. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

307. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

308. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

309. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

310. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in member, 10 00 

311. For the best pen of buck lambs, 

4 in number, & 00 



212 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



Oxford Downs. — 1th Class. 



' I 



$20 00 
10 00 



312. For the best buck, 

313. For the second best buck, 

314. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

315. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

316. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, ' 10 00 

317. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

318. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

319. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

Oxford Down Grades — 8th Class. 

320. For the best buck, $10 00 

321. For the second best buck, 5 00 

322. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

323. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

324. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

325. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

326. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, . 10 00 

327. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 

in number, 5 00 

[Dorset, Cheviot, Hampshire, and Shrop- 
shire Downs, (9th Class,) same premiums as 
Oxford Downs. Grades, (10th Class,) being 
crosses of these breeds upon native stock, same 
premiums as other Grades.] 

JUDGES. 
Col. J3. Fontaine, Richmond. 
Richard H. Timberlake, Warren. 
Wm. Old, Sr„ Powhatan. 
P. N. Meade, Clarke. 
George Willis, Orange, 

JvONG WOOLS. 

9th Class. 

328. For the best buck, $20 00 

329. For the second best buck, 10 00 

330. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

331. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

332. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

333. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

334. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

335. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

[The long wooled breed includes Bakewell or 



Leicester, Cotswold or New Oxfordshire, and 
Lincoln.] 

Long tvool Grades- — 10th Class. 

336. For the best buck, $10 00 

337. For the second best buck, 5 00 

338. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

339. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

340. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

341. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

342. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 

in number, " f> 00 

343. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

[This class of Grades comprises any of the 
crosses of the above .long wools on native 
stock.] 



Cross Breeds. — 11th Class. 



&20 00 
10 00 



344. For the best buck, 

345. For the second best buck, 

346. For the third best buck, 

Certificate of Merit 

347. For the best pen of ewes, three in 
number, 20 00 

348. For the second best pen of ewes, 

3 in number, 10 00 

349. For the third best pen of ewes, 3 

in number, Certificate of Merit 

350. For the best pen of ewe lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

351. For the best pen of buck lambs, 4 

in number, 10 00 

[This class of sheep are crosses of the pure 
and established breeds.] 

JUDGES. 
Dr. R. C. Mason, Fairfax, 
E. F. Eggleston, Amelia. 
Robert Beverly, Fauquier. 
Dr. John R. Woods, Albemarle. 
Nath'l Burwell, Clarke. 



foreign sheep. 

12th Class. 

352.. For the best imported saxon 
buck, $20 06 

353. For the second best imported sax- 
on buck, 10 00 

354. For the best imported saxon 

ewe, 20 00 

355. For the second best imported sax- 
on ewe, 10 00 

356. For the best imported merino 
buck, 20 00 

357. For the second best imported mer- 
ino buck, 10 00 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



358. For the best imported merino 

ewe, 20 00 

359. For the second best imported mer- 
ino ewe, ■ 10 00 

360. For the best imported south down 
buck, 20 00 

361. For the second best imported 
south down buck, 10 00 
. 362. For the best imported south down 

ewe, 20 00 

363. For the second best imported 
south down ewe, 10 00 

364. For the best imported Oxford 
down buck, 20 00 

365. For the second best imported Ox- 
ford down buck, 10 00 

366. For the best imported Oxford 
down ewe, 20 00 

367. For the second best imported Ox- 
ford down ewe, 10 00 

368. For the best imported Bakewell or 
Leicester buck, 20 00 

369. For the second best imported 
Bakewell or Leicester buck, 10 00 

370. For the best imported Bakewell 

or Leicester ewe, 20 00 

371. For the second best imported 
Bakewell or Leicester ewe, 10 00 

372. For the best imported Cotswold or 

New Oxfordshire buck, 20 00 

373. For the second best imported 
Cotswold or New Oxfordshire buck, 10 00 

374. For the best imported Cotswold or 

New Oxfordshire ewe, 20 00 

375. For the second best imported 
Cotswold or New Oxfordshire ewe, 10 00 

[No animal can obtain a premium in this 
class which has been entered or exhibited in any 
of the foregoing classes.] 

B@= The Judges of award on fine wools, will 
also adjudge the premiums on imported Saxon 
and Merinos. The Judges on middle wools, the 
premiums on imported South Downs and Ox- 
fords, and the Judges on long wools, the premi- 
ums on imported Bakewells and Cotswolds. 

Cashmere Goats. — lZth. Class. 

376. For the best pair Cashmere Goats, 
male and female, 10 00 

377 For the best pair, cross of Cash- 
mere with native goat, Certificate of Merit. 
The same Judges as in fine wool sheep, viz: 
S. H. Christi >n, 
H. N. Dox, 
W. P. Brady, 
Dr. "VV. L. Wight, 
James F. Jones. 



SWINE. 

Large Breed'. 

378. For the best boar over two years 
old, $20 00 



10 00 
15 00 


8 00 


20 00 


10 00 


15 00 



8 00 

10 00 

5 00 



00 



379. For second best boar over two 
years old, 

380. For the best boar one year old, 

381. For the second best boar one year 
old, 

382. For the best breeding sow over 
two years old, 

383. For the second best breeding sow 
over two years old, 

384. For the best sow not less than six 
months and under eighteen months old, 

385. For the second best sow not less 
than six months and under eighteen 
months old, 

386. For the best lot of pigs, not less 
than 5 in number, nor less than two and 
under five months old, 

387. For the |econd best lot of pigs, 
not less than five in number, nor less 
than two and under five months old, 

Tho large breed includes Chester, 
Russia, Bedford, Woburn, Grazier, Duch- 
ess County, and their grades. 

Small Breed. 



388. For the best boar over two years 

old, $15 00 

389. For second best boar over two 
years old, 

390. For the best boar over one year 
old, 

391. For the second best boar over one 
year old, 

392. For the best breeding sow over 
two years old, 

393. For the second best breeding sow 
over two years old, 

394. For the best sow, not less than six 
months nor more than eighteen months 
old, 

395. For second best sow, not less than 
six months nor more than eighteen 
months old, 

396. For the best lot of pigs, not less 
than 5 in number, nor less than two and 
under five months old, 

397. For the second best lot of pigs, 
not less than 4 in number, nor less than 
two and under five months old, 

The small breed includes Neapolitan, 
Suffolk, Sussex, Essex, Berkshire, Chi- 
nese, and their grades. 

JUDGES. 

Col. E. H. Herbert, Princess Ann. 
WmaMassie, Nelson. 
Dr. Thomas J. Pretlow, Southampton. 
John T. Hopkins, King & Queen, 
John S. Heatwole, Rockingham, 



15 00 



00 



15 00 



8 00 



15 00 



00 



10 00 



5 00 



214 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



Additional Premiums to Premium Animals. 

398. For the best bull of three years v 
old or more of any breed on exhibition, 

399. For the best cow of any breed on 
exhibition, 

400. For the best stallion of any breed 
on exhibition, 

401. For the best brood mare of any ( 
breed on exhibition, 

402. For the best buck of any breed 
on exhibition, 

403. For the best ewe of any breed on ' 
exhibition, 

404. For the best boar of any breed 
on exhibition, 

405. For the best breeding sow of any 
breed on exhibition, 

JUDGES." 

Wm. H. E. Merritt, Brunswick, 
John A. Preston, Abingdon, 
John T. Satres, Wythe, 
Jas. M. Crockett, Pulaski, 
Wm. Mason, Winchester. 



00 

00 
00 

U0 



40G. For 

407. For 

408. For 

409. For 

410. For 

411. For 

412. For 

413. For 

414. For 

415. For 

416. For 

417. For 

418. For 
burg, 

419. For 

420. For 

421. For 

422. For 

423. For 

424. For 

425. For 

426. For 

427. For 

428. For 
tarns, 

429. For 

430. For 

431. For 

432. For 
other breed 

433. For 

434. For 

435. For 



Chickens. — 1st Class. 
the best pair white Shanghais, $2 00 

" 00 
00 
00 
00 

(Ml 

00 



the best pair Cochin China, 

the best pair red Shanghais, 

the best pair yellow do< 

the best pair imperial China, 

the best pair white Dorkings, 

the best pair red Chittagong, 

the best pair gray Chittagong, 2 00 

the best pair black Poland, 

the best pair white Poland, 

the best pair silver Pheasants, 

the best pair golden Pheasants, 

the best pair spangled Ham- 

the best pair white or red game, 
the best pair Bramah Pootra, 
the best pair Virginia game, 
the best pair black Spanish, 
the best pair Indian Mountain, 
the best pair wild Indian game, 
the best pair Sumatra game, 
the best pair Ostrich game, 
the best pair Bolton grays, 
the best pair sea bright Ban- 

the best pair Java Bantams, 
the best pair Great Malay, 
the best pair Jersey Blues, 
the best pair each of any 



2 00 



2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 

2 00 

10 00 



00 
00 

on 
00 

00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 
00 

00 

Turkeys — 2nd Class. 
the best pair common Turkeys, $2 00 
the best pair wild Turkeys- 2 00 
the best pair crested Turke'ys, 2 00 

Geese — 3rd! Class. 



430. For the best pair common Geese, 



00 



437. For the best pair wild Geese, 

438. For the best pair China Geesg, 

439. For the best pair Bremen Geese, 

440. For the best pair Poland Geese, 

441. For the best pair African Swan 
Geese, 

Ducks — ith Class. 

