SOUTHERN PLANTER 
(1882) 



VOL. 45 
1884 



MISSING: NO. 2-3, 6-7, 9, 11 



THE 



S 



OUTHERN PLANTER 



P. 



* 



DEVOTED TO 

AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, LIVE STOCK AND THE HOUSEHOLD. 

Office, 26 Wilkerson's Hall, Ninth Street. 



T. W. ORMOND. 
W. C. KNIGHT,* 
W. C. JACKSON, 



Proprietor. 
Editor. 
Advertising Agent. 




OOITTBITTS : 

Self-Supporting Employment for Southern Worn-en — A Prize Essay 581 

Mu-eum of New York Historical Society '. 589 

The Supremacy of Grass 592 

Plants for the Window Garden 592 

Kainit and its Value 593 

Dressing Sheep 594 

Variety of the Vine vs. Soil 595 

The Use of Lime.. 596 

T Iuw Opium is Smoked 597 

low should Butter be Salted 598 

A. Virginia Show, not Advertised 599 

"Chess Once More 600 

Duties and Liabilities of Farm Hands 605 

Address before the National Farmers' Congress 606 

Commercial Fertilizers vs. Farm Manures 613 

Fruit-Raising in Virginia 613 

The Exhibits o! Dr. Woods at the State Fair 616 

The North vs. The South as a Field of Emigration 617 

Plain Talk about Pleuro- Pneumonia. :*.... 619 

Chess or Cheat 620 

Ensilage for Silk- Worms 620 

The World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, Department of Informa- 
tion and Accommodation 621 

Peanut Flour 621 

Management of Milk ,... 628 

Editorial i 
Post-Notes on the State Fair G22 

Editorial Notes : 

The Prize Ea*ay and President Beverley's Address; Our Subscribers; Monitor Corn 
Shelter : Communications; Apples; Clubbing; Books and Magazines; Re- 
ports, &u.; New Advertisements 629-632 



Bichmond: J. W. Ferg-usson & Son, Printers. 




3VEAIIS] STORE BROAD STREET. 

FOURQUREAN, PRICE, TEMPLE & CO., 

DEALERS IN 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC DRV GOODS, 

429 East Broad and 206 North Fifth Sts., Riehmond,^Va. 



J. W. FERGUSSON & SON, 

BOOK AMD JOB PRINTERS 



Corner of Main and Fourteenth Streets, 



■THE- 



SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



DEVOTED TO 



Agriculture, Horticulture, Live Stock and the Household. 



Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. 
Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sully. 

T. W. ORMOND, - - - - - - - Proprietor. 

W. C. KNIGHT, --..... Editor. 



45th Tear. RICHMOND, DECEMBER, 1884. No. 12. 



SELF-SUPPORTING EMPLOYMENT FOR SOUTHERN WOMEN. 



A Prize Essay. 



BY HENRY STEWART, OF PATTERSON*, NEW JERSEY. 



[This Essay is the result of a premium offered by J. M. Blair, Esq., of Richmond, 
Virginia, and is awarded by a committee appointed by the Virginia State Agricultural 
Society.— Ed. S. P.] 

One of the most serious questions of the day is how can women secure 
profitable employment. It applies with more force perhaps to those dwelling 
in country places than to dwellers in the cities ; and yet country women have 
better facilities for self-support than their sisters in towns and cities — first, be- 
cause their expenses are not so great, and second, because there are more op- 
portunities for them to employ their time and skill to advantage. Besides, 
many women who may fail to find employment in towns and cities may easily 
secure it in country places, where opportunities are more abundant. The 
choice of employments for women is much larger than is usually supposed. 
There are occupations in which manual labor is required that are open to wo- 
men as well as to men, whenever the person interested has such acquirements 
and intelligence that she can direct hired labor successfully, and make her head- 
work serve to keep several pairs of hands busy. In the world's work, one 
44 



582 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

brain is worth a great many bands, and in seeking for employment the woman 
who has the tact and skill to direct uneducated laborers possesses a very great 
advantage in finding greater scope for her energies, and some capital, than can 
others who are obliged to choose some employment in which they can use only 
their own work. For instance, one person, with a pair of hands only, however 
great may be the capacity for management, and intelligence, and skill, can 
never make more than the work of one pair of hands can accomplish ; while 
one who is able to control and superintend three, five, or ten assistants, paying 
the usual price for the labor, has the ability to secure for herself the difference 
between the actual value of the work done and that of the value added to it 
by intelligent and skilful direction. Let me give an instance in which a lady 
well known to me has built up an exceedingly profitable business during a few 
years past. She was an excellent housekeeper, but was left a widow with a 
family to support. She had necessarily to cast about for some means of mak- 
ing a living for herself and children. Among her friends she had a reputation 
for making the best of jams, jellies, pickles, and other preserves ; and it was 
suggested to her that she should turn this accomplishment to a useful purpose. 
And so she did. First, her friends and acquaintances helped her to dispose of 
her products. She went to the markets and procured fruits, vegetables and 
suitable meats, and put these up in attractive form, and soon found the busi- 
ness growing upon her hands. Procuring a suitable house, she put up several 
stoves, and soon had a large part of it filled with apparatus for her work. A 
regular weekly advertisement in a newspaper which circulated among families 
where her products were largely used brought her many customers After a 
few years her business has become permanently established, and continues to 
grow, while her present income is more than $8,000 a year. She employs seve- 
ral men and boys, two wagons, and a number of girls; and by the ability to 
find employment for all these hired assistants, she has a large profit or remu- 
neration for her own skill iu directing all this labor, and combining it to one 
end, and making each one's work as valuable as her own would be. Thus, as 
it were, she multiplies her own skilful work, and realizes a proportionate profit. 

I wish to confine this discussion chiefly to such employments as relate more 
or less to the products of the soil ; for mother earth is the foundation of all 
wealth, and gives the most generous reward to those who depend upon her for 
support; and this field of employment is the least cultivated, and offers the 
least competition to those who will work in it. All the other avocations of 
life, as teaching, writing, and the various employments arising out of commer- 
cial and manufacturing industries, are so much crowded that women are forced 
to seek new and unworked fields, and it is to such unused, and perhaps un- 
thoughtof, opportunities that I would direct especial attention. 

And in the Southern States there are the largest and most varied opportu- 
nities of this kind. It may seem strange that I, a resident of a Northern State, 
should assume to offer any suggestions upon this subject. But my business and 
profession for some years past have made me acquainted with the undeveloped 



1884.] SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 583 

resources of the South and the necessities for women everywhere to enlarge 
their industrial sphere, and has given me a practical knowledge of the various 
industries in which women may, and do, to a considerable extent, find agreea- 
ble occupation and profitable employment. And further, being personally in- 
terested in Southern enterprise and having for years past been engaged in di- 
recting attention to the abundant butunworked fields of industry in the South, 
I feel convinced that I can offer some useful hints to Southern ladies in this 
way, as I have at times been able to do in less conspicuous ways. 

I believe firmly in woman's rights to secure every good gift that a generous 
Providence has offered to mankind in the rich and teeming soil, and the valua- 
ble domesticated animals, and insects even, which have been given to the do- 
minion of the human race for its use and comfort. As far as a woman's ca- 
pabilities enables her, she may honorably use her hands as well as her intelli- 
gent brain. In many pursuits more or less closely connected with agriculture 
the peculiar natural disposition of women — their patience, their assiduity, their 
quickness of apprehension, their gentleness of manner, their perseverance, their 
deftness of touch and handling — all give them an advantage over the more 
impulsive, impatient and rougher sex. In the rearing of poultry, the keeping 
of bees, the cultivation of flowers, herbs and seeds, the cultivation of the mul- 
berry, the rearing of silk-worms and the reeling of the silk, the work of the 
dairy and the preparation of choice butter (for which the demand is insatia- 
ble), the cultivation of fruits and vegetables of various kinds for sale fresh or 
for preservation by drying or cooking, and preparing for market in jars or 
cans, and even the keeping of fine cattle and sheep — in all these women may 
excel men by reason of their better natural gifts referred to. They have done 
it, and are doing it; and many bright examples might be referred to, and hon- 
ored names of ladies known to me might be mentioned, if it were not that the 
privileges of acquaintanceship might be overstepped in doing it. 

To particularize as far as may be, I might say that in poultry-keeping a 
profit of two dollars per head of the flock has been easily realized, and in fa- 
vorable localities twice as much has been made. A hive of bees skilfully han- 
dled has returned ten to twenty dollars in the season in a Southern apiary. 
The consumption of flowers as an article of luxury, in the season when the 
supply i3 forced, is very large and the profit is great. The demand for bedding 
plants, roses and other flowering plants, is such that millions of dollars' worth 
are sent by mail every year, and a supply always creates a demand ; for it is a 
great truth that thousands of people only realize how much they want a thing 
the moment it is offered to them ; and a want once awakened grows by what it 
feeds upon. The culture of sweet and medicinal herbs for the grocer's and 
druggist's use is an industry scarcely as yet undertaken ; while the making of 
extracts and tinctures is still an inchoate industry that offers a sure and certain 
profit. The growth of seeds of flowers and vegetables, which are always 
eagerly purchased by the seedsmen, and especially the culture of new varieties 
by crossing or by raising seedlings, offers great opportunities of profit, and the 



584 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

most interesting and fascinating employment. Silk culture is essentially a do- 
mestic business, which finds work for the children in their spare hours, and the 
scope for it is very great, for the home manufacture of silk goods is now very 
large, while all the raw silk used is brought from foreign countries. The Wo- 
men's Silk Culture Association, managed by ladies in Philadelphia, has already 
started this industry, for which there is no other portion of the country so well 
adapted as the Southern States. In the dairy, to-day, the prizes at exhibitions 
at the fairs are competed for by ladies, and the first premiums at the largest 
fairs in the country are more often taken by young women than by men. 
Skilled dairywomen are sought at high salaries by the creameries and cream 
factories ; and to-day, I assert, from a large experience, that the Southern 
States offer the best field for enterprise in dairying in the whole of North 
America ; the mountain region of the South, offering the best of lands at nomi- 
nal prices, and the best of markets at its gates for excellent dairy products. 
Fruits are welcomed everywhere. The present facilities, offered by fruit-drying 
machines, make the production of dried fruits an exceedingly profitable busi- 
ness, and it is especially a domestic industry, employing children and young 
women altogether. The peaches, apples, small fruits and vegetables of the 
South are unexcelled for this purpose, while the products of these inexpensive 
machines sell for several times as much, on account of their greater sweetness 
and better appearance, as the common dried fruits. The preparatiou of jams 
and jellies from fruits too soft for shipment, and that are now wasted, and mar- 
malade from the Southern oranges of the bitter varieties, that are now of no 
value, in other places and other countries now gives employment to hundreds 
and thousands of women and girls, and is a business which once begun in a 
small way, with adequate knowledge, will surely extend to very large propor- 
tions. 