442. For the best pair white Poland 
Ducks, 

443. For the best pair Muscovy Ducks, 

444. For the best pair Alesbury Ducks, 

445. For the best pair common Ducks, 

446. For the best pair summer wild 
Ducks, 

447. For the greatest variety of Poul- 
try by one exhibitor. 

JUDGES. 
B. L. Winston, Richmond, 
Peter T. Johnson, Orange, 
Dr. E. Powell, Richmond, 
Richard Powell, Goochland. 
Wm. M. Bagley, Lunenburg. 

BRANCH V. 

agricultural implements. 

Class I. 

Plows, Cultivators, &c. 

448. For the best single plow, 

449. For the best shovel plow, 

450. For the best sub soil plow, 

451. For the best new ground plow, 

452. For the best hill side plow, 

453. For the best cultivator for corn, 

454. For the best cultivator for to- 
bacco, 

455. For the best cultivator for 2 
horses, 

456. For the best harrow, 

457. For the best swingle bars of novel 
construction and superior value to those 
in common use, 

JUDGES. 
Thos B. Meaux, Amelia. 
Francis Nelson, New Kent. 
Dr. C. W. Wormlt, King William. 
Wm. Patrick, Augusta. 

Class II. 
Drills and Broadcasters. 

458. For the best broadcasting or drill- 
ins: machine for sowing grain and grass- 
seed, $20 00 

459. For the best wheat drill, 20 00 

460. For the best broadcasting machine 
for sowing guano, 

461. For the best lime spreader, 

462. For the best corn planter, 

463. For the best seed drill, 

464. For the best attachment to drill 
for drilling guano, 



00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 



5 00 



00 
00 



3 00 



20 00 

20 00 

10 00 

3 00 

15 00 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



215 



465. For the best implement for sowing 
peas among corn, at or immediately fol- 
lowing the last tillage, and either with or 
without guano, 

JUDGES. 

Francis K. Nelson, Albemarle. 
J. Watt Bell, Augusta. 
Col. Samuel Tibbs, Fauquier. 
John L. Grates, Orange. 
David A. Claiborne, Halifax. 

Class III. 



15 00 



466. 
use, 
467. 
468. 
469. 



Wagons, Carts, Harness, &c. 
For the best wagon for farm 



For the best dumping wagon, 
For the best horse cart, 
For the best Ox cart with body for 
hauling corn in the shucks, 

470. For the best wagon body for haul- 
ing wheat in the sheaf, or hay, or straw, 

471. For the best Ox cart body for 
hauling wheat in the sheaf, or hay, or 
straw, 

For the best set of wagon har- 



$10 00 
20 00 
8 00 

10 00 

5 00 



For the best harness for horse 



5 00 
5 00 



472. 
ness, 

473. 
cart, 

474. For the best Ox yoke, 

JUDGES? 
Isaac T. Hite, Frederick. 
Thos. J. Blake, Henrico. 
Wm. Bosher, King William. 
Edward W. Saunders, Franklin. 
S. B. Gibbons, Page. 



Class IV. 
Rollers, Clod Crushers, and Farm Gate. 

475. For the best smooth roller, $10 00 

476. For the best pegged roller, 20 00 

477. For the best clod crusher, 20 00 

478. For the best farm gate, 10 00 

JUDGES. 
Dr. Thos. P. Harrison, Charles City. 
H. Carrington Watkins, Chesterfield. 
Dr. Wm. A. Selden, Charles City. 
T. Pollock Burgwynn, North Carolina. 
Dr. Ja3. E. Williams, Henrico. 

Class V. 

Horse Powers, Threshers and Separators. 
470. For the best sweep horse power, $25 00 



480. For the second best sweep horse 
po,wer, 
481- For the best threshing machine, 
482. For the best machine for thresh- 
ing, cleansing and separating wheat at 
one operation, 



10 00 

20 00 



30 00 



5 00 



483. For the best separator or straw 
carrier, 

JUDGES. 
Ambrose Ford, Cumberland. 
R. W. Baylor, Jefferson. 
Warner Lewis, Essex. 
Thos. Jones, Jr., Richmond Co. 
Jacob Baylor, Augusta. 



Class VI. 

Straw and Root Cutters, Cornshellers and 
Mills. 

484. For the best hay or straw cutter, 

for horse-power, $10 00 

485. For the best hay or straw cutter, 

for hand power, 5 00 

486. For the best horse power cutter, 
for cutting corn stalks for fodder, 

487. For the best cornsheller, for horse 
power, 

488. For the best cornsheller for hand 



power, 

489. For the best grist mill, for horse 
power, 

490. For the best hominy mill, 

491. For the best saw-will, for farm 



15 00 

10 00 

5 00 



use. 
492. 
493. 



10 00 
5 00 

10 00 

10 00 

2 50 



For the best corn and cob crusher, 
For the best root cutter, 
JUDGES. 

Miles C. Selden, Powhatan. 

Thos. Y. Tabb, Amelia. 

J. Roy Baylor, Caroline. 

Wm. Leach, Buckingham. 

Armestead Rust, Loudoun. 

Class VII. 

Fan Mill, Hay Press, Ditching Machine, <&c. 

494. For the best fanning mill, $10 00 

495. For the best hay-press, 15 00 

496. For the best stump-machine, 15 00 

497. For the best ditching-machine, 15 00 

498. For the best rotary digger, 15 00 

499. For the best steel spade fork, 5 00 

JUDGES. 
Dr. John R. Garnett, Henrico. 
Upton Herbert, Fairfax. 
Corbin Warwick, Richmond. 
Rr. R. Wood, Goochland. 
L. McDowell Reid, Lexington. 

Class VIII. 

Trial of Ploughs. 

500. For the best two-horse plough for 
sandy land, as shown by work actually 
performed and the test of the dynamom- 
eter, 20 00 

501. For the best two-horse plough for 
clay land, as shown by work actually 
performed and the test of the dynamom- 
eter. 20 00 



216. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



502. For the best three or four-horse 
plough for sandy land, as shown by work 
actually performed and the test of the 
dynamometer, 20 00 

503. For the best three of four-horse 
plough for clay land as shown by work 
actually performed and the test of the 20 00 
dynamometer, 

There shall be three trials of ploughs, one for 
the tide-water, one for the Piedmont and one for 
the trans-mountain section of the State, at such 
times and places as shall be agreed upon by the 
committees for the respective districts, who shall 
award the above prizes to the successful compe- 
titors, provided they deem the implement deser- 
ving of that distinction. 

The attention of the committees is invited to 
the following scale of points to which they will 
have reference in comparing the different 
ploughs offered for trial, and in making up their 
reports to the Executive Committee. 

Scale op Points for Ploughs. 

1. Economy of Pewer, or the least re- 
sistance to draught according to depth 

and width of farrow. 20 

2. Facility in changing the set, so as to 
give more or less land, or greater or less 
depth, without disturbing the proportion- 
ate width of furrow and without altera- 
tion of harness, 10 

3. Steadiness of action, with as little 
labor to the ploughman as comports with 
the proper control and guidance of the 
Plough, 10 

4. Adjustment of all the parts in harmo- 
nious relation to each other, so that each 
shall duly perform its appropriate func- 
tion. 15 

5. Effectiveness of operation, cutting a 
furrow the width of which shall bear a due 
proportion to the depth thereof, and also 
cutting the furrow slice of uniform thick- 
ness and lifting and turning it at the 
proper angle with the least degree of fric- 
tion, 25 

6. Strength, durability and simplicity 

of construction, 10 

7. Price and facility and economy of 
repairs. 10 

100 
JUDGES FOR TIDE-WATER. 
Wm. B. Harrison, Brandon, 
John A. Selden, Charles City, 
Robert M. Taylor, Henrico, 
Julien C. Ruffin. Prince George, 
Dr. Wm. F. Gaines, Hanover. 

JUDGES FOR PIEDMONT. 
Richard II. Carter, Fauquier, 
Robert L. Wright, Loudoun, 
R. W. N. Noland, Albemarle, 
Jeremiah Morton, Culpeper. 
Wm. Benton, Loudoun, 



JUDGES FOR TRANS-MOUNTAIN. 
John A. Herring, Rockingham, 
John McCue, Augusta, 
James L. Ranson, Rockbridge, 
David S. Read, Roanoke, 
Thomas N. Burvvell, Botetourt. 

Class IX. 

Miscellaneous. 

504. For the best water-ram in opera- 
tion, $10 00 

505. For the best scoop or scraper, 4 00 

506. For the best leveling instrument, 
suitable for draining operations, 10 00 

507. For the best stove or furnace for 
heating rooms, 10 00 

508. For the best churn, 4 00 

509. For the best apple-peeler, 1 00 

510. For the best meat cutter, 2 00 

511. For the best washing machine, 2 00 

512. For the best sewing machine, 10 00 

513. For the best machine for shear- 
ing sheep. 15 00 

For ike most extensive and valuable collection. 

514. Of useful machines and imple- 
ments exhibited and made at any one fac- 
tory, whether including subjects for other 
premiums or not, a premium of 25 00 

JUDGES. 
Richard W. Barton, Frederick, 
John H. Pitts, King William, 
Gen. Eppa. I^?nton, Prince William, 
Daniel Dejarnett, Caroline, 
George Towle, Alexandria. 

Agricultural Steam Engine. 

515. For the best steam engine, (on 
wheels)' applicable to agricultural purpos- 
es generally, as a substitute for horse 
power, 50 00 

JUDGES. 
E. G. Booth, Nottoway, 
Henry Cox, Henrico, 
Wm. J. Watkins, Charlotte, 
George Watt, Richmond,. 
J. M. Hurt, Nottoway. 

Class X. 

Ploughing Match. 

516. For the best ploughman with 
horses, $10 00 

517. For the 2nd best ploughman with 
horses, 5 00 

518. Forthebestploughmanwithsteers, 10 00 

519. For the 2nd best ploughman with 
steers, 5 00 

520. For the best dynamometer, 10 00 

JUDGES. 
Th. J. Randolph, Albemarle. 
Th. M. Bondurant, Buckingham, 
R. L. T. Beale, Westmoreland, 
Dr. Geo. Morton, Culpeper, 
G. A. Miller, Nottoway. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



217 



Remarks and Special Rules for Branch V. 

All machines, implements, or other products 
of mechanical art, must be exhibited by or for 
their respective makers or inventors or improv- 
ers, to or for whom only premiums for such ar- 
ticles must be awarded. Persons who hold such 
articles by purchase, or as matters of traffic, will 
have no claim to a premium. 

Every machine or implement offered for pre- 
mium, must be designated by the offerer by its 
commercial name, or otherwise such other con- 
cise description be given as will serve to iden- 
tify it to future purchasers ; and also the then 
selling price of the article must be stated and 
marked on the labels and in the published re- 
ports of premium articles. 

The judgment of superior value must have 
due regard to the cheapness and durability of 
any machine or implement, as well as to its 
more effective operation while in good worktng 
order. 



BRANCH VI. 
FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES. 

521. For the best and largest variety 
of apples suitable for Southern raising, 

each labelled, $10 00 

522. For the best and largest variety of 
pears, 

523. For the greatest number of choice 
varieties of different kinds of fruit, 

524. For the best and largest collection 
of apple trees, suitable for Southern rais- 
ing. 

525. For the best pear trees, 

526. For the best peach trees, 

527. For the best fig trees, 

528. For the best grape vines, 

529. For the Lest strawberry vines, 

530. For the best raspberry plants, 



00 
10 00 



10 00 
10 00 
10 00 
5 00 
5 00 
3 00 
3 00 



JUDGES. 

Dr. P. C. Yenable, Mecklenburg. 
Henry P. Jones, Rockbridge. 
Robert Steel, Winchester. 
Jas. P. Marshall, Charlotte. 
Pvobert H. Carter, Albemarle. 



FLOWERS. 

531. For the largest and choicest vari- 
ety of flowers, 

532. For the second largest and choic- 
est variety of flowers, 

533. For the best and greatest variety 
of dahlias, 

534. For the best and greatest variety 
of roses, 

535. For the best floral ornament 

536. For the best and largest variety 
of greenhouse plants, 



JUDGES. 
Mrs. Jno. R. Garnett, Henrico. 
Mrs. Spotswood Fontaine, King William. 
Mrs. John Tabb, Gloucester, 
Mrs. Leonard Claiborne, Pr. Edward. 
Miss Overton, Hanover. 



VEGETABLES. 

537. For the largest and best assort- 
ment of table vegetables, 

538. For the best dozen long blood 
beets, 

539. For best dozen he/id of cabbage, 

540. For the bes-t dozen Cauliflower, 

541. For the best dozen Broccoli, 

542. For the best dozen carrots, 

543. For the best dozen egg plants, 
For the best peck of onions, 
For the best dozen parsnips, 
For the best bushel of Irish pota- 



10 00 
5 00 
5 00 



10 00 

2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 

2 00 

2 00 



5 00 



544. 
545. 
546. 
toes, 

547. For the best bushel of sweet po- 
tatoes, 

JUDGES. 
Wm. Sayre, Hanover. 
Jas. A. McClung, Staunton. 
Sam'l D. Burke, Pr. Edward. 
Jos. Rennie, Henrico. 
Edwin Shelton, Hanover. 

BRANCH. VII. 
BUTTER AND CHEESE. 

548. For the best specimen of fresh 
butter, not less than ten pounds, $10 00 

549. For the second best specimen of 
fresh butter, not less than five pounds, 5 00 

550. For the best firkin or tub of salt- 
ed butter, not less than six months old, 10 00 

551. For the second best firkin or tub 
of salted butter, not less than six months 

old, 5 00 

552. For the best cheese, not less than 

20 pounds, 10 00 

The method of making and preserving 
the butter and cheese, to be stated by the 
exhibitors. 

JUDGES. 

Col. Geq. Townes, Pittsylvania. 

Wiley Eppes, Cumberland. 

Wm. M. Peyton, Roanoke. 

Chas. C. Tate, Wythe. 

John Ryland, King & Queen. 

Honey, Bee-Hives and Bacon Hams. 

553. For the best specimen of hoDey, 

not less than 10 pounds, $5 00 

The honey to be taken without destroy- 
ing the bees — the kind of hives used, and 
the management of the bees to be stated 
by the exhibitor. 

554. For the best bee-hive, 10 00 



218 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



555. For the best hain cured by exhib- 
itor, 8 00 

556. For the second best ham cured by 
exhibitor, . 4 00 

Manner of curing to be described by exhibi- 
tor, and the hams exhibited to be cooked. 

JUDGES. 

Alexander Fleet, King & Queen. 
Dr. E. P. White, Caroline. 
Spottswood Fontaine, King William. 
Wm. Tayloe, Richmond County. 
F. P. Wood, Prince Edward. 

Household Manufactures. 

CLASS I. 

557. For the best quilt, 

558. For the second best quilt, 
459. For the best counterpane, 

560. For the second best counterpane, 

561. For the best pair home made 
blankets, 

562. For the best home made carpet, 

563. For the best home made hearth- 
rug, 

564. For the best set home made cur- 
tains, 

565. For the second best set home made 
curtains, 

566. For the best piece, not less than 7 
yards home made negro shirting, 

567. For the best piece, not less than 
10 yards, winter clothing for negroes, to 
be woven by hand, 

568. For the best piece, not less than 
10 yards, heavy woollen jeans, to be wo- 
ven by hand, 

569. For the second best piece, not less 
than 10 yards, heavy woollen jeans, to be 
woven by hand, 

570. For the best piece linsey, not less 
than 7 yards, to be woven by hand, 

571. For the second best piece linsey, 
not less than 7 yards, to be woven by 
hand, 



$5 00 

4 00 

5 00 
4 00 


5 00 
5 00 


3 00 


5 00 


3 00 


3 00 


5 00 


5 00 


3 00 


5 00 



3 00 



JUDGES. 
Mrs. Wm. H. Clarke, Halifax. 
" Henry Cox, Henrico. 
" Walter Coles, Pittsylvania. 
" Warner Taliaferro, Gloucester. 
" Geo. M. Bassett, Hanover. 

CLASS II. 

572. For the best fine long yarn hose, 3 00 

573. For the best fine long cotton hose, 3 00 

574. For the best silk do. of home made 

silk, 5 00 

575. For the best specimen of home 
made wine, 5 00 

576. For the best home made bread, 5 00 

577. For the best home made pound- 
cake, 3 00 



578. For the best home made sponge- 
cake, 3 00 

579. For the best varieties home made 
pickles, 3 00 

580. For the best varieties home made 
preserves, 3 00 

581. For the best varieties home made 

fruit jelly, 3 00 

582. For the best sample home made 
soap, the process of making to be de- 
scribed by the exhibitor, 5 00 

JUDGES. 

Mrs. John Rison, Pittsylvania. 
" Dr. Barton, Rockbridge. 
" Jackson F. Childrey, Henrico. 
" Alexander Rives, Albemarle. 
" John Henry, Charlotte. 



class hi. 

Ladies Ornamental and Fancy work. 

583. For the best specimen of embroi- 
dery, $8 00 

584. For the second best specimen of 
embroidery, 6 00 

585. For the third best specimen of em- 
broidery, 4 00 

586. For the best specimen of worsted 
work, _ 8 00 

587. For the second best specimen of 
worsted work, 6 00 

588. For the third best specimen of 
worsted work, 4 00 

589. For the best specimen of crotched 
work, _ 8 00 

590. For the second best specimen of 
crotched work, 6 00 

591. For the third best specimen of 
crotched work, 4 00 

592. For the best specimen of wax 
work, _ 8 00 

593. For the second best specimen of 

wax work, 6 00 

594. For the third best specimen of 

wax work, 4 00 

595. For the best specimen of shell 
work, _ 8 00 

596. For the second best specimen of 
shell work, 6 00 

597. For the third best specimen of 
shell work, 4 00 

598. For the best specimen or orna- 
mental leather work, 8 00 

599. For the second best specimen of 
ornamental leather work, 6 00 

600. For the third best specimen of 
ornamental leather work, 4 00 

601. For the best specimen of block 
work, 8 00 

602. For the second best specimen of 
block work, 6 00 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



603. For the third test specimen of 
block work, 4 00 

604. For the best specimen of knit- 
ting, 8 00 

605. For the second best specimen of 
knitting, 6 00 

606. For the third best specimen of 
knitting, 4 00 

607. For the best specimen of netting, 8 00 

608. For the second best specimen of 
netting, 6 00 

609. For the third best specimen of 
netting, 4 00 

610. For the most extensive variety of 
useful ornamental and fancy work, not 
excluding articles which may have had 
premiums awarded them under any of 

the above specifications, 10 00 

JUDGES. 

Mrs. John A. Selden, Chas. City. 
" Thos. Carter, Pr. William. 
" Robert A. Mayo, Henrico. 
" Mark Alexander, Mecklen'g. 
" Sally Seddon, Goochland. 



DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES. 

Class I. 

611. For the best family flour, 

Certificate of Merit 

JUDGES. 

Alfred Parkins, Frederick. 
David H. Branch, Petersburg. 
D. S. Delaplane, Richmond. 

Janney, Richmond. 

R. B. Souierville, Richmond. 



Class II. 

612. For the best manufactured to- 
bacco, Certificate of Merit 

JUDGES. 
Tucker Carrington, Mecklenburg. 
Thos. D. Neal, Danville. 
Jno. R. McDaniel, Lynchburg. 
Wm. Barret, Richmond. 