All these things have been done elsewhere where nature is not half so kind 
and affords not half such favorable opportunities as in the South. No good 
thing was ever offered in vain when it has been presented in the right way at 
the right time. But one thing is needful. I know the spirit is not wanting, 
for I have been in communication with many Southern ladies who have sought 
advice in these directions. Some help is needed, however, to direct weak and 
faltering steps at first ; to make known the opportunities and to spread the in- 
formation necessary to make these available. There is a State Agricultural 
Association in every Southern State. With some of the officers of these I am 
personally acquainted and know these gentlemen to be intensely anxious to de- 
velop all the valuable resources of their country. These institutions are for 
the general benefit ; they are not for the men alone ; why should not the inter- 
ests of women be fostered and encouraged so far as women can take a part in 
profitable agricultural pursuits ? There are schools and colleges for men, why 
should there not be departments for young women where all these industries, 
and others akin to them which may suggest themselves, shall be made subjects 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 585 

for study and practice, so that the students may learu how to turn these pur- 
suits to profit ? The most prominent question now before the public mind is 
how to give to women the best opportunities for becoming self-supporting and 
independent, and surely if State Agricultural Societies can help men in their 
industrial pursuits, they can aid women ia the same direction. It is not suffi- 
cient to merely point the way ; the State must take women by the hand and 
lead them over the first difficult steps and afford them at least as much aid and 
encouragement as they have been giving to their fathers and brothers. There 
never was yet an instance in which women have shown themselves to be infe- 
rior to men, when opportunities have been afforded them to show their capacity 
and capability; and in respect of industry and energy in self-support, and in 
acquiring needed information, women have exhibited the brightest examples. 
Let us, then, in this respect point out a way and help them to walk therein 
with credit and success. 

It is impossible, in the limits of an essay, to enter into practical instruction 
in the several pursuits referred to. This is indeed hardly necessary, because 
there are manuals and handbooks which furnish all the detailed information 
that may be required. But a few words in regard to the disposal of the pro- 
ducts may serve to remove lingering doubts as to the feasibility of success in 
these pursuits. 

First, as regards poultry. The mild climate of the Southern States is favora- 
ble to the production of eggs and chickens in the Winter. It is not difficult to 
change the habits of our domesticated animals and cause them to be productive 
at such seasons as we wish. There is an abundant market everywhere in the 
North and West in the Winter time, when ice and snow preclude the produc- 
tion of eggs and chickens. The usual market prices of eggs in the northern 
cities vary from thirty to forty cents per dozen, and eggs well packed in barrels 
can be transported safely and at very light cost. Early chickens sell in the 
Spring, when the southern vegetables make their appearance in the cities from 
Washington up, from thirty to fifty cents a pound. This market extends far 
into the West as well as through the North. 

Second, as to bees. Bee products — honey and wax — are salable everywhere. 
But honey sells for double- and treble prices and far more readily when it ia 
presented in an attractive form. Half pound sections of comb in neat glass 
boxes bring thirty cents each. One great point in disposing of produce is to 
meet the requirements of the most fastidious purchasers, who are not deterred 
by expense from satisfying every fancy ; another is cheapness to meet the neces- 
sities of the great consuming class, who can dispose of an enormous supply when 
the price meets their abilities. The long honey -producing season and the short 
Winters of the South double the producing capacity of bees; while the abun- 
dant forage can supply a very large stock. Honey is sent to northern markets 
from Texas and Louisiana, and sells well when the northern bees are being fed; 
while a vast quantity of honey (and glucose, too, sold for honey) is shipped to 
England and other European countries. The cheapness at which honey can 



586 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

be produced in the South gives it the world for a market, aud there are ship- 
ping ports on the Atlantic coast within easy reach. 

Third, as regards flowers, herbs, and seeds. The South is rich in varieties 
which afford the most valuable oils and extracts. The climate is such that re- 
peated crops can be grown in one season, and the products made proportionately 
cheaper. Dried herbs of various kinds, dried flowers, and essential oils are 
used everywhere at home and are largely shipped abroad. The tons of orange 
peel wasted in the South and the abundant flowers yield oils of very great 
value ; the oil from the bitter orange, for instance, selling wholesale for $i a 
ponnd, aud that from the flowers bringing from $30 to $70 per pound. Every 
pound of Chamomile flowers used in this country is imported, and costs from 
thirty to forty cents. A large quantity of fragrant herbs is med in the prepa- 
ration of the high grades of southern tobacco, but not a pound of it is grown in 
the South. 

Fourth, as regards silk culture. In one northern city alone there are 120 
silk factories, and whereas years ago none but French silks were sold in the 
stores, now American silks, velvets, ribbons, handkerchiefs and sewing silk have 
largely supplanted the foreign goods, and the manufacturers are anxious for a 
home supply of the raw material. Enough of it has been produced aud used 
to show that it can easily be made superior to the foreign article, because of the 
greater intelligence and skill of American producers. Every pound of cocoons 
or of reeled silk can be sold as readily as cotton in the markets. 

Fifth, as to dairy products, nothing need be said, except that the great pro- 
ducing season in the South is the Winter, when the product in the North is cut 
off by the severity of the weather, and when the price of a good quality of 
fresh butter sells at twice or three times the value of the summer made. 

Lastly, as regards fruits. An enormous trade has sprung up in the last few 
years with England. Canned and preserved fruits, aud dried fruits and jellies 
of American manufacture sell readily, and the market for them, not only in 
that country but in Europe, has as yet scarcely been opened It is only a ques- 
tion of quality and appearance to make an unlimited market for these products, 
while there are several kinds that are grown in no other part of the country, 
and of which the South has a monopoly. 

Indeed, there need be no fear of the want of a market for any food product 
that can be produced #t a reasonable price. And the South has the rich soil> 
the warm sun, and the long season, which will enable it to compete with any 
other portion of the world in producing articles of common use either for food 
or clothing, or for luxury ; and let me say that the history of the South, during 
painful years now happily past, has shown that southern women, when occasion 
calls for it, have exhibited the most exemplary courage, patience, industry, per- 
severance, and quickness of apprehension ; all qualities of the greatest value in 
those emergencies which occur in our lives from time to time. 

But there are other pursuits open to women which offer great opportunities. 
The study of the sciences which relate to all those pursuits that are more or 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 587 



less closely connected with agriculture is not only charming and ennobling in 
itself, but offers profitable employment. It occurs to me to mention a few in- 
stances which are quite pertinent to this subject ; and I know from the charac- 
ter of the ladies whose names I will take the liberty of mentioning that I shall 
be justified in doing this. I would mention Miss Howard, the accomplished 
daughter of a gentleman, Dr. C. W. Howard, of Georgia, with whom I had a 
pleasant acquaintance, and who was the author of a valuable manual on the 
cultivation of grasses and forage plants in the South, and who was much in- 
debted to his daughter for help in his investigations, studies and writings. This 
young lady I know has done valuable service in continuing her father's labors 
after his death. Another lady is giving her attention to botany in that inter- 
esting field of labor and exploration, the southern mountain region. Another 
lady, Mrs. Treat, formerly of Florida, but now of New Jersey, has made val- 
uable contributions to botanical science, and her written articles have been 
sought by various journals and magazines at amply compensatory prices. This 
estimable lady recently honored the meeting of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science with her presence, and was by no means the least 
conspicuous lady among the many who took part in the proceedings. Who has 
not beard of Miss Mitchell, the astronomer and botanist, whose name casts a 
lustre upon the South? An English lady, Miss Anne Pratt, is the author of a 
beautiful botanical work with colored illustrations, which ranks very highly in 
the list of such works. Another English lady, Miss Ormerod, holds the high 
position of entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and 
her name is favorably known wherever our language is read. Many others oc- 
cur to me, but I need no further instance to show what a vast field is open to 
women in all these studies and pursuits. The eager thirst for knowledge of 
anything new in these directions, and all others akin to the great art of all arts, 
the cultivation of the soil, and the production of food and clothing, is such that 
useful information is sought, and well paid for, by the hundreds of practical 
and scientific journals which are devoted to these interests. Hundreds of ladies 
make a comfortable income in this way, and one well known to me has for sev- 
eral years supported an invalid husband, and has well educated her children 
from the profits of her graceful and ready pen. 

You may ask, but how are these opportunities to be reached and seized ? 
Let me say that in every State there is an Agricultural College endowed by 
the United State-* Government for the purpose of giving an education in all 
these branches. Every young woman in the laud has an equal right with her 
brothers in this public endowment, and may claim her just share in it. Let 
her demand her right; study the inner life of nature, and choose one of the 
most agreeable and best suited branches of natural science, and fit herself by 
proper application to become a teacher of it; and at the same time practice as 
much of some affiliated industry as may be best suited to her natural talents 
and disposition. A successful poultry-keeper, bee-keeper, dairy-woman, florist, 
fruit-grower and preserver, even a good housekeeper, may thus use her pen with 
good profit. 



588 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



Art, too, in this direction claims its numerous votaries. I know a young 
maiden, scarcely arrived at womanhood, who has received a $5,000 commission 
to carve a wooden mantel for the palace of a millionaire. Flowers, ferns, leaves 
and fruits are the fittest subjects for the graving tool, and so they are for the 
painter. I once, upon an early morning, came upon a purple anemone in a 
wood pasture, and in the centre of it glistened a single dewdrop like a brilliant. 
Such a subject transferred to paper or canvas by a skillful hand would have 
easily brought $50 ; while the leading chromo-lithographers pay handsome sums 
for sketches of fruit blossoms, delicate tracery of ferns, mosses and grasses, and 
such small works of art. No one knows how many mistresses of this and other 
kindred arts are undeveloped in young girls. It is a sense not yet awakened; 
an inner consciousness as yet undeveloped, because it has not yet been stirred 
into action ; but let the gentle breeze of opportunity come in contact with the 
cords of native capability, and like the sweet strains of the iEolian harp in 
the window, the whole soul will break forth into the melody of accomplishment. 

My object is but to present this subject to the thoughtful women and men of 
the South. Women cannot do all that is required alone. I want to show what 
may'be done, by what is being done ; and to point out what aids may be looked 
for from men, for the help and aid of women. The agricultural associations 
may do very much by affording opportunities, and by encouraging young women 
to acquire the needed education. The Virginia State Society has nobly opened 
the way in evoking and encouraging suggestions by practical thinkers and 
writers, and hoping that its example may be widely followed, and may lead to 
fruitful endeavors, I offer these few helps thereto. 