3 



W 

Q 



Class III. 

613. For the best shod horse, 5 

014. For the best horse shoe, 5 

JUDGES 
L. M. Burfoot, Chesterfield 
James Hardijn, Richmond. 
Renoni Harrison, Prince William 



Class IV. 

615. For the best pair bed blankets, 

616. For the best pair servant's blan- 
kets, 

617. For the best piece of woollens, 

618. For the best piece of cotton cloth, 

619. For the best cotton cloth or web-/ 
bing, suitable for horse collars and har- 
ness, 

620. For the best and greatest variety i 
of coarse, strong and cheap shoes, 

621. For the best and cheapest wool 
hats, 

622. For the best dozen baskets, of dif- 
ferent kinds, made in Virginia, of Vir- 
ginia grown willow or osier, 

JUDGES. 

Wm. T. Scott, Charlotte. 
J. Horace Lacy, Spottsylvania. 
J. Marshall, McCue, Augusta. 
Henry Harrison, Leesburg. 
Clement Barksdale, Richmond. 

Class. V. 

623. To the first individual in Virginia 
who shall establish and maintain in suc- 
cessful operation for six months, a facto- 
ry for tubular draining tiles, on the most 
improved plan, a premium of, 100 00 

JUDGES. 
James M. Morson, Goochland. 
James Jones, Chesterfield. 
Wm. Allen, Surry. 

BRANCH ¥111. 

Honorary Testimonials to each individual of 
Virginia who, previous to 1854 has discovered 
or introduced or brought into use, any princi- 
ple, process or facility, or generally any im- 
provement by which important value has been 
gained for the agricultural interests of Vir- 
ginia. 

JUDGES. 

N. Francis Cabell, Nelson. 

Wm. C. Rives, Albemarle. 

Wm. B. Harrison, Pr. George. 

Thos. J. Randolph, Albemarle, 

R. M. T. Hunter, Essex. 

John Todd, Isle of Wight. 

BRANCH IX. 
Class I. 

Special Premiums for any useful subjects not 
embraced under any of the foregoing heads. 

624. Discovery in Virginia of mineral 
phosphate of lime in sufficient quantity 
to be valuable for sale and distant trans- 



220 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



portation as manure, a premium of $50 00 

If more than one claimant, the most valuable 
discovery to have the award. 

JUDGES. 

N. Francis Cabell, Nelson. 
Wm. C. Rives, Albemarle. 
Wm. B. Harrison, Pr. George. 
Thos. J. Randolph, Albemarle. 
R. M. T. Hunter, Essex. 
John Todd, Isle of Wight. 



Class II. 

625. For the best drained farm, or part 
thereof, the formerly wet and then well 
drained portion of land to be not less 
than one hundred acres. The superi- 
ority of claim to be determined by the 
extent and labor of the works, their fit- 
ness and successful results, the amount 
of benefits produced, and of profits' made 
by the operation, a premium of 

626. For the best drained farm by 
open ditches, and water furrows, refer- 
ence being had to costs. 

To obtain the first named premium of 
is required that the claimant shall present an 
accurate map, or ground plan, of his drained 
land, and of the principal drains, with approx- 
imate and sufficiently correct representations of 
all necessary minor points ; also profiles or lev- 
elled lines of cross-secttons and the principal 
lines of drains ; together with a sufficiently 
clear written description of the whole work and 
the general results thereof. 



50 00 



25 00 

£50, it 



JUDGES. 

Richard L. Gaines, Charlotte. 
J. R. Bryant, Gloucester. 
Jas. M. Morson, Goochland. 
Dr. Izard Rice, Charlotte. 
Philip Slaughter, Rappahannock. 

Class III. 

627. For the fullest and best chemical 
analysis of the whole vegetable product 
of any good manuring variety of the south- 
ern pea, in vines, leaves, roots and pods, 
at the time of the first pods being ripe — 
or of each of. these products separately, 
and their relative dry weights stated — 
and also separately of another sample of 
like ripe seeds of the same variety — with 
the results (and particularly of nitrogen) 
stated, together and in comparison with 
the results, heretofore ascertained and 
published by chemists, of Indian corn, 
wheat, oats, European peas, clover, &c, 
a premium of $20 00 



JUDGES. 

Dr. S. Maupin, University of Virginia, 
Wm. Gilham, Va. Military Institute, 
Professor Start Randolph, Macon, 
Benj. Hallowell, Alexandria. 



Class IV. 

628. For the best plan of preserving 
wheat from the time of harvest until it is 
sent to market, including shocking, stack- 
ing and securing against weevel — to have 
been tested by satisfactory personal expe- 
rience, and to be accompanied by full and 
accurate written descriptions and draw- 
ings if necessary, 15 00 

JUDGES. 
Dr. O. R. Funstan, Clarke, 
W. R. Bland, Nottoway, 
Col. Geo. T. Robetrson, Augusta, 
Wm. S. Dabney, Albemarle, 
Ro. W. Tom lin, Hanover. 



branch x. 

Premiums Offered by Individual Donors. 

Premiums to be proposed of not less than 
twenty dollars value by any public spirited indi- 
vidual or association of individuals, who may 
thus desire to induce experiment, investigation, 
or discussion, on any particular subject of inqui- 
ry which shall come under the general objects 
of the Society. In any such case the premium 
shall be offered in and by the name of the indi- 
vidual donor, or association, but shall be award- 
ed, as all other premiums, by the Executive 
Committee, acting under the general regula- 
tions of the Society. Offer3 under this branch 
may be made at any time, admitting of sufficient 
public notice thereof being given previous to 
the day of award. 

Mr. Dulany offers $30 for the best South down 
buck, to be referred to the Committee on South 
downs in the schedule. 

Ruffin & Irby offer $25 for the best implement 
for opening and grading water-furrows in grain 
fields. 

JUDGES. 
Wm. Irby, Lunenburg. 
Dr. E. A. Coleman, Halifax, 
Dr. Wm. G. Carr, Albemarle, 
John Wickham, Henrico, 
Dr. Harrison, Charles City. 

H. J. Smith offers $10 dollars each for the 
best 1 year old, two year old and three year old 
Colts, by his horse Kossuth, and $5 for the best 
foal of 1856— to be referred to the Committee on 
quick draught horses. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



221 




ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Will be inserted at the following rates ; For each 
square of ten lines, first insertion, One Dollar; each 
continuance Seventy-five Cents. 

Advertisements out of the City must be accompanied 
with the money, to insure their insertion, 

Postage on the Southern Planter, 
(when paid in advance,) to any part of the United States, 
one cent and a half per quarter, or six cents per annum. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, 

RICHMOND, JULY, 1856. 

'Tfa ' .... 

TERMS. 

One Dollar and Twenty-five Cents per annum 
or One Dollar only if paid in advance. Six copies 
for Five Dollars; Thirteen copies for Ten Dollars — 
to be paid invariably in advance. 

No subscription received for a less time than one year. 
Subscriptions may begin with any Number, but it is 
desirable that they should be made to the end of a vol- 
ume. 

E^ 1 Subscribers who do not give express notice to 
the contrary on or before the expiration of their yearly 
Subscription, will be considered as wishfng to continue 
the same ; and the paper will be sent accordingly. 

iy No paper will be discontinued until all arreara- 
ges are paid, except at our option. 

t^* Suicribers are requested to remit the amount of 
their Subscription as soon as the same shall become 
due. 

If Subscribers neglect or refuse to take their papers 
from the Office or place to which they are sent, they 
will be held responsible until they settle their account 
and give notice to discontinue. 

mtf* If Subscribers remove, change their offices, or 
permit their paper to be sent to an office that has been 
discontinued, without directing a change of their paper, 
and the paper is sent to the former direction, they will 
be held responsible. 

All Payments to the Southern Planter will be ac- 
knowledged in the first paper issued after the same shall 
have been received. 

|y^ All money remitted to us will be considered at 
our risk only when the letter containing the same shall 
have been tegistered. 

tztf^ It is indispensably necessary that subscribers 
remitting their Subscription, should name the Office to 
which their papers are sent; and those ordering a 
change should say from what to what post office they 
wish the alteration made. A strict observance of this 
rule will save much time to us and lose none to them 
besides insuring attention to their wishes. 

Postmasters are requested to notify us in writing as 
the law requires, when papers are not taken from their 
Offices by Subscribers. 

RUFFIN & AUGUST, Proprietors 



TO SUBSCRIBERS. 

We earnestly request that you will read our 
" Terms" at least once a year, and always before 
writing us upon any subject connected with 
your paper. We frequently receive letters con- 
taining remittances, and others requesting dis- 
continuances or directing a change to other 
post-offices when the office to which the paper is 
sent is not named. Such omissions occasion us 
a great deal of trouble, and it not unfrequently 
happens that your wishes cannot be attended 
to in consequence of your neglect to conform to 
this standing request. 

JS©" Remember always to name your post of- 
fice when writing about your paper. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER BOUND. 

In reply to numerous enquiries on the sub- 
ject, we state that we can furnish the " South. 
ern Planter" bound, at §1 50 per volume, post- 
age included. 



Office : No. 153, Corner Main and Twelfth Streets. 



AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL 
REVIEW. 