Report of the Committee of Examination and Award. 

The following is the report of the committee appointed by the authorities of 
the State Agricultural Society to read the essays of those competing for the 
prize of $25 offered by Mr. Joseph M. Blair, of this city, for the best essay on 
"Self-Supporting Employment for the Women of the South." It is understood 
that in accordance with the recommendation of the committee a number of the 
essays will be published in the Southern Planter and Industrial South : 

The committee appointed to decide on the essay for which Mr. Joseph M. 
Blair, of Richmond, offered a premium of $25, beg leave to present the follow- 
ing report : 

The subject of the essay was to be " Self-Supporting Employment for the 
Women of the South," and the large number of essays on this theme submitted 
to the committee, over seventy in all, and the widely separated quarters of the 
country from which they come, atlest the earnest aud extended interest that is 
felt in the subject. The committee read and considered these essays with much 
attention and deliberation, and they desire to testify to the very high merits of 
many of them. They firmly believe that the publication and general distribu- 
tion of at least one-third of them, replete as they are with ripe thoughts and 
practical suggestions, would be highly beneficial to the women of the South. 

It was no easy matter to make a choice among so many papers, each having 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 589 

some peculiar excellence of its own. The paper signed " Pastor Corydon" was 
admirable in its recommendations and its spirit; that of " Millicent " full of 
sensible and varied suggestions, and those of " Veritas," " Mrs. Browne," "Eliza 
C Hall," " Poor Richard," and others that might be named, wise, and thought- 
ful, and earnest. At the final conference of the committee the choice having 
narrowed down to those signed " Pastor Corydon " and " Millicent," was de- 
termined in favor of the former; when a gentleman, who happened to be pres- 
sent, Hon. Albert D. Shaw, United States Consul at Manchester, England, re- 
quested the privilege of offering a premium of $10 for the second choice of the 
committee, which being accepted with a vote of thanks by the committee, the 
second premium was awarded to the writer of the essay signed " Millicent." 

To George W. Mayo, Esq., Secretary of the Virginia Agricultural Society. 

Mrs. Raleigh Colston, 
Mrs. C. R. Barksdale, 
William C. Knight, 
James McDonald. 

Committee. 



To Joseph 31. Blair, Esq., Richmond, Va. : 

Dear Sir, — I forward herewith to you the report of the Committee ou Essays 
on " Self-Supporling Employment for Southern Women." " Pastor Corydon," (he 
successful essayist, is Henry Stewart, of Patterson, N. J. ; " Millicent," to whom 
the second prize (offered by Mr. Shaw), was awarded, is Mrs. L. G. McVean, 
of Greenville, Montcalm county, Mich. In doing this, I cannot refrain from 
speaking of the remarkably earnest, prompt and cheerful manner with which 
the committee to whom the essays were referred have performed their very 
arduous duties. 

Yours very respectfully, 

George W. Mayo, 

Secretary of Virginia State Agricultural Society. 



MUSEUM OF NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

I spent a very pleasant afternoon one day last week. Accompanied by my 
New York friend, Sykes, I visited the rooms of the New York Historical Society. 
The rooms contain a very large library, a splendid collection of paintings, in- 
cluding the portraits of the great men of this country, all of the portraits 
being of men who arc dead and gone; a large collection of Aztec relics from 
Central America, and still a larger collection of Egyptian curiosities. It would 
require a whole day to properly examine the Egyptian relics alone, so numerous 
and interesting are they. There are more than a thousand different articles, 
from a large mummy of a sacred ox, done up in stuff like coarse bagging and 
tied up with ropes, down to the rings and necklaces adorned with which the 
Egyptian ladies cavorted about. There is a splendid mummy of an Egyptian 
priest standing up on end in one corner, which looks as bright and fresh as if 
he had only been painted last week. His mummy is really not in sight. It is 
inside, however, it being wrapped up in hundreds of yards of linen, and then 
placed in a tight-fitting wooden case, which retains the shape of the body. A face 
intended to represent the deceased is painted on the outside, and is calculated 
to inspire the spectator with any feelings but solemn ones. If the deceased 



590 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

could see himself as others see him, he would certainly laugh, or perhaps get 
mad, for the face and general appearance is strongly suggestive of the Jack of 
Diamonds. I dare say he was a very good man in his day, and it is a shame 
that whoever put him up should fix him for posterity iu such an absurd manner. 

The entire outside of the mummy case is covered with small hieroglyphics, 
which the gentleman who showed me around said was a complete biography of 
the deceased. My impression is from some of the figures that the reverend 
gentleman was more or less mixed up in a social scandal. It is, however, a little 
too late for him to take the stump for Cleveland. I mentioned this to Sykes. 
He got mad, and said there was no truth in those lies about Beecher ; that he, 
Sykes, was a member of Beecher's church, and knew what he was talking 
about. I had no idea Sykes was that kind of a man. I must cut his acquaint- 
ance. 

Leaving the wretehed mummy to shift for himself, we proceed to inspeet the 
other curiosities. Here, in a glass case, is what seems to be a handful of chick- 
en feathers. Among them is a long, crooked bill, like that of a Texas curlew 
such as infest the neighborhood of Tiff Johnson's ranch near Austin. By refer- 
ence to the catologue we find these feathers are those of the sacred ibis, a bird 
which the Egyptians w rshipped. It was as venerated by the Egyptians as 
much as quail on toast is with us, after the bill has been brought iu. 

In the next case are a number of adobes, such as the Mexicans use for bricks. 
Some of the old houses in San Antonio are built of these adobes. They are 
mud bricks, about the size of a full-grown family Bible. Some of them have 
been baked in an oven, while others are waiting their turn to be baked. On 
referring to the catalogue we'find these are none other than the identical sort 
of bricks that the Israelites were obliged to make for nothing and board them- 
selves. This fact is attested by rude hieroglyphics scratched on them while 
they are soft, and by the fact that they are full of straw. Imbedded in the mud, 
dozens of short pieces of straw are plainly visible. Even the prints of the 
fingers of the men who handled those bricks are visible ou one of them. Noth- 
ing iu that collection brings tbe remote past so near that you can almost smell 
it, as do these Egyptian adobes. You feel as if you could almost reach out and 
shake hands with Moses and the prophets, and ask them to join yon in chang- 
ing your breath at a saloon ; and when you get outside you look at the first Jew 
you see standing in front of a clothing store with an interest you never felt be- 
fore, ihose bricks are not of as convenient size to throw at a policeman, or 
an unpopular candidate, as are the modern ones. 

What, sort of a box is that in the next case? It is about a foot long and 
four inches wide. The top is marked off in thirty-six squares like a checher 
board. The lower part of the box contains a drawer, which being pulled out 
half way, reveals an equal number of round square checkers of porcelain. 
The box was found at Thebes in a tomb thirty-six hundred years old. It is of 
cedar wood, and is nothing more nor less than a box of checkers with the board 
on the outside, so it seems that even in those ancient days there were people who 
used to kill time in their leisure moments. 

In the same case where fragments ol numrnies from Thebes. There were 
skulls, hands, aud feet which had been broken off, for what was once fle^h and 
blood, pulsating with life, are now as light aud brittle as it is possible for any 
substance to be. Heie are the feet of a little girl who ceased to toddle around, 
or to climb up into her mother's arms to go to sleep when tired, more than three 
thousand years ago. And no doubt her mother was alive when she died, for 
those little feet, scarcely the length of your hand, are encased iu white kid 
ehoes. Even the tiny shoes were too long, for when the poor little dead feet 



1384.J SOUTHERN PLANTER 591 

were gently thrust into them, the toes did not quite fill out th • shoes, for the 
white leather, now yellow with age, is wrinkled up, and shows just how far the 
toes reached. One of the shoes is torn, and displays one of the small, delicate- 
ly shaped toes, on which even the nails are visible. Perhaps those spots, which 
are brighter than the rest of the wrinkled leather, was made by scalding, blind- 
ing tears, for tears are older than the pyramids. Quien Sabe f 

And right here is the skull of the same mummy. The mummy clothes have 
been removed, and the sightless apertures, where once were bright eyes, stare at 
the inquisitive visitor, but the hair remains just as it was when she was laid 
away, long before Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf. The hair, 
dark brown, is braided in numerous plaits, and wound around the head like a 
crown, being curiously interwoven with bead network. 

We go on to the next ca?e, and the first things I see are what I suppose to be 
boys' school slates. The frames, the dark color of the slates, and their size 
are idenical with slates over which the American school boy fumes in his efforts 
at long division. They are not slates at all, but are account books. They 
are of wood, and the black surface is made by spreading black wax over the 
wood, the characters being made by scratching the surface with a piece of cop- 
per wire, called a stylus. 

Here is a thin board covered with awkwardly shaped Greek letters, in black 
ink. This is a boy's slate. A long time ago, before General Lee surrendered,, 
one of the Ptolemies conquered Egypt, just as the German overran Alsace, or 
the Federal troops the South. General Ptolemy undertook the reconstruction 
of Egypt, and in order to facilitate matters he did what the Germans are doing 
in Alsace. He forbid the use of the Egyptian language in the public schools. 
The little Egyptians had to learn Greek, and these awkwardly shaped Greek 
letters were their efforts in that direction. Wonder how the little Egyptians 
relished it. After our own unpleasantness, during the period of reconstruction,, 
the school books in the public schools of the South conveyed northern ideas 
about the patricidal struggle. Verily there is nothing new under the sun,, 
unless it is Mrs. Belva Lockwood running for President of the United States. 
I don't think that ever happened before. 

Here are a number of wisps or brushes made of date fiber. They were used 
in driving flies. It will be remembered that one of the most persuasive argu 
ments used by Moses to persuade Pharoah to let the children of Israel go, was- 
a plague of flies and insects. I suppose there must have been a lively demand; 
for these wisps. And here, from an Egyptian tomb are some fine combs. It 
made me laugh to see that except that they are longer and coarser, they are- 
identical with modern ivory fine tooth combs They are made of wood, and 
with the teeth quite cl< se together on one side, and wider apart on the other. 
According to Holy Writ an insect plague was also brought to bear on the stiff 
necked Pharoah, and judging by the spaces between the teeth of these ancient 
combs, the insects must have been larger than those of the present day. 

But I expect you have heard enough about mummies, etc. Nobody pays- 
much attention now-a-days to the ancient Egyptians. They can't vote. If a 
person, however, has time, it is well worth while to examine the upwards of a 
thousand articles exhibited from the land of the Nile, among them bronze 
mirrors, battle axes, linen cloth, papyrus, shoes, sandals, false-hair, jewelry, 
little baked gods of clay, appropriately inscribed, mummified cats, and many 
other article too numerous to mention. Has it rained yet in Austin ? 

Yours truly, 

Alex D. Sweet - 
— Texas Sif tings. 



592 SOUTHERN" PLANTER. [December 

°^The Supremacy of Grass. — The great arable crop of the country is 
maize, worth three-fourths of a billion last year, but the value of grass 
was very much greater. That portion which is cured for winter use is 
small compared with what is gathered by the farm animals themselves, 
in summer, and in every season of the rolling year. It is not the grass 
farm in England that fails to rent, but the arable grain and turnip 
lands on which the pinch of competition falls soonest and hardest. Illi- 
nois has mainly gone to grass, except about a fourth of the area given 
up to corn, aud prospers in proportion to the extent of verdure. Iowa 
is fast following the example, and is reaping the reward of this stroke 
of rural economy. Southern Wisconsin and Southern Minnesota are 
rapidly extending mowing and pasturage, and enlarging flocks and herds, 
and establishing butter aud cheese factories. The South is beginning 
to think better of grass; there is a field for enterprise in dairying and 
meat production on the Alleghanian plateaus and slopes which will one 
day make the fortune of multitudes. Land can be had, at nominal 
rates, capable of growing clover and orchard grass, in a climate health- 
ful and comfortable as any in the United States, where a near market for 
butter and cheese at high prices could be enjoyed until competition 
should equalize the superior advantage. — N. Y. Tribune. 



PLANTS FOR THE WINDOW GARDEN. 

Most housewives try to raise too many kinds of house plants. Four 
•or five good, stroug plants of geraniums, which will make a compact 
show iu the window, are usually preferable to a single plant of each of 
half a dozen varieties. " Variety i3 the spice of life," however, and to 
a certain extent, it is true of the window garden. Enough variety 
oan usually be obtained from six to eight different plants in an ordina- 
ry window. For winter blooming, the following plants will be found 
desirable: One rose geranium, one heliotrope, three Chinese primroses, 
one sweet alyssum, one calla, two Azalea Indica, one English or Ger- 
man ivy, either Agrippina red or Hermosa pink. The Chinese prim- 
ulas are especially desirable for winter, as they will thrive with less 
light than most other plants. The roses need much light, and, unless it 
•can be given them, their place had better be filled by primulas or oth- 
•er plants. Bouvardias, if well grown, are usually favorites, and as 
they endure the dryness of living rooms, one plant might be substituted 
for a rose or primula in the above list. It has been our experience, 
that housewives do not have the best of success with bouvardias. 
Fuchsias are desirable for spring blooming, but, as usually managed, 
they are not a success. Azalea Indica is a tine window garden species, 
and under ordinary treatment will give a mass of bloom during the en- 
tire month of March and April. — Mo. Hort. Report. 

Weeds in grain stubble — It is almost impossible to eradicate weeds 
■30 that some will not come up in grain stubble. If the field has been 
seeded with clover so that it is not advisable to mow it, these annual 
weeds should at least be cut down to prevent seeding. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER, 598 



KAINIT AND ITS VALUE. 

Among the fertilizers that are less known to the general farmer than 
it should be, and hence not properly appreciated, is the German Kai- 
nit. Its use in Germany has become quite general, and in this coun- 
try its use is rapidly increasing as its value is becoming better known. 
Kainit is a mineral salt found in Germany at a depth of from 300 to 
1200 feet below the surface and in such abundance as to be practically 
inexhaustible, being found and mined near Strassfurt; it is also called 
Strassfurt Salt. 

Its great fertilizing power is largely due to the large amount of sul- 
phate of potash it contains as well as other chemical salts. It is im- 
ported into this country finely pulverized, and put in sacks of 200 
pounds each, and is of very easy application. 

I copy from Bulletin No. XXVII of the New Jersey Agricultural 
Experiment Station, its report of the amount of potash that kainit con- 
tains. "Station analysis No. 411; Kainit, Alexander Kerr & Bros., 
Philadelphia; Potash per 100 pounds of Kainit 12.80 pounds; cost of 
potash per pound 03.9 c; cost Kainit $10.00 per ton." 

I give the analysis of that of Alexander Kerr & Bros, because it is 
first on the list and also being superior. A full analysis gives the fol- 
lowing composition per ton of 2,000 pounds. 

Sulphate of Potash, 496 pounds. 

"Magnesia, 286 " 

Chloride " " , 252 " 

"Sodium,/ 640 

Common Salt, \ 

Moisture, 288 " 

Insoluble, 38 " 



I 



Total, 2000, " 

It will be seen by the analysis that the quantity of the Sulphate of 
Potash is very large, and that of the Sulphate and Chloride of Magne- 
sia also large. The salt, 640 pounds, is also in most cases valuable, 
leaving only the moisture and insoluble matter a trifle over 300 pounds 
that is valueless. The manurial value of the potash in Kainit can be 
easily understood by comparing it with ashes. Unleached ashes, as 
usually sold in moist condition, contain, on an average, of not over 5 
per cent, of potash, or 100 pounds per ton. 

Kainit, by the Station analysis, contains 12.80 pounds of potash per 
100 pounds or 256 pounds per ton. Leached ashes often contain less 
than 30 pounds per ton of potash. Kainit at $10.00 per ton, good 
wood ashes should, to be equal, be worth .$4.00 per ton. The value of 
Sulphate and Chloride of Magnesia, supplying as they do Chlorine 
Sulphuric acid and Magnesia, in soils that are deficient in them is 
sometimes worth the cost of the whole. Kainit is also valuable to mix 
with compost or for stable use, to absorb bad smells or prevent the 
escape of free ammonia. 



594 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



For the above uses it is superior to land plaster, being more soluble, 
and also from the disposition of the Sulphate of Magnesia with Am- 
monia to form a double salt of Magnesia aud Ammonia, fixing all es- 
caping smells and free Ammonia. 

Kainit, similar to ashes, is caustic, and must not be put in contact 
with the roots of plants, for when applied in so concentrated a form it 
will bum the plants as quickly as ashes. The best plan to apply Kai- 
nit is to sow it broadcast over the land as evenly as possible at the rate of 
200 or 300 pounds per acre, as long before the crop is planted as possi- 
ble, but if that cannot be done it can be sown after the crop is planted, 
and will mix with the soil while cultivating the crop. I have used six 
tons of Kainit on corn, beans, potatoes, and buckwheat with the best 
of results at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. A smaller quantity 
oftener applied will be better in most cases 

On fruit trees its value cannot be over-estimated, especially on peach 
trees. I have a small orchard of 300 one year old peach trees, that be- 
fore I used the Kainit were yellow and sickly looking. The leaves 
were all curled, and were so hopeless looking that I was advised to dig 
them up and burn them. I applied 500 pounds of Kainit broadcast 
per acre, and as much more in a circle of four feet around the tree, 
carefully spread, and on the balance I used a peck of fresh wood ashes 
to each tree. 

The change made by the Kainit was complete. No finer growth of 
wood and leaves can now be found. The trees where I used the ashes 
were, after a fair trial, so far behind the others in vigor and health, to 
save them I used Kainit also, but as yet are behind them in growth. — 
By Eli Mmch, Sluloh K J. 



DRESSING SHEEP. 



Many farmers are deterred from the use of mutton on their tables 
from the wool taste of the meat when killed at home. The reason of 
this is almost wholly in the manner of dressing. To obviate this all 
that is ueceesary is the exercise of care. Allow the sheep or lamb no 
food for twenty-four hours before slaughter, but allow all the water it 
wants. Just at nightfall having everything prepared, seize the animal, 
hang up by the hind legs, cut the throat, being sure to sever all the 
arteries of the neck. As soon as dead, disembowel at once and then 
skin quickly and without allowing the wool to touch the flesh. Spread 
the quarters to cool the carcass as quickly as possible, hang in a cool, 
sweet place, and you will not be troubled with woolly- tasting mutton. 
— The U. >S. Veterinary Journal 

Manuring in advance. — So far as possible manures should be appli- 
ed at least a year before the land is to be plowed. Sod land well top- 
dressed now or any time this Fall will have its ferlility thoroughly dis- 
tributed through the soil by Winter rains, and will be in excellent con- 
dition to plow for corn or potatoes next Spring. The manure applied 
now will do twice as much good as that put on just before the land is 
to be plowed. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 595 



VARIETY OF THE VINE vs. SOIL. 

Messrs Editors. — The question, which kind of soil is the best suited for 
the cultivation of the vine, has for some time been and is just now employing 
the minds of the Virginia viticulturists and particularly of your correspondents 
much to the neglect of an infinitely greater importance — that of the varieties 
of grapes. 

I will in this article, as I love to do, quote some utterances of my favorite 
author, Dr. Jules Guyot, which are so very appropriate to the subject, and 
draw from them conclusions which are best adapted to the circumstances in this 
country. 

The vine is one of the easiest plants to multiply and cultivate in all sections 
of the Northern hemisphere lying South of a certain irregular line. It may 
and does vegetate perfectly North of that line, but there it matures its fruit 
only in very exceptional situations, with particularly {careful cultivation and 
the application of protecting means, which increase the cost of its cul- 
ture beyond the paying limit. 

The calcareous, silicious, aluminous and magnesian soils, the primary, transi- 
tion, secondary, tertiary and volcanic formations, no matter if red, gray or 
black are all equally suited to the cultivation of the vine in general, provided 
that they are not impregnated with water, and that they do not occupy low 
situations where the fogs collect and remain for some time. The excess of 
moisture in the soil and the atmosphere is in any kind of soil unfavorable to 
the vine. 

The vine is very well suited to poor, barren land, pervious to air and water, 
on which few other plants could live. Before a long experience revealed the 
richness of the vine and caused the extension of its culture to the richest land, 
it was considered to be intended to occupy only the most sterile soils, and some 
of the very best vineyards, and the oldest besides, are yet located on land of 
which agriculture proper could draw no benefit whatever. 

The vine is of such a vivacity and power of growth that in almost all cli- 
mates and on all soils it hitches its tendrils at prodigious distances. From the 
gigantic arbor of Hamptoncourt near London to the vines reaching across the 
largest streams of Africa and South America, everywhere the vine can be seen 
to cover from a single stem a large space and to live for centuries. 

Everywhere the vine can also be seen under the control of the vineyardist 
maintaining itself, though reluctantly, within a few square yards ,and to live in 
that condition healthy and hardy for a number of years. 