The newspapers, as usual at this period of 
the year, have been discussing and speculating 
upon the prospects of the crops. It would be 
difficult, after reading the various statements, 
to arrive at a satisfactory or just conclusion as 
to the probable yield, unless pains were taken 
to separate the chaff, and discard from conside- 
ration such reports as appeared to be merely an 
expression of the writer's wishes. The majori- 
ty of our readers have doubtless entertained 
themselves with a perusal of these newspaper 
reports, and will judge for themselves as to 
their general accuracy. We desire to say in 
this connection, however, that the farmers of 
Virginia should, in justice to themselves, adopt 
some method of ascertaining annually the yield 
in this State. The importance of obtaining this 
information requires no elucidation, and we 
trust that the subject will receive the attention 
it deserves. Whatever may -be the yield of 



222 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



■wheat this year, the farmers should bear in mind 
that a considerable portion of last year's crop is 
still "on hand;" and that with most favorable 
weather, the prospects for a large corn crop was 
never better. Under these circumstances, with 
the restoration of peace in Europe, it is more 
than probable that prices will rule low during 
the ensuing fall. What those prices are likely 
to be, we will not undertake to say. It is too 
soon to speak definitely of the opening rates, 
but it seems to be the impression among millers 
and dealers that $1.40@1.50 will be sustained 
as the range for a short time. We advise far- 
mers not to be frightened by their losses during 
the past year into a general rushing forward of 
their crops. If they determine not to hoard 
there is no reason why they should not take 
time to consider before sending their produce to 
market. 

There has been a considerable advance in Ba- 
con and Sugar during the month (June) and the 
tendency is still upward — but more decided in 
Bacon than in Sugar. Bacon Sides on 1st June 
were 10£@10£, Shoulders 8f@9; on 27th Sides 
were quoted at 11}, firm ; Shoulders 10]-@10£. 
Sugar on 1st inst. was as follows : New Orleans 
7@9 cents, Coffee Sugars 9f @,10;j-, refined ll-}@ 
11| ; on 27th N. 0. 10@11 cents, Coffee Sugars 
lQJ@llf, refined 12@13 cents. Tobacco has 
not fluctuated much during the month. Prices 
have improved about 50 cents. The warehouses 
here are nearly filled, and the entries for breaks 
five weeks ahead ! The following table exhibits 
the prices on 26th June 1856 and same time 
last year : 

June 26, '55. June 26, '56. 
Lugs, - - 5|@ 7 4J@ 7 

Leaf, Common, - 7f@ 8* 1\@ 8 

Middling to Good, 9 @10| 8i@10i 

Fine Stemming, - 11 @13£ 11 (c|l3 
Fine Shipping, - 11 @15f 11 @15 
Fine Manufacturing, 12 @25 10 @25 

In regard to Wool, the N. Y. Journal of Com- 
- merce says : 

"Prices are generally lower than they were 
three weeks since, but the market is as yet un- 
settled. Prices in the country continue to rule 
high, and the impression generally prevails that 
no lower rates will be accepted, for, although the 
clip is likely to prove an average one, the stock 
of old left over was much lighter than for many 
years past." 

We annex a report of Baltimore Cattle Mar- 
ket for the week ending 27th June : 
Beef Cattle. ---There has been a decline of 



25 cents in the price of Beef Cattle since last 
week. The offerings at the scales to-day reach- 
ed 800 head, of which 500 sold at prices rangiag 
from $4 to $5.25 $ 100 lbs. on the hoof, equal 
to $8@$10.I2| net, averaging $4.87}- gross. 

Hogs. — The market is firm, and sales are 
making at $7@$7.50 f 100 lbs. 

Sheep. — Demand steady, with sales at $2.50 
@$4 f head. 



REAPING MACHINES. 

Two new Reapers have been introduced into 
the harvest this year, that of our friend Mr. 
Morrison, of Richmond, and that of Mr. James 
T. Caldwell, of Ayletts, King William County. 

We saw Mr. Morrison's cutting clover hay, 
and it seemed to perform its work to admiration. 
It was working on the land of Mr. Allen, near 
Richmond; and he thought it worked better 
than Hussey's, which he had thought could not 
be beaten. Of the performance of this reaper 
in the field, we have not heard, though as there 
is a large factory of them got up in Petersburg — 
see advertising columns of the Planter — we ex- 
pect to hear after awhile. 

Mr. Caldwell's machine, we know something 
about, having tried it thoroughly, at his request, 
on our own crop. We have to say for it, that 
it is in principle and in practical operation the 
simplest and best machine we have yet seen. 

It is single geared — that is, a bevel wheel on 
the face of the ground wheel — or wheel that 
carries the reaper, works into a pinion on an 
upright rod or shaft of about three feet long. 
At the lower end, the rod terminates in a crank 
which works the knives : at the upper end it 
terminates in a small wheel like that which ope- 
rates the brake on a locomotive. This gives 
power to aid the horses at starting, and helps to 
back the machine, to turn it, and to relieve it 
when choked. It is evident that it is.the extreme 
of simplicity. The contrivance for lowering and 
raising the platform and cutters cannot be de- 
scribed without a diagram, but it is as simple 
as the balance of this admirable piece of me- 
chanism. So constructed, it follows of course 
that it must be light : two horses work it with 
ease ; a third is only in the way ; and its light- 
ness makes it more durable, because it cannot 
be racked, as heavier and more complicated ma- 
chines are by their weight. 

The ground wheel is 9 inches tread and about 
3A feet diameter, made of wood, like the band 
wheel of wheat machines, with an iron tire. 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



223 



This enables it to work sooner after a rain than 
any other machine, besides adding to the ease 
of draught. We worked it on flat clay land, 
commencing at 9 o'clock in the morning after a 
heavy nights' rain of several hours, when the 
water was still standing in the water furrows. 
Hussey's tried on the same land, at 12 o'clock, 
came to a stand still. 

With a change of horses every two hours, one 
may trot the reaper all day long and cut over as 
much wheat less than thirty acres, as his hands 
can secure- With a small force, we cut over fifty 
acres in two and a half days, including a stop- 
page of some four hours in consequence of an 
accident to the reaper, and a delay at least as 
great in shocking the wheat. The wheat, to be 
sure, was light; but it could have been cfft as 
easily if heavy, though our force would not 
have secured it. 

Like all other reapers, this has faults ; some 
of principle, some of construction. It has not 
enough motion of the knives, which are a modi- 
fication of Hussey's blades ; and we do not see 
how it can be given without increasing tne 
draft. It is too far from the main wheel to the 
cutting end of the crank, so that it is apter than 
other machines to overrun wheat ; and it some- 
times clogs from inequalities of surface, which 
a shorter sweep would overcome or avoid. The 
knives of the only two that we have seen, are 
not of good metal, being on the whole much too 
soft and unequally tempered. 

The seat for the raker — who delivers either 
at side or rear — is uncomfortable ; and if Mr. 
Caldwell does not alter it, he ought to furnish 
leather for the purpose, as our friend W. W. 
Gilmer expresses it, of "half soaling" the pan- 
taloons of the rakers. 

Lastly, the price is too high. With less than 
half the gearing or weight of casting of other 
machines, the price is $125. It can be made at 
a profit for half the money, we should think- 
But in spite of all these defects, candour and 
justice to our subscribers impel us to declare 
that it is the best reaper we have seen. 

But let no one buy it on our recommendation. 
We call attention to it. Let the purchaser ex- 
amine and look for himself, and buy if he likes 
it. We are but an indifferent judge of machine, 
ry, and not at all disposed to undertake a gratui- 
tous agency in a matter which we do not under- 



stand, and in which we would be held to a strict 
accountability. 

H. M. Smith, the well known machinist of 
Richmond, is also trying a new reaper. We 
have not seen it at work, and can say nothing 
about it. Hussey has added a side delivery and 
pivot rake to his machine. We found the pivot 
rake harder to operate than the old plan, and 
could not use the side delivery without racking 
the machine to pieces. But in adapting his 
reaper to these alterations, he has made a very 
great improvement in it, by lifting the crank 
several' inches higher. We need not say that 
for solid strength and honest workmanship, 
ability to stand and tear, and capacity for clean 
cutting, Hussey's reaper cannot be beaten, and 
we honour him as the first man who introduced 
this great invention to the world. 



CHINCH BUG. 

This destructive bug, or fly, is doing very ex- 
tensive damage in various sections of the State 
below the mountains: and as the corn and oats 
are both backward in consequence of "the long 
dry season in May," we expect they will prove 
much more injurious than common. 

The only remedy we have tried against them, 
is found to succeed partially. If whilst they 
are crawling from place to place, a streak of gas 
or coal tar be laid across their track they will 
not-cross it. We have tried to force them over it, 
but they will not go, and manifest the greatest 
uneasiness at its presence. How far this check- 
ing their migration will answer we cannot tell 
as yet; for as soon as they can fly, the tar is no 
barrier to them. But thousands, or millions 
rather, may perish for lack of subsistence be- 
fore they become fledged. 



PREMIUM LIST OF THE VIRGINIA STATE 
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
We devote a considerable part of this num- 
ber to the premium list of the Virginia State 
Agricultural Society. It will be found on ex- 
amination to be somewhat more extensive than 
the very liberal schedules heretofore offered at 
our meetings. The amount of premiums in 
nearly all cases is somewhat less, but the sub- 
jects are greater. Some things which it was 
thought expedient to encourage at other exhibi- 
tions are omitted now because they are intro- 
duced and there is no longer occasion to reward 
them in this way : others, for the same reason, 
are includ§d in this present schedule. 



224 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



TO POSTMASTERS AND OTHERS. 

A GOOD TIME TO SUBSCRIBE. 

There are doubtless a large number of Farm- 
ers in Virginia and elsewhere, who desire and 
would like to have a good Agricultural paper; 
and who are laboring under great disadvantages 
in consequence of not having one to refer to for 
valuable improvements in Agricultural science, 
&c. To such we offer the "Southern Planter" 
on trial, upon the following terms for six months 
only, ending with the December number, viz: 
1 copy, 50 cents; Clubs of G for $2,50; 13 for 
$5,00 ; 20 for $7,50 ; 28 for $10,00. At each 
Post Office in the State, Clubs might be formed 
with little effort, and with profit to those who un- 
dertake to get them up. Send forward the 
dimes and you shall be richly repaid. 



AGENCIES. 
We are frequently asked why we do not ap- 
point Agents for our paper at such and such 
places. To all such enquirers we answer, that 
we have found the system of employing paid 
Agents to result unsatisfactorily both to our- 
selves and our subscribers, with whom we are 
frequently thrown in collision, in consequence 
of the neglect or inefficiency of such Agents. 
We may have been unfortunate in our selection. 
The low price at which the paper is pub- 
lished — (our advertising sheet alone, for which 
our subscribers pay nothing, is worth to them 
in valuable information more than the amount 
of their subscription) — does not justify our em- 
ploying any. We have, therefore, determined 
to abandon their employment altogether, except 
in the collection of arrearages due from old sub- 
scribers, and in the formation of Clubs. We 
hereby authorize any one whom subscribers are 
willing to trust, to take subscriptions at our 
Club rates, and on receipt of the money (at 
which time only our liability to such subscri- 
bers will commence), we will forward the pa- 
pers. Subscribers so obtained to be ours after 
the first year. 

Persons disposed to act in this capacity, we 
refer to our six months proposition to be found 
in the columns of this number. 

We here state that our friend, F. N. Wat- 
kins, Esq. of Farmville, who is actuated purely 
by a love of the cause, is our authorized Agent 
to receive subscriptions, make collections, and 
grant receipts on account of this paper. 



GENERAL NOTICE. 

In accordance with the notice given in a pre- 
vious number of this paper, we commence 
from this date to drop from our list, all sub- 
scribers who are in arrears for three years or 
more, and shall continue to do so until the first 
of January next, at which time we intend to 
drop all who are then in arrears for two years 
and upwards. But in doing so we do not in- 
tend to relinquish our right to collect our dues 
from such delinquents, but shall send out their 
accounts regularly or place them in the hands 
of Agents for collection. We do not design to 
adopt strictly the cash system, but we desire to 
approach as near to it as possible, and wish our 
"Terms" which are printed conspicuously in 
every paper to be understood by all our sub- 
scribers. They are as follows : 

TERMS. 

One Dollar and Twenty-five Cents per an- 
num, or One Dollar only, if paid in advance. 
Six copies for Five Dollars ; Thirteen copies 
for Ten Dollars— to be paid invariably in ad- 
vance ; and to them we mean strictly to adhere 
with this variation only, subscribers who owe for 
two years, or $2,50 and remit, $5 will be credi- 
ted for the two years of arrearrages and three 
years in advance. We think no one who in- 
tends to pay can object to this arrangement. 



THE TEMPERANCE JOURNAL. 
This is the title of a new weekly paper pub- 
lished in this city by the Rev. S. D. Hopkins, 
Editor. As its name indicates, it is devoted to 
the advocacy and promotion of the Temper- 
ance cause. We welcome its advent into the 
newspaper world and wish it success. The 
Prospectus will be found below. 

prospectus. 

The Virginia Temperance Journal will be 
issued weekly in the city of Richmond, and be 
mailed to subscribers at one dollar a year, inva- 
riably in advance. 

. As its name implies, it will be strictly a 
" Temperance Journal," devoted to the advoca- 
cy of Temperance, on the "moral suasion" 
principle, while its columns shall be open to the 
discussion of all questions connected with Tem- 
perance, which will, in any way, promote the 
interest of the cause. 

It will contain such items of foreign and lo- 
cal news as may be considered of importance to 
its patrons ; and reports of markets, corrected 
weekly. 

And to enable us to furnish the Journal at 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



985 



the low price of one dollar a year, one page 
will be given up to advertisements. 

All communications, whether intended for in- 
sertion in the Journal or containing names of 
subscribers and remittances, must be addressed 
to the Editor. 

Temperance men throughout the State are 
respectfully and urgently requested to act as 
agents in procuring subscribers for the Journal. 

The first regular number will be issued soon 
after three thousand or more subscribers are re- 
ported to the Editor. 

Newspapers friendly to the cause of Temper- 
ance will confer a favor upon many of their pa- 
trons by giving the above an insertion, and 
such notice as thev may think it deserves. 



TO ADVERTISERS. 

The Southern Planter offers to advertisers 



BEST METHOD OF USING GUANO 
ON CORN. 

Buckingham Co., Va. > 
June 11th, 1856. J 

Messrs. Editors. — From several years 
experience with Guano upon the corn crop, 
I think I can probably give you some ideas 
that may be beneficial to your numerous 
readers. 

In the year 1854, I used guano upon 
corn land as follows, viz : 

First experiment, — I sowed the guano 
broad-cast, turned it in with a two horse 
plow, then laid off" the rows 5 feet, and 
dropt the corn 2 feet apart and covered it 
with the harrow. 

Second experiment — flushed the land, 
laid off the rows as above, sowed the gua- 



one of the best mediums which this State af- no ; n the row, dropt the corn, and cov- 

fords of reaching the Farmers of Virginia and ered as before. 

North Carolina, where it has a large subscrip- 1 Third — flushed the land, and planted the 



tion list, and of the other Southern and West- 
ern States, where it is extensively circulated. 
Those who take it are substantial men who live in 
the country; the best customers to every trade, — 
the very class whom advertisers desire to reach. 
To Boarding Schools and Academies, to the 



corn with no guano, at the same distance 
as in the other two lots. 

As soon as the corn got large enough to 
weed, I ran the little dagant plow as close 
as I could to the corn and turned the dirt 
from it, following with the hoes thining 



Merchant, the Mechanic, the Hotel Keeper, I and P ut ; in S a llUl T e J irt 4 ° f e , corn - A * 
_ „ _. .. , T soon as 1 got over 1 turned back where 1 

the Druggist, the Dentist, the ^crseryman,! first comm & enced throwing the dirt off and 

and m short, to all- who have LANDS, or any , threw Qne t - tQ fte CQrn> When j , tQ 

thing to sell or anything to make known, the ( the lot that had no guan0j r sowed thesame 

l_ I quantity broadcast, that I had previously 
sowed on the other lots, before throwing 



"Southern Planter 

fidence not only on account of the substantial 
character of those who subscribe to it, but 
likewise by the fact that possessing the addi- 



the dirt to the corn, following with the plow 
throwing the dirt to the corn immedi- 



tional advantage of being printed in Book formt ately after sowing the guano. As soon as 
and Stitched, it is therefore more apt to be pre- I got over with one furrow, I turned back 
served than an ordinary newspaper, and gives! and plowed out the whole row. I done no 
to advertisers a better chance of keeping them-j more work to it. Tt all had the same work 
selves before the people. | anc * the same chance every way. But the 

The increased business of this department of last lo * tha f ha <? th , e S uano applied when 
the "Planter" since it has been undertaken,! throwing the dirt back, made more corn 



proves that those who have tried it, find it to 
their interest to encourage this entcrprize. 



advertisements. 



Will be inserted at the following rates: — For 
each square of ten lines, first insertion, One 
Dollar; each continuance Seventy-five Cents. 



than both of the others together. 

When I commenced throwing the dirt 
to the corn, I thought that the first two 
lots that had been guanoed would make 
four times the corn to either lot that could 
be made on the other. The stalk looked 
large and thrifty, while the corn that had 
no guano up to that time was small and 



A liberal discount to those who advertise by the yellow. 

year. | But the first lots began to give back just 

Advertisements out of the City must be ac- as the ear was making, 
coiapanied with the money to insure their inser- 1 While the other lot that had the guano 
tion. ! last, was at that time in a rapid growth, and 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



had larger ears at gathering time the first 
two lots had nothing but nubbins. 

I tried the same experiment last year, 
and the result was the same. I would re- 
commend sowing the guano on the corn 
broad-cast, when laying it by, as the best 
method of using it. It makes a good crop 
of corn, and helps the crop of wheat also. 
Yours, Respectfully, 
A Citizen of Buckingham. 

DEVON BULL. 

FOR sale, a Bull of good size and form, about 
16 months old, bred by the late Hon. C. P. Hol- 
comb, got bv Imported " Sout'i Moultou," Price $100. 
Address, DR. P. B. PENDLETON, 

Tolersville, Louisa Countv, Va. 
July 1,1856. 



Farm -wanted to Rent or take on Shares, 

By an experienced Dairy-man. 
A small Farm in the vicinity of Richmond. Any 
person desirous of entering into such an anangemeni, 
will please communicate with the subscriber by mail 
at Washington City. 
July, 1856. 3t LEWIS BAILY. 

McKINNEY & DUPUY, 

COMMISSION MER CHANTS, 

RICHMOND, VA. 

PAY particular attention to the sale of TO- 
BACCO, WHEAT, FLOUR, &c, and make li 
beral advances on produce in hand. 
July 1856.— ly* 



CONTENTS OF NO. VII. 

Mr. Bledsoe's Review of his Reviewer, 193 
Use of the Scraper in Cleaning Ditches, 

Mill-Races and Creeks, - - 197 
Cooking Onions. - 198 
Report of the Committee of United Farm- 
ers' Agricultural Club on Agricultu- 
ral Implements, - 198 
Pot Cheese, ... 200 
Boil your Molasses, ... 200 
Steam Power for Farm Purposes, - 200 
Turnip Culture, - - - 201 
Chronic Rheumatism in Horses, - 202 
Negro Absorption, ... 203 
" Swinney" in Horses, - - 204 
List of Premiums and Regulations for the 
Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Vir- 
ginia State Agricultural Society, 205 
Terms of the Southern Planter, * - 221 
To Subscribers, - - - 221 
(The Southern Planter Bound, - 221 
Agricultural an( l Commercial Review, 221 
Reaping Machines, - - - 222 
Chinch Bug, ... 223 
Premiums of the Virginia State Agricul- 
tural Society, - - - 223 
To Postmasters and others, - 224 
Agencies, .... 224 
General Notice, - - - 224 
The Temperance Journal, - - 224 
To Advertisers, - - - 225 
Best Method of Using Guano on Corn, , 225 



LIST OF PAYMENTS. 