Upon cliffs and trees, against walls, running on the ground, creeping under 
the ground, wild or disciplined, free or tortured, the vine lives everywhere and 
resists most anything, provided that the part of soil, food, air, and sunshine, 
which it positively needs, is furnished to it. 

But it is not sufficient that the vine lives, it must bear fruit, it must bear it 
abundantly, of good quality, and under such conditions that a considerable, 
regular and permanent profit will be the result of its culture. 

That result is dependent much more on the quality of the fruit than on the 
quantity and thereof first of all on the variety of the vine, than on proper and 
intelligent culture, and only indirectly on the kind of soil and some other con- 
ditions. 

Like most useful and agreeable plants which man has multipled and perfect- 
ed by cultivation the vine has its species and varieties, and these have essential 
and distinctive qualities and characteristics, which they preserve in all kinds of 
soil. The soil can and does improve or empoverish these qualities and character- 



596 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



istics, yet it cannot transform one variety into the other, nor invert their order 
of superposition. The best soil cannot transform the crab apple into a pippin, 
nor the wild pea,r into a Barlett, the Concord into a Nortons, nor the Gamai 
into a Carbenet, Sauvignon nor a Pineau. 

The grand vineyards of the Medoc, the coted'or on the Rhine have deserved 
and preserved their great reputation only indirectly on account of the supe- 
riority of their soil, but chiefly because they were endowed by intelligent men 
with the most superior varieties of vines, and these vines have ever since been 
the pride of the proprietors and the object of a veritable veneration. If the 
vineyards were planted in Gamai, Gouais, Concord or any other inferior grape, 
they would furnish only an ordinary wine, while, no matter on what kind of 
soil and in what country the Carbenet, Sauvignon of the Medoc, the Franc, 
pineau of Burgundy or the Riesling of the Rhine are planted, they will inva- 
riably make a good wine, which is true to its noble origin and reminds of the 
fine wines of the Medoc, Burgundy and the Rhine, though they will be of more 
or less value as the kind of soil, climate, exposure, the season, the culture of 
the vine and the mode of making the wine have a real and incontestable influ- 
ence on the validity, the richness, the bouquet and the savor of the wine. 
That is, soil and climate are more or less adapted to develop the salient points of 
the characteristics of the varieties of grapes, and consequently of the wine 
which they produce. 

The three noblest of all varieties mentioned above were actually planted in 
Hungary, Italy, Spain, the Island of Medeira, the Cape Colony, Australia and 
California, but though good wines were made of them everywhere, no climate, 
Boil, nor other conditions have been found yet, and perhaps never will be found, 
which are adapted to develop their characteristics to such perfection as those of 
their respective homes in France and Germany. 

It requires entirely different ingredients in the soil to develop the character- 
istics of white and of red- wine grapes, and it is by no means incidental that 
the best white wine of the Bordelais is produced in the vineyards of Chateau d' 
Yquem and the best red wines of the same district in the vineyards of Chateau 
Lafite, and it is more than uncertain that these vineyards would have ever ac- 
quired their reputation if inadvertently the first one had been planted in black 
and the latter in white grapes. The same is the case in other wine countries, 
and it is not at all incidental that the vineyards of certain sections and locali- 
ties of Europe furnish either white or red wines. 

The question is, not " which kind of soil is best suited for the cultivation of 
the vine?" but which soil is best adapted to develop the distinctive qualities 
and characteristics of a certain variety of grapes, or vice versa, which variety 
is best suited to a given soil. 

Louis Ott, 
Greenfield, Nelson Co., Va., Oct. 7th, 1884 
In Monticello Farmer and Grape Grower. 



THE USE OF LIME. 



It is a sort of axiom among farmers that " where lime is used the land and 
the farmers are rich." This is an old but true adage and deserves to be made 
one of the established axioms of agriculture. It is true in two ways — one, 
that lime is an exceedingly valuable fertilizing agent of itself, and in addition 
exerts a most beneficial influence upon the soil as a solvent of the silicates, 
chiefly of potash, and also in decomposing organic matter in the soil and favor- 
ing its nitrification and the production of the indispensable nitrates which so 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 597 

greatly enrich the soil, the other that its use is one of those higher attributes of 
skillful farming which is consistent only with the best culture of the soil and 
the most thorough and systematic working of it. It is, in fact, in the farmer's 
hands, one of those instruments which is rarely or never found excepting where 
every part of the farm work is done in the most excellent manner, so that it is 
not so much that the farmer uses lime as that he uses it as a part of a system 
of farming which is thoroughly excellent, and, of course, very profitable. 
Lime is thus not to be used in a haphazard way, and simply to extract from the 
soil the last vestiges of fertility it can bring out. When thus used another 
common adage, that '"lime enriches the father and impoverishes the son," will 
surely be found true, because it is like a last turn of the screw which squeezes 
the last drop of juice from the cider mill. 

The place of lime in good farming is its application to the land at the Fall 
season when rye or wheat is sown and grass and clover seeding follows. The 
land has then become more or less supplied with organic matter from the roots 
and waste of previous crops, audit has accumulated a store of nitrogenous and 
carbonaceous matter which cannot be made available until it is decomposed 
nor until a sufficient quantity of mineral matter has been set free in the soil to 
balance the snpply of plant food required for a new rotation of crops. Besides, 
at this season and with Fall grain the regular manuring of the land is given, 
and the manure is generally coarse and undecomposed. It is precisely under 
such conditions that lime is of the greatest use and value and fits the soil for a 
new round of crops. # 

The quantity of lime usually applied is 40 to 50 bushels per acre of freshly 
burned or stone lime. In the air-slacking by which it is prepared for use it 
swells to three times its original bulk and becomes a fine powder which is spread 
from a wagon, with a long handled shovel, evenly over the soil. This should 
be done upon the plowed land immediately before sowing, when it is harrowed 
in previously. As lime is quite soluble in this fine condition, requiring only 
700 times its own bnlk of water to dissolve it, it should never be ploughed in, 
or it will be very quickly carried down into the soil below the reach of the roots 
of any plants, excepting those of clover. Clover is one of the plants which are 
wonderfully benefited by lime, and it is for this reason among many others, 
that its use is to be encouraged, because it provides the skillful farmer with one 
of the most valuable sources of manure, viz., a heavy clover sod to be plowed 
iD. — New York Times. 



HOW OPIUM IS SMOKED. 



Everybody has heard how opium is smoked. The smoker lies curled up, 
with his head resting on a bamboo or earthenware pillow about five inches high. 
Near him stands an opium lamp, the flame ot which is protected by a glass shade 
low enough for the point of the flame to project above the top of the shade. 
The smoker takes a wire and dips it into a little box containing prepared opium. 
A small quantity adheres to the point of the wire which is then held over the 
flame of the lamp until the heat has swollen it to about ten times its original 
size. This is rolled over and over on the flat side of the clay bowl, the opium 
all the time adhering to the wire. When it has been rolled to a soft, solid mass 
it is again applied to the lamp, and this alternate roasting and rolling is kept 
up for at least ten minutes, by which time it is in the shape of a pill and ready 
for use. The aperture in the pipe is so small that it can only receive the 
smallest quantity, and the most careful manipulation is needed to transfer the 
45 



598 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [Decembe 

tiny ball of opium from the end of the wire to the bowl of the pipe. Tha 
point of the wire is inserted into the hole of the pipe and worked round 
and round till the soft opium forms into a conical-shaped ring around the wire. 
By twirling the wire the drug is gradually detached from it, leaving a hole 
through the opium about as large as the whole of the pipe bowl, with which it 
communicates. The pipe is now ready, and the bowl is held over the lamp so 
that the opium comes iu contact with the flame. A spluttering noiss ensues as 
the smoker sucks at his pipe. After each successive draw he ejects from nose 
and mouth a volume of smoke, the very smell of which is enough to turn a 
horse's stomach. By the end of the fourth or fifth whiff the pipe is empty. 
The smoker scoops out another dose of opium, rolls it into a pill and repeats 
the operation with the same patience as before, and smokes away until the pipe 
falls from his hands and he is lost in dreamland. One thing is very certain, 
that if tobacco-smoking were ouly half the trouble, tobacconists would soon 
have to shut up shop. — New York Weekly. 



HOW SHOULD BUTTER BE SALTED. 

It is acknowledged by the majority of our dairymen that we have not as yet 
discovered the proper method of saltiug butter. Each individual has his own 
peculiar method, although more or less similarity exists among the whole. The 
question is whether the milk can be worked out of the butter entirely without dan- 
ger of injuring the quality. That the old practice of working the butter inti- 
mately with a paddle is improper is now conceded, the simple pressure being 
considered better, which forces out the milk without injuring the texture. Salt- 
ing the butter is done when it is removed from the churn, and at time of work- 
ing it, the butter being left to remain a short time previous to being reworked. 
Later experiments on the part of the dairymeu, however, demonstrate that 
with the revolving churn, the butter may be salted and worked at one 
operation by adding a moderately strong brine to the butter after the 
milk has been drawn off. The butter and brine together revolved in the churn, 
the result being that the salt in a liquid state has a quicker and more direct 
action, forcing the milk from between the particles of butter, washes it com- 
pletely and dispenses with the second working, and the use of the paddle or 
worker. The claim, however, is a new one in some respects, and is liable to 
lead novices into the error of supposing thatbut little care is necessary to 
remove the surplus milk and properly salt and preserve the butter for use. 
As butter is insoluble in water or brine, certainly no injury can be done it, and 
by diluting the extraneous matter in butter there is no doubt that it escapes 
more freely and with greater ease. When the drysalt is used for the butter, 
and is incorporated with it by the use of the paddle or worker, the removal of 
the surplus milk is very gradual, and we must not overlook the fact that 
an evaporation occurs to a certain extent, whereby a residuum, or solid mat- 
ter, is left, which cannot be removed except b)' the use of liquids. When 
the brine is added to the butter in the churn the double benefit of incorpor- 
ating the salt with the butter and diluting the milk occurs, and it should con- 
sequently be an easier method. — Farm, Field and Fireside. 

Farmers and oth^ms who have cisterns or wells the water in which has a bad 
smell, should not omit trying what effect aeration and agitation will have. The 
" Old Oaken Bucket" may not be as convenient as the modern pump for draw- 
ing water from well or cistern, but is a great purifier of the liquid brought up 
in it. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 599 

A VIRGINIA SHOW, NOT ADVERTISED. 

Merit is modest. This is too true in Virginia, where the public in- 
terest would often be advanced by making known to the public what 
is known only to the few. 

There lives in Virginia an old bachelor farmer, on a broad domain 
with buildings that cost forty thousand dollars, built mainly a hundred 
years ago by an ancestor, and fitted with corresponding furniture, 
library, paintings. &c, such as are never seen outside the stately homes 
of England. 

The farm stock correspond to the establishment, and so far surpass 
it as to be unique. The cattle and horses are real wonders. 

Here, in the utmost simplicity of life and manners, dwells our bach- 
elor friend ; and as he has neither wife nor child to pet, he pets his 
dumb animals, who are all his friends. They are truly his friends, for 
they love him and never deceive him. The law of love, expressed by 
gentleness, is the law of this establishment. It is a beautiful and most 
edifyiug sight to witness our friend moving among his herds and droves 
and flocks and hives, with a gentle gravity which neither stirs nor startles 
the least. They all have confidence in his friendship. He fondles the 
sheep, pets the colts, milks the young heifers un worried, plays with 
the terrible bull, and handles, unharmed, his fifty swarms of bees. 
The dumb creation have been educated by love most wonderfully. 
Whips for horses and oxen are not needed and not allowed. The 
beasts obey without compulsion. Bounteousness feeds them and gentle- 
ness cares for them, and in their mute but gentle way the dumb crea- 
tion bless the benign medium of Providence Herein is stewardship 
and herein is worship — man made in the image of God, caring for the 
creatures of God. And such is the will of our Father. 

And behold the result! Development and perfection such as has 
probably never been seen before in the world. No, not in the old 
world nor in the new; not in the past nor in the present. No record 
nor tradition mentions any comparable perfections in horses and cattle. 

There is a red ox which weighed, August 4th, 188 J, twenty-six hun-. 
dred and ten pounds, and will probably weigh during the present year 
three thousand pounds; age, about eight years. There is a milk-white 
ox, without a colored hair, and perfect in form from horn to hoof, that 
weighed three thousand pounds August 4th, 1884; and when seen 
October 10th, 1884, had increased to about thirty-four hundred pounds, 
and seemed likely to reach four thousand pounds during the present 
year. The Percheron colt, Matchless, weighed one thousand pounds 



600 SOTJTHEKN PLANTEK. [December 

the day he was a year old, and he is indeed well named Matchless ; 
he is now about four years old. The Percheron colt, Hugo, at nine 
months old weighed one thousand and fifty pounds, at eleven months 
he weighed twelve hundred and thirty pounds, and at twelve months 
old he weighed thirteen hundred and forty pounds. Hugo is perfection 
in form and action. 

These thoroughbred Percheron horses belong to that historic race 
which is everywhere coupled with chivalry, and to whose courage, en- 
durance and weight is largely due the almost inconceivable deeds of 
warriors in battle. They, like the Spartan infantry, matchless of their 
kind, have been bred to war for a thousand years. They made the 
Norman knight irresistible in the charge. They signalized themselves 
under William the Conqueror and under Key at Waterloo. They are 
still the same matchless and incomparable breed. 

For Virginia to produce the most excellent specimens of cattle and 
horses in the world, would be a joy to every one of her children. For 
our quiet and unpretending citizen to show the possibilities of perfec- 
tion that may actually be accomplished on Virginia soil and in Virginia 
climate, is to do a great and lasting public good, and has entitled him 
to the gratitude of every Virginian. What man has done, man may 
do. All may now aim to reach the unique standard established. 

These animals are not to be exhibited and are not advertised. Their 
owner cares nothing for fame. 

Persons seeing these animals have feared to make statements con- 
cerning them, lest their veracity should be called in question. But the 
truth cannot be concealed, and will add another page to the record of 
the wonderful products of the favored land of Virginia, where earth 
and sea and sky have combined to bless. Eye- Witness. 

Albemarle, Va. 

CHESS ONCE MORE. 

Editor of the Southern Planter : — In your September number I notice 
an article under the head of "Chess Again," by Mr. W. B. Pettit, of 
.Palmyra. After alluding to a piece under the same heading by Col. 
Harrison, in which he says the Colonel almost (and I think altogether 
and properly too) comes to the conclusion that " like produces like," 
and wheat and oats do not degenerate into chess or cheat — especially 
when they are strictly watched, he argues in this way, and comes to a 
logical conclusion that oats do undergo that wonderful metamorphosis 
and degenerate into chess or cheat. In the Fall of 1881 he seeded a 
field in oats ; in the Spring of 1882 the luxuriant crop upon it proved 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 601 

at heading time to be chess, instead of oats. Oats were sown upon 
the land, and in the SpriDg the oats were gone and chess took their 
place — ergo, the oats changed into chess. Or else, he very naively 
asks, what became of the oats. By parity of reasoning, and by deduc- 
tion equally logical and legitimate, I can show that turnips degenerate 
into chess. During the Fall of 1881 I seeded a lot of turnips; it was 
fertilized by a commercial fertilizer, and no stable or farm-pen ma- 
nure by which seed of any kind could be conveyed to the land, and it 
had never at any time been cultivated in small grain of any sort. 
The turnips chanced to be of a Summer variety, growing superficially 
upon the land, and in the Spring of 1882 the turnips were gone and 
upon the lot the most luxuriant crop of chess I ever saw — so much so, 
that I was tempted to have a stack of some 1200 pounds cut for hay; 
which, by the by, was perhaps a little better than wheat-straw, but a 
little worse than any other hay I ever saw. 

The lot was seeded to turnips in the Pall. In the Spring it was oc- 
cupied by an abundant crop of chess.. Now I ask, with my friend 
from Palmyra, " if the turnips did not degenerate into chess, what be- 
came of the turnips? I will answer the queries in regard to both, by 
saying that the occupants of the soil being " killed out" by the intense 
cold and blighting frosts of Winter, created that "vacuum" which 
"Nature abhors," and in her caprice she chose to fill it with chess or 
cheat. On an adjoining space, not cultivated for many years, stood a 
crop of chess equally luxuriant; and on a lot of wheat in close prox- 
imity, which was entered at one corner through a set of draw-bars, 
through which my hands passed to and from another field, while put- 
ting up the bars their horses would bite down the wheat, and kept it 
down over an area of some six or eight paces. At harvest, this little 
spot where the wheat was dwarfed and belated, had more chess upon 
it than the whole lot of some three or four acres. Those who believe 
in this wonderful transmogrification would have said at once, " That 
wheat has all turned to cheat;" but not so. Upon an accurate measure- 
ment and count, I found that a square yard on the spot bitten down, 
as above stated, contained one more bunch of wheat than the same area 
measured in two places in the central portion of the lot. It is true, it 
was in a retarded and dwarfed condition, but it was wheat nevertheless; 
and the intervening spaces — the vacuum which Nature is ever ready to 
supply — was filled with cheat. But why, Mr. Editor, is it so wonder- 
ful and improbable that chess should spring up, under circumstances 
favorable to its development, like other grasses? Flint says that it 
was imported into this country as a "valuable forage plant." He does 



602 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



not of course allude to its introduction by "Wellard under the eupho- 
nious and melliferous name of bromus secalinus, bromus racemosus or 
bromus nollis; and I am rather of the commonplace opinion, that bring- 
ing it here was like carrying coals to Newcastle, or like the nursery- 
man from the (not the South), who introduced grafts of the "cel- 
ebrated American prune and dwarf chestnuts," warranted against the 
curculio or beetle, which proved to be the common persimmon and 
chinquepin, with which our fields and lanes already abounded. 

Some years ago, one of my plowmen, instead of carrying his plow 
in the usual way along a farm road that lead to a distant field, ran a 
furrow parallel with the road. Subsequently, in returning, he ran an- 
other furrow parallel with the first; and at a still later period a third 
furrow was run by the side of the first two. When the season for veg- 
etation was over, and "chill November's surly blast laid fields and 
forests low," there was upon each separate furrow a distinct species of 
grass — upon one, a luxuriant crop of " bottle grass," a worthless and 
diminutive species of "foxtail," with a fuzzy, seedy head terminating 
abruptly at the stalk and resembling an inverted porter bottle, or bottle 
of "Brown Stout" of the olden time, before the advent of codfish aris- 
tocracy and the Colorado beetle, "par nobile fratrum." Upon another, 
a thick set of carrot or scrag weed, which usually fills our fields after 
wheat harvest; while the third was filled from end to end with "crab" or 
crop grass, the usual occupant of our cornfields after " laying by" corn. 
The site of every old blacksmith shop, where for years Vulcan bared 
his brawny arms and planted his heavy tread, while plying his labori- 
ous trade, sends forth a luxuriant crop of old-field mullien, of acknow- 
ledged medicinal powers in bronchial irritation. I passed one to-day, 
where it was blooming in all its glory, six feet above its chalybeated 
soil. So springs up around every human habitation, though located in 
the densest forest, the "Jernsen" or Jamestown weed, as does the same — 
accompanied by its associate lovers of a fertile soil, "careless" and 
"pusley" — upon the subsoil taken from the deep bosom of the earth, 
as in digging a well or ice-house, when exposed to the action of the 
sun, rain, and air — the first (stramonium), a medicinal plant of great 
narcotic power; the other two of acknowledged virtues to fatten hogs — 
all for the good of man. In the section in which I live — between the 
tortuous current of the Staunton on the north and the placid waters of 
La Belle Dan on the south, remote from any original pine forest — the 
exhausted fields send forth the beautiful long-leaf, long-bodied woods- 
pine by the side of the scrubby old-field pine, in close proximity and 
seemingly vieing with each other as to which shall bestow most of its 



1884.] SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 603 

fertilizing elements to recuperate the wasted soil, for the good of God's 
rebellious and unthankful creatures ! 

Several years ago an untimely, killing frost blackened and blighted 
fields and forests in the Spring, when the buds and half-blown leaves 
were pendant from every bough. Many were the surmises as to what 
would be the result. Some thought the forest trees would die from 
the intense heat of Summer, denuded of their protecting shade, as it 
was impossible for new buds and leaves to form at that late season. 
All nature seemed blackened and ruined as if swept over by the with- 
erirg breath of desolation ; but in a few days the fields again put on 
their vernal robes and the forests were reclad in a mantle of living 
green ! During the next year, I was called to pay a professional visit 
to a little girl of seven or eight summers, who had a malignant ulcer- 
ation of the gums, with deep sloughing. In making application of 
some styptic lotion to prevent gangrenous extention, her new teeth, in 
various stages of development, fell out. Upon one occasion I met her 
mother at the door; with tears streaming down her cheeks, as she ex- 
tended her right hand in salutation, she held out her left exhibiting 
the teeth of her little daughter, and said, "Oh, doctor! my little 
daughter has lost all of her new teeth. Will she ever have any more?" 
Said I, " Madam, I confess the case is rather a novel one to me; but 
be of good cheer and fear not. The same mighty power that last 
Spring redecked the fields in vernal robes and reclad the forests with 
a mantle of living green, will provide for your little daughter." And 
to-day she wears as beautiful a set of natural, pearly teeth as ever 
adorned the roseate lip3 of budding womanhood ! Than this — than 
these — than all — is the spontaneous growth of the worthless grass 
known a3 chess or cheat more wonderful ? 