All persons who have made payments early enough to be entered, and whose names do not appear in the 
following receipt list, are requested to give immediate notice of the om ission, in order that the correction 
may be made in the next issue : 



From 23rd May to June 30. 



57 



56 

Jan 



July 
Jan 



62 
57 



56 
57 



Ro Moore, Jan 

E Paxton. June 

W H Spiller, " 

Dr T P Shields, 

P. F. Boisseau, 

Jos Mann, 

W A Turner, 

J no F Wiley, 

Geo Rives, 

Wm M Wade, 

W H San ford, 

A Burton, " 

Jno W Barker, " 

C N Meriwether, " 

Jno T Bronaugh, " 

Jas Drvden, June " 

R Grig9by, " " 

S S Gresham, Mar " 

G Flippo, July •' 

E W Massey, Jan " 

Ro Wilson, July " 

R Stokes, Aug " 

W P Mosely, Jan " 

W S Wallace, June 1856, 

G W Pettit, Jan 1853, 

R K Fitzhugh, July 1856, 

H Perkins, Jan " 

N Talley, Jan 1854 

S D Morton, Jan 1857 

Thos Daniel, June 1856 



7 00 

3 50 

4 17 
1 

1 00 

2 00 
1 00 

1 00 

2 25 
58 

5 00 
1 00 
1 00 

1 00 

2 00 
2 25 
1 00 
1 
1 00 
1 00 
1 00 

1 00 

2 00 
2 50 
2 25 

I 1 25 

II 00 
2 50 
1 00 

50 



J L Chamberlain, Jan 1857, 
R Greene, Jan 1857 
S S Myers, Jan 1857 
J V Hobson, June 1857 
Wm Snoddy, July 1856 
Thos N Davis, May 1857 
J D Watts, Jar. 1857 
W S Wilson. June 1856 
S Lambert, July 1856 
A J Bracy, Jan 1857 
H S Hathaway, Jan 1857 
A Muirhead, Jan 1857 
J Carr, July 1856 
Wm Appleberry, Jan 1857 
Ro W Morris, Sept 1856 
Maj J B White, Jan 1858 
B G Dunlap, Julv 1856 
J J Grantham, April 1857 
S Brockman, Oct 1856 
W Y Downman, Jan 1S56 
H L Towles, Jan 1858 
Col S Downing, Jan 1856 
Col S Gres hairi, Jan 1856 
Jos P Flippo, Jan 1856, 
W Henderson, Jan 1856 
W Eustace, Jan 1856 
J H Chowning, Jan 1856 
J W Gresham, Jan 1856 
N Spriggs, April 1856 
A D Martin, Jan 1857 



2 25 
1 20 
1 00 



00 
75 
no 
00 
00 
00 
00 

1 00 

2 25 
5 00 

1 00 

2 50 

2 50 

3 00 
1 00 

5 00 

1 00 

6 00 

2 25 

4 75 
4 75 

1 00 

2 25 

2 50 

3 50 
3 50 
1 00 



Ro Allen, Sept 1857 
C Proctor, Jan 1857 
G Coleman, March 1856 
R F Coleman, Jan 1856 
W G Fretwell, Julv 1856 
J Spindle, Jan 1857 
R M Higgins, Jan 1855 
G W Kemper, Jr, Jan 1857 
J G Hurst, Julv 1856 
E H Flournoy, March 1857 
R W Flournoy, June 1857 
W G Flournoy, July 1857 
Lanev Jones, Jan 1857 
RE Borum, Jan 1857 
DrP Hales. Jan 1858 
Jos S Spengler, Jan 1857 
W Hawkins, Jan 1857 
C S Gay, Jan 1857 
A Ganaway, June 1856 
J B Townley, Jan 1859 
Col J Fuqua, Jan 1859 
Geo Fleming, Sep 1856 
J W Bellfietd, Jan 1857 
Jas Dolin, July 1856 
F Erny, June 1856 
J C Holland, Jan 1857 
D W K Bowles. Jan 1857 
Anderson Hughes, Jan 1857 
R H Boston, Sept 1856 
W G Clark, Jan 57 



5 00 


2 00 


2 50 


5 00 


1 00 


1 00 


1 50 


2 00 


2 00 


1 00 


1 00 


1 00 


2 25 


1 00 


10 00 


1 00 


3 00 


1 00 


2 61 


2 00 


2 25 


2 25 


2 25 


5 00 


3 75 


2 00 


4 75 


3 50 


1 00 


2 25 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



227 



Jno D Johnson, Sep 1856 
B W Snead, Sep -1856 
Jos Pavne, June 1856 
T H Tutwiier, Jan 1857 
B J Flannagan, Sep 1856 
R A Noel, Sep 1856 
M Barber, June 1857 
Geo Pannill, Jr, Jan 1857 
Thos O Sovers, Jan I860 
E J Thompson, Jan 1857 
B Vaughan, Mav 1S57 
P T Johnson, Jan 1857 
F Grayson, Jan 1857 
Jas Garland. Jan 1858 
Geo Blane, Jan 1856 
W P Tucker, Jan 1357 
VV A Turpin, Dec 1856 
Jno Tyler, Jan 1857 
Jno D Turner, July 1856 
J P Taliaferro, Jan" 1857 
Dr J W Gantt, Jan 1857 
Jno Andrews, Nov 1856 
Woods, Garth, Julv 1856 
W Garth, Jan 1857 
Jno L Marve, Jan 1857 
Jas M Bro'wn, Oct 1858 
KR Barton, Jan 1858 
E S Tutwiier, April 1855 
J B Strong, Jan 1857 
Jno H Wilmore, May 1856 
Geo ftturdivant, June 1857 
Dr J L Jones, Jan 1857 
D Burkheart, April 1857 
Jacob Kagev, July 1856 
F Lecler, Jan 1857 
M C Wills, Jan 1857 
Jno Jacob, Jan 1857 
G Wilson, May 1857 
W Fuqua, Jan 1357 
J S Hardawav, Jan 1858 
U Terrill, July 1856 
J J Gravatt. March 1857 
D Shaw, Julv 1&56 
A A Campbell, July 1857 
B C Jones, Jan 1858 
Ro Jackson, Dec 1856 
Jno Sanders, " " 

S D Sanders, u 
D B Sanders, " " 
R W Sanders, " " 

Adam Sanders, " " 

J S Cowherd, Jan 1857 
Danl. Wilson, Sept 1856 
R G Bibb, Jan 1857 
W H Goode, Jan 1857 
Brax. Garlick, July 1858 
Jno O Massie, Jan'l857 
B Snead, Jan 1856 
D M George, Jan 1857 
J L Maurv, Jan 1S57 
T F Nelson, Nov, 1856 
Thos M Cockle, June 1855 
T Bridgforth, May 1856 
W P Browne, Jan 1857 
O W Kean, Jan 1856 
J T Baughan, Jan 1857 



I A Gills, Jan 1857 
H Johnson, Dec 1856 
! E Gilliam, Sept 1856 
I W A Castleman, July 1856 
E C McGehee, Jan 1857 
W Robertson, Jan 1856 
I Jos Mann, Jan 1857 
G W Ball, Sept 1856 
G A Garth July 1856 
,'S Heiskell, July 1856 
G Hay the, Sept 1858 
Wm W Alvis, Jan 1857 
Wm Nace, July 1356 
I Danl Hatcher, Jan 1857 
I Wm Mathews, Jan 1857 
Jno D Brown, Jan 1857 
jE Davis, July 1858 
Jno Gibson, June 1857 
I Henrv Mackay, June 1857 
C E Kent, Jan 1857 
B H Benton, Jan 1857 
WDSouthall, Julv 1857 
i Wm P Hawkins, Jan 1856 
D R. Hopkins, Julv 1856 
T T Saunders, Jan 1860 
D Rice, Jan 1858 
Dr G R Calhoun, July 1857 
Jas Dickerson, Jan 1856 
I W Webb, April 1856 
: J B McCarty, 
J G B A McCarty, Jan 1856 
! E R Pullen, Jan 1856 
R C Belfield, Jan 1856 
W P Vanness, Jan 1857 
P T Lomax, March 1856 
Wm English, Jan 1856 
J D Belfield, June 1856 
H Chandler, Sep 1856 
J H Sandford, May 1856 
J Critcher, Jan 1856 
F W Cox, July 1856 
B Walker, Sep 1856 
Jno E Johnson, Jan 1857 
P L Burruss, July 1857 
J G Bootwright, July 1857 
F N Taliaferro, Jan 1857 
E P Talley, Jan 1857 
DR Fielder, July 1856 
Genl A Brown, Jan 1857 
T Durrett, Jan 1857 
David Lee, Jan 1857 
J G Cecil, 

A K Shepard, Jan 1857 
Dr S S Henley, Jan 1857 
Dr R Harrison, Jan 1858 
W M Bagley, July 1856 
Jas B Rawlings, July 1857 
Jas D Coleman, April 1857 
Elizh B Ambler, June 1857 
S B Seward, Jan 1858 
Ro H Richardson, June 1857 
Lewis Bailey, Jan 1853 
Dr W H Decourcey, June '57 
F P Holcomb, Sep 1856 
D Wilkinson, June 1857 
Alex Faison, Jan 1857 