The mighty workings from the reverse department of Nature's great 
storehouse are beyond human ken; and she must be capricious indeed 
to require the sacrifice of our most valued cereals to produce such a 
worthless pest as chess or cheat. In short, I arn disposed to conclude 
with Col. Harrison, that wheat and oats do not change into chess or 
cheat, when they are closely watched; and, consequently, am unable to 
accept the theory of my friend from Palmyra, who seems to have at- 
tained the desideratum required by the Colonel, "to settle the question 
forever." And I could only accept his deductions by calling into re- 
quisition his liberality, to allow me to place upon the catalogue of 
"things that change" my turnips alongside his oats, for the result in 
both instances was attained by a similar train of argument, based upon 
the same facts. But, serioasly, to admit this metamorphosis. would be 



604 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

to violate and set aside the laws of Nature, which, according to the 
definition of Lord Bacon, would be a miracle, and the days for miracles 
are past. So, should it really take place, know you that he who formed 
the heavens and the earth ; he who made the glorious orb of day and 
guards its diurnal course; he who placed the Queen of Night in mid- 
space and surrounded her with a galaxy of eternal and unfading glory, 
will have lost his grasp of the helm of the universe and a new edict 
gone forth, that " whatsoever man soweth, that shall he not reap!" As 
to the transmogrification of wheat into darnel or spelt, the " eolinum 
temulentum" of the books, which at one time was a great pest in our 
wheat fields. : I have seen it but once in my wheat or elsewhere for the 
last five or ten years. This was a solitary stalk, well headed, in the 
midst of a wheat lot, which, "last of the Mohegans," I sacrificed with 
my penknife, and, I trust, exterminated from the face of the earth, for 
since then " wheat no longer masquerades under that disguise." 

And now, Mr. Editor, a single word on " smut," which, while not 
germain to the subject, may be considered as at least collateral, and 
possibly of some interest. The subject is suggested by an incidental 
sentence in Col. Harrison's article in your August number. He says 
he knew a farmer who had been successful, &.c, " yet held opinions 
that you and I would consider heretical, as that smut in wheat could 
not reproduce itself." Surely the Colonel does not mean that the offen- 
sive, black, impalpable dust which constitutes a grain of smut, could 
reproduce itself or a germ of any kind ! I would as soon expect a 
"pinch" from that fungus of the fields, which, when matured, encases 
a fine, black powder or dust, to which the boys have appended the 
sobriquet of the " Devil's Snuff-box" — though I do not know that that 
gentleman ever regaled the cavities of his probosis with that delectable 
compound to awaken the dormant sensibilities of his olfactory organs 
or not — to reproduce itself in the form of a wagon load of souff-boxes, 
ready "cut and dried," for the use of His Satanic Majesty, as that a 
grain of the offensive black mass kuown as " smut " could reproduce 
itself or germinate in any way ; while it is true, that where smut 
"abounds" the grains of wheat in that peculiar state which generates 
smut grains may " still more abound." But as to that fact, this depo- 
nent (not knowing) saith not. 

I will mention a single fact, in conclusion, and leave the subject 
without comment. Some years ago I seeded an eight-acre lot in a 
beautiful new variety of clean, perfect wheat. The lot was all sown 
and plowed in, quite dry, except a peck, which was not plowed in at 
the time on account of a hasty, heavy rain, and was not gotten in for 



/ 

1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 605 

some six days after, and then in a heavy, clammy soil. The crop har- 
vested was simply magnificent ; the yield, 43 bushels for every one 
seeded; every golden head was bowed, as if in -humble recognition of 
the abundance of the Divine Giver. As the cradles passed around, the 
entire field was girdled with a belt of royal purple, and seemed as 
though the bow of heaven had descended and settled there to deck and 
do it honor, except the peck sowed before and plowed in after the 
heavy rain. That was green and unpromising, and when harvested, six 
days after, proved to be smut — smut — nothing but smut, with an occa- 
sional dwarfed head of shriveled wheat. 

Now, Mr. Editor, waiving the common vulgarism of " How is that 
for high ? " I ask you " How is that for smut ? " 

I seated myself to write a single page, but I see from the numbers 
that, "calamo currente," I have unwittingly jotted down a half score 
but I hold you under no obligation whatever. Should your patience 
succumb in the perusal of the manuscript, I shall not be at all aggrieved. 
And should you wade through that, and deem it unworthy of a place 
in your valuable journal, which is dispensing so many good " things" 
amongst the people, I will still acquiesce and say, "All right." 

And now, lest a thought should intrude and cause me to tax you 
still more heavily, I bid you a hasty "good night." 

H. S. Belt, M. D. 

Whitmell, Pittsylvania Co.,Va. 



DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF FARM HANDS. 

" Lex," a writer in the New York "Tribune," says : "When a farm 
hand hires for a stated time he is bound to do all necessary work on all 
occasions, Sundays and legal holidays included. There is no stated 
length of time which constitutes a day's work on a farm. This is es- 
tablished by custom, and is usually considered to include feeding the 
stock and doing chores before seven in the morning and after six in the 
evening, so that the day may be spent in the field work. A man who 
receives pay and board on holidays, as well as other days, should do his 
reasonable work on those days ; otherwise it would be quite as reason- 
able for his employer to say. 'This, is a holiday, and we do not work in 
the house and no meals will be prepared for you.' It is better to have 
all these points settled when the man is hired and made part of the 
agreement, and so avoid all chance of dispute. A farm hand cannot 
claim extra pay for overwork unless there is a special agreement, as 
extra time in harvest or haying or other emergencies go to offset the 
loss of time by bad weather. Nevertheless, an employer can well af- 
ford to be liberal in this respect when work pushes." 



606 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

ADDRESS BEFORE THE NATIONAL FARMERS' CONGRESS, 

By Robert Beverley, of Virginia, President, 
At its Annual Session, at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 19th, 1884. 



Gentlemen and Delegates to the 

Farmers'' Congress of the United States: 
I congratulate you upon the increased interest everywhere mani- 
fested by intelligent agriculturists in the general policy of our State 
and National Governments in its broad relations to their great calling. 
It is a truism to be sure, but let us re-affirm it, that agriculture is the 
greatest and most important of the industries of this great people. 
Why, therefore, we demand to know, is its claims to the first consid- 
eration, or to any consideration at the hands of legislators or magis- 
trates, habitually put aside, persistently forgotten, or contemptuously 
ignored ? Not yet do politicians and statesmen appear to comprehend 
that even in a purely intellectual and scientific point of view agricul- 
ture has within two decades rapidly come forward to the foremost rank 
among learned professions. It has ever been the noblest and purest, 
the most peaceful and dignified of human pursuits, and in this day of 
profession, prodigality and corruption, it shines forth more pre-eminent 
in all these respects than ever before. When we say that we mean to 
be heard with attention and respect by our representatives who hold 
their seats by our suffrages, let it be plainly understood we mean all 
we say. If it be made necessary, we stand prepared to carry the great 
questions vital to our interests before the people, to be by them decided 
in every congressional and assembly district in the United States. If 
it be made necessary, our candidates will be found opposing those of 
both parties and all parties, for we mean to have our rights. We will 
neither enter upon any agitation of ordinary political questions, nor 
embark in any political or social crusade. We make no war on any of 
the great industries of the people, neither upon manufacturers, nor 
mining, nor transportation, nor commerce, nor any pursuit or employ- 
ment by which honest people earn their bread. God forbid ! AVhen 
the farmer meets the mechanic he will take him by the hand and hail 
him as a brother. Shoulder to shoulder let them take up their stand 
in defence of their common rights, against burdensome and unjust taxa- 
tion, against monopoly and oppression in every form — 

" Each in his place let each revere, 
Aud while we march in freedom's van 
Scorn the lewd rout that dogs the rear." 



1884.] SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 607 

"Whatever hurtfully touches any of the great employments of the 
bread armies of the land injures and hinders each and all. I say, there- 
fore, we contemplate no third party movement, no revolutionary or 
agrarian proceedings. The empire we seek is peace. We ask of our 
representative men simple, business-like methods in the administration 
of public affairs ; a statesmanship that will cover every industry and 
conserve every right; manly, straightforward, and open and honest in 
all its methods. 

No longer will we submit to be told by our representatives and ser- 
vants, our creatures whom we have made, that we know not what we 
want. Rights we have under the Constitution which the government 
is bound to respect, and ive know them. Of these rights we do not in- 
tend to be defeated by our servants, as too long we have been. The 
end of that sort of thing, long delayed, at length has come. We seek 
nothing as a right contrary to the true meaning and intent of the or- 
ganic law, but should that law be found in conflict with the necessities 
of the people, the Constitution itself must be so changed as to bring it 
into harmony with the spirit of the age in which we live. For that 
very purpose its framers in their wisdom have provided peaceful means. 

Speaking from the high place to which your partiality has called me; 
speaking as President of this national body of representative farmers ; 
speaking, therefore, in the name and in behalf of the farmers of Amer- 
ica, yes, and in the name of the mechanics of the United States, it now 
becomes my duty to pass in review some of the great measures we have 
submitted to the National Legislature, and to show as briefly as I am 
able how they have been received, and what is their present status. As 
your executive officer, referring to my address to the farmers of the 
United States, of December 18th, 1883, which I felt called upon to- 
issue, and which i3 herewith submitted for your sanction, first, I beg 
your attention to the fate of the bill for the extension of the benefits 
of the Signal Service to agriculture and the rural population generally, 
comprising in the aggregate, perhaps, three-fourths of all the people of 
the nation. 

The committee of this body, of which I had the honor to be chair- 
man, charged by you with the duty of pressing this measure upon the 
attention of Congress, met in Washington. After conference with the 
chief signal officer of the government, we addressed to him a memorial 
embodying the views and wishes of the National Farmers' Congress as. 
understood by your committee. 