1 00 
3 75 

2 00 

3 00 
3 00 
3 75 

1 00 

2 50 



W D Cabell, Jan 1857 
Geo Chambers, Sep 1856 
Dr Watson, Jan 1857 
Wm S Perry, July 1856 
Thos A Keith, July 1856 
A White, Jan 1857 
B Lewis, Jan 1856 
T M Seawell, Jan 1857 



3 00 ; Geo C Gilmer, Sep 1856 
7 50 D G Smith, June 1856 

5 00 J R Barkesdale, Jan 1857 
1 00 Jno T Johns, Sep 1856 

4 25 N Talley, Jan 1857 

1 00 j Geo Hankins, July 1858 
1 00 I Jos Walker, June 1857 
1 00 ! J W Hamilton, June 1856 

3 00 H Z. Shackleford, April 1857 

6 00 j T J Valentine, Jan 1857 

4 75 TK Miller, July 1856 

3 00 J R Eggleston, Mar 1857 

4 75 T D Quarles, Jan 1857 

1 00 W Waddv, Oct 1856 
6 00 M H Miller, Jan 1857 

5 00 J Cunningham, Jr, Julv 1857 
10 00 A R Givens, Julv 1856' 

2 00 R R Sims, Jan 1858 
1 00 Ro Drake, July. 1857 

1 00 E W Eggleston, Jan 1858 

2 25 VV F Plunkett, July 1855 

1 00 Thos McCarkle, June 1856 

2 25 NB Gay, Sep 1856 

4 75 j N A Holman, Sep 1856 

3 50 I J L Dupuv, Sept 1856 

1 00 J T T Hundley, Jan 1857 

2 25 Jos A Flippo, Jan 1857 

3 50 Jos A Flippo, Jan 1857 

1 00 G W Harris, Jan 1857 

4 75 J M Trevillian, Jan 1857 

3 50 J S Pendleton, Jan 1827 

6 00 S W Washington, July 1856 

2 25 R B Tuggle, June 1857 
6 00 G N Crowler, Jan 1856 
1 00 jJno Faulkner, Jan 1858 

1 00 B Garland, Jan 1856 
100 JD Ricks, July 1856 
100 EG Adams, May 1856 

2 25 Thos Leigh, Jan 1856 

2 25 ! T White, Jan 1857 

1 00 G Canada, Jan 1857 

4 00 Wm'King, Jan 1857 

1 00 I Joel Wright, Jan 1859 

1 00 Whiting Davies, July 1856 

3 00 C N Meriwether, /an 1857 
3 00 Jos A Nunn, Jan 1858 

2 00 G H Flagg, Jan 1857 

1 00 Jno W Reeve, Jan 1857 

5 00 RE Lewis. Jan 1857 

2 25 R P Atkinson, Jan 1857 
Hume Field, Mar 1857 
EG Scott, Mav 1858 
R F Omohondrn, Sep 1856 
R Pitzer, Jan 1856 
RWNNoland, Jan 1859 
A Foster, Oct 1857 
Wm Tompkins, Oct 1856 



1 00 
5 00 
1 00 
3 00 
1 00 

3 75 
1 00 

4 75 



1 00 

2 50 

3 50 

5 00 

1 25 

2 25 
7 50 

6 00 

3 00 
1 00 
1 00 
3 75 
1 00 
5 00 

5 00 
3 75 
1 00 
1 00 

3 75 

4 75 

1 00 

6 25 

2 25 
00 
75 
25 
00 
50 
50 
25 
00 
00 
50 
00 



1 00 



75 
25 

50 
00 

75 
00 
00 
00 



11 25 
3 75 



00 
00 
75 
50 
00 
00 
8 75 

1 25 

2 00 

4 00 
2 00 
1 00 
1 00 

1 00 

5 00 

2 50 

6 25 

3 50 
1 00 
1 00 



WM. B. GREEN, 
CTiarlotte. 



5 FRED. W. HOBSON 
\ Richmond, 



GREEN & HOBSON, 

PRODUCE COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

RICHMOND, VA. 

JNO. BOOKER, (late of the firm of Booker & Wat- 
kins,) Salesman. 
X3T Office on Cary street, between 12 and 13, 
July 1 1856— ly* 



AGRICULTURAL LIME 

Of a superior quality, in any quantity over 1000 
bushels, for sale upon reasonable terms by 

CHAS. H. LOCHER, & Co. 
Balcony Falls, 
July 1st— tf Rockbridge Co.. Va. 

■J. MONTGOMERY'S Rockaway Wheat Fans, 
for sale bv 

WILLIAM PALMER. 
July 1st— 2t 



228 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



HARVEST TOOLS AND MACHI- 
NERY FOR 1856. 




To the Farmers and Planters of 
Virginia and North Carolina. 

GENTLEMEN— We have furnished many of 
of you with machinery and implements for the 
past twelve years, during which time many valuable 
improvements have br en made ; and being at the pres- 
ent time probablv the largest manufacturers of 

FARM IMPLEMENTS 

IN THE WORLD, it is unnecessary for us 
to say that we feel a great interest, and watch closely 
all the new inventions in our line of business. As not 
more than one in ten of the new inventions can be call- 
ed improvement, we shall not offer to you any articles 
that have not been thoroughly tested and found to be 
valuable improvements. The machinery and tools we 
offer you are manufactured at our Factory in Balti- 
more, and are made of the best materials and in the 
best manner, and as we have greater facilities for man- 
ufacturing than any other house, we are able to sell on 
as at least as good terms. It is unnecessary for us to 
mention to you the great losses and inconvenience you 
are likely to suffer by purchasing machinery that is 
hawked and peddled about the country, and when re- 
pairs are needed must be sent to Illinois, New York or 
Massachusetts at an expense of nearly equal to the 
original cost. 

We think we have for the coming harvest all of the 
latest improvements in 

REAPERS, MOWERS, HORSE- 
POWER, THRESHERS, &c. 

that are really valuable, and we can certainly please 
any one < who"will give us a call. 
Among our stock will be found 

BURRALL'S AND MANNY'S REAPERS, 

both of which have been very much improved. Also our 

Premium Wr ought-Iron Railway Horse-Power 

and Iron Cylinder Thresher, 

which are not equalled for a Two Horse Machine. We 
have also the latest improvement in Sweep Horse-pow- 
er, for 4, 6, 8 or 10 horses, and warranted. 

For further particulars, see Catalogue for 1856, which 
will be sent you per mail on application to 

E. WHITMAN & CO., 
63 Exchange Place, Baltimore, Md. 
July 1,1856— ly 



A thorough hred Stallion For Sale. 

For sale, at a low price, the thorough bred Horse, 
John Bell — a sure foal getter, Of him C. F. M. Noland 
of Arkansas writes: "I raised "John Bell," Boston 
is his sire. The Pedigree of Boston has been pub- 
lished a dozen times in the Register and Spirit. The 
dam of John Bell was Lilly — she by Eclipse out of 
Garland by Duroe. Garland was the dam of Port 
Boy, (the Northern Champion when Bascomb beat 
him), Fauquier and Suffolk. I run John Bell as one 
of the very best bred horses in America. Lelly's Ped- 
egree at full length has been published in the Register 
and Spirit." 

This Horse is now Jen or eleven years old, and in 
fine health. He is the getter of large fine colts, and 
can be bought at a very low price for a horse of his 
blood. 

Address Ed- Southern Planter- 
July 1st— tf 

The Great Southern Hat and Cap Manu- 
factory and Depot. 
JOHN DOOLEY, 

No. 81, Main Street, Richmond Ya. 

MANUFACTURER of HATS and CAPS on 
the largest scale, and in every possible variety, 
and Importer of North American and European FURS, 
HATS, CAPS, PLUSHES, TRIMMINGS, and all 
other articles belonging to the Trade, is always sup- 
plied with a splendid stock of Goods, for Wholesale 
and Retail, which in quality and quantity cannot be ex- 
celled by any other house in the South. His manu- 
facturing arrangements are of the completest kind, and 
his facilities for supplying country merchants at the 
shortest notice cannot be surpassed. 
Juiy 1856— ly 

AMELIA ACADEMY. 

The 24th Session of this Institution will open on 
Oct. 1st, 1856, and close August 1st, 1857. 

Terms per Session of lO Months. 

Board and Tuition, $200; $100 payable Oct 1st, and 
$100 March 1st. The course of studies is preparatory 
for the University of Virginia, and the text books gen- 
erally the same. The Principal treats his Pupils as 
members of his family, and aims at their improvement 
in all respects. 

For further particulars see Catalogue of Amelia 
Academy for 1856. 

Direct Lodore P. O., Amelia. 

WM. H. HARRISON. 

July 1856— 4t 

Three Tracts of Land for Sale- 

I WILL SELL AT PRIVATE SALE THREE 
TRACTS OF LAND, in the county of Bucking- 
him; in the lower end of the county, and immediately 
in the neighborhood of the Female Institute, containing 
Five Hundred Acres, two hundred of which is in origi- 
nal forest growth, lies well, well watered, and in an 
agreeable neighborhood ; one Tract in the upper end 
of the county containing Three Hundred Acres, about 
fifty acres of creek low grounds upon the same, nearly 
all in original forest growth, and well timbered, and un- 
commonly well watered and abounding in springs of 
the very best order ; one other Tract, containing Seven 
Hundred and Fifty Acres, heavily timbered, well wa- 
tered, and nearly all in original forest growth. 

Presuming that no person would like to purchase 
without first viewing the land, I decline giving a de- 
tailed description of the same — inviting all persons 
wishing to purchase to call upon me and judge for 
themselves, as I am determined to sell, and will sell a 
great bargain in the above lands. 

June 1— 4t ROBERT MOORE.