This memorial, with his estimate of the cost of the service, General 
Hazen forwarded with hi3 approval to Congress, and asked for the pas- 



608 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



sage of a bill to carry tbe proposed measure into effect. Thus pre- 
sented and endorsed, our memorial, together with a bill to effectuate 
our object, drawn by the Hon. Mr. Cardwell, of Tennessee, was referred 
by the House of Representatives to its Committee on Agriculture. 
That committee, after courteously hearing arguments by the patrons of 
the bill, unanimously passed it through their committee and forwarded 
it with their endorsement to the Committee on Appropriations, asking 
that it be made a part of the Sundry Civil Bill, through which all ap- 
propriations are made for the support of the Signal Service. The sum 
asked for by General Hazeu to support the service we desired to put 
in operation was the comparatively small one of $250,000. As chair- 
man of your committee, in pursuance of your instructions, I advocated 
this most important measure, and in company with my colleagues se- 
cured its passage by the House Committee on Agriculture. Therefore 
1 addressed a letter in my official capacity to the Hon. Samuel J. Ran- 
dall, chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, begging of him 
and of his Honorable Committee their careful and favorable attention 
to the measure. The Honorable Chairman took no notice of my let- 
ter, and the Honorable Committee took no notice of the bill. Thus 
was this most important measure, worth, in my humble judgment, fifty 
million dollars annually to the agriculture of the country and to the 
taxable values of the nation, endorsed and presented as I have stated, 
deliberately strangled in cold blood. It seems to have been calculated 
that the stupidity of the agricultural class is dense, and their patience 
boundless. It remains for us to teach those who may be of that way of 
thinking to know better. Such was the reception and such the fate of 
our most favored measure. The sum and substance of our report is 
dead in a pigeon-hole, strangled by the Committee on Appropriations. 
It remains for us now to inform the honorable gentlemen we have not 
done with this measure, but that we mean to carry it. 

Now, let us examine into the history of the Pleuro-Pneumonia Bill. 
It passed indeed and became a law, but so altered and emasculated for 
political reasons and purposes, which are no secret, that in its final 
form it has proven inefficient, and now it is certain that fearfully insid- 
ious plague has invaded the great Northwest. Cattle men, with bated 
breath, are now awaiting in anxious hope and trembling fear tbe result 
of the prompt and skillful and untiring efforts to check its progress by 
that able and valuable officer of the National Department of Agricul- 
ture, Dr. D. E. Salmon, whom I desire personally and officially to com- 
mend for the intelligence and vigor of his conduct under difficulties 
and embarrassments many and great. The persons in both branches 



1384.J SOUTHERN PLANTER. 609 

of Cougress who throw obstacles in the way of the passage of an effec- 
tive measure, session after session, are well known to the people of the 
country. There is a mark of public indignation upon these men, and 
if it shall be that this plague has taken permanent root in the hearrof 
the great cattle-producing region, they will be driven forth, pursued by 
obloquy and wrath whithersoever they shall turn. This is the calamity 
long foretold by the ablest agricultural writers; the extent of it no 
man is now able to foresee, nor to foretell how disastrously it may come 
to re-act upon the business of the entire country. 

Another proposition was urged upon Congress through the chairman 
of your committee, viz. : The elevation of the Department of Agricul- 
ture and the creation of a Minister of Agriculture at its head. That 
proposition had been endorsed by nearly every agricultural body or as- 
sembly throughout the country. It had received the unanimous sup- 
port of the agricultural press and agricultural speakers and writers 
everywhere. It was received with laughter and sneers. " What use," 
said some of them, "has agriculture for a Cabinet Minister? The thing 
is absurd, preposterous, ridiculous." Instead of this idea being prepos- 
terous and ridiculous, it is merely borrowed from the practice of other 
agricultural nations, among the most enlightened and progressive of 
modern times. We are not to be silenced by the dictum of constitu- 
tional expounders who tell us "the word agriculture is not to be found 
in the Constitution." We understand the theory of our government 
and the spirit of our Constitution far better than these learned gentle- 
men give us credit for. We will not slavishly bow down to whatever 
political Fetish is held up for our worship. We know full well this is 
not a constitutional question at all, but merely a question of expediency, 
standing on precisely the same footing as the establishment of the De- 
partment of the Interior, the Postoffice Department, or the Department 
of Justice stood. As a question of expediency and wisdom, we who 
are a clear majority of the voters of the Union choose to decide for our- 
selves that we will have a Minister of Agriculture, and if our servants 
and representatives refuse to obey our mandate we will choose in their 
stead others who shall be pledged to carry into effect the things we 
have determined. The truth is, the farmers of this country have so 
long been regarded as political mud-sills, and I fear have so long ac- 
cepted the position assigned us, that politicians will not yet credit us 
with the possession of patriotism and information and brains. I be- 
lieve the time has now come when it is our duty and determination to 
change all that. Gentlemen, I affirm that Congress could not be 
brought, and as at present constituted, I believe can never be brought, 



610 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

to give serious and statesmanlike consideration to any measure origi- 
nating with the agricultural class, however important to the welfare of 
the nation. It is supremely necessary for us to take a dispassionate 
and business-like view of the situation. It is my conviction that we 
should firmly insist upon the creation of a Department of Agriculture, 
whose chief shall be a constitutional adviser of the President, equal in 
dignity, influence and power with every other officer of the Cabinet. 
In that way, and in that way only, as I believe, that is to say, by and 
through our Cabinet Minister cau we hope or expect to gain for such 
measures as may be vitally important to our interests that wise and re- 
spectful consideration which the welfare of all the people demands. 
Does not every man well know that extensive disaster cannot befall the 
greatest and most essential of the industries of the nation without the 
evil consequences being felt by all the people. Such disasters to our 
business fall inevitably with cruel and crushing effect upon the poor of 
every class throughout the entire land. Let us all stand together to 
protect the poor and honest laboring man, and especially laboring wo- 
men, who bear far the greatest burden of the family. We may safely 
leave the well-to-do and the rich to defend themselves. In the name of 
our common humanity, why do our representatives refuse or fail to do 
whatever may be lawfully and safely done to protect and defend the 
greatest of all great industries, the nursing mother of science and arts, 
the source of all national greatness and progress, splendor and power, 
the foundation of all sure and permanent wealth. 

"We must learn to realize that the virginity of the soil of this vast 
and magnificent country is already despoiled and deflowered, much of 
its fertility is already wasted aud destroyed, yet nothing is done by this 
unrepresentative government, to stay the destroyer's hand, nor to res- 
cue the national domain from the plunderer, nothing done to enforce 
or encourage the restoration of the waste places. To all this our legis- 
lators and would-be masters have one scornful reply, viz., ''the word 
agriculture is not to be found in the Constitution." It must stand 
alone and unprotected, help itself as best it may. Thousands and 
thousands of acres once fertile and productive, are to-day grown up in 
brush aud pines, the habitation of foxes and wolves, and armies of our 
agricultural laborers are forced westward, westward, westward, seeking 
new empires to destroy. I'm old enough to remember when Ohio's 
average wheat crop was thirty bushels per acre ; now barely twelve. 
If this utter indifference of the National Government to the progres- 
sive spoliation of the national domain be not arrested, another gen- 
eration will see a teaming and hungry population struggling for ex- 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 611 

istence on a soil depleted and impoverished. But a Constitution, 
strictly construed, framed to meet the wants and necessities of three 
millions of people must be made by constitutional expounders to fit the 
wants and necessities of one hundred millions without alteration or 
growth or amendment !! 

Gentlemen of the National Farmers' Congress, farmers of America, 
we must fully*realize, we must always remember, that great results are 
to be accomplished only by great and persistent efforts. We must pre- 
pare, if again rejected or mutilated, to appeal them to the people. We 
must resolve to continue calm, determined, persistent agitation until our 
great purposes are accomplished. We must again press upon Congress 
our measures by them rejected or mutilated at their last session. We 
must bring them forward in the congressional districts, and in the sena- 
torial contests before the Legislatures, and we must cause it to be be- 
lieved that we have resolved to fight it out on that line if it takes the 
balance of this century. 

Gentlemen, there are several other points of great interest connected 
intimately with the wants of agriculture, of a national character, that 
I might discuss in this address to you, but I fear to weary you. I will 
only mention them, and they may be brought up as subjects of discus- 
sion in this representative body — viz., experimental stations, fostered 
by the government in connection with our agricultural colleges; 2d, 
inter-State transportation, as bearing upon agriculture; and, 3d, the 
increased facilities of education to the agricultural classes. The latter, 
however, in my humble opinion, should be left to the several States, 
or at least entirely under their control. 

In conclusion, let me say it is far from my purpose to discuss the 
political issues of the day ; yet, I must refer, before I conclude, to cer- 
tain relations of Federal taxation to our great farming industries. It 
is surely known to all that the legislation of Congress upon this sub- 
ject has been always either openly hostile to certain great products of 
agriculture, or has wholly failed to foster or encourage any of them by 
any decisive or adequate measures. The burdens have been thrown 
upon the honest toilers of agriculture and mechanics, while the million- 
aire and the monopolist have not borne their just proportion. Of this 
fact there can be no possible dispute; all men know it. They know, 
too, that in the National Treasury a vast surplus is collected, a mon- 
strous corruption fund, which constantly threatens calamity to the coun- 
try through dangerous corruption and collusion of the public servants 
employed in the administration of the government. In the meantime 
an odious, onerous and wicked tax is left upon certain great products 



612 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

of agriculture. A tax not necessary for revenue, and only serving to 
pay an army of officials, corrupt and corrupting, and helping to swell 
that dangerous surplus iu the treasury. And what, my friends, does 
that surplus represent? Does it not represent the agony and sweat of 
millions of men and women, toiling, toiling, toiling hopelessly, and 
millions of hungry children crying helplessly for bread ! 

It is my best judgment as a business man, that it is to the last degree 
impolitic and unwise to maintain two systems of Federal taxation, when 
it is demonstrated that one is more than sufficient for .the government 
on a liberal foundation, as becomes a great and progressive people. A 
nigardiv parsimony of expenditure, falsely styled honest economy, I 
loath and despise, for I know it to be one of the lowest frauds of the 
political hypocrite I believe that the remnants of the internal revenue 
system (that most corrupt and vile political machine) which rests almost 
wholly upon agricultural products, should be entirely and promptly 
abolished. Let the Federal tax be gathered — fiirst, for the revenues 
of the government; second, iu the interests of the great productive 
industries of the land; third, let it bear upon capital rather than labor. 
Let it wrongfully oppress no class nor condition of men ; nevertheless, 
take due heed that it shall bear ever lightly upon the poor. Surely, 
we must believe there is wisdom in the country sufficient for this if 
the desire and honest purpose exists. 

Farmers and mechanics, laborers and producers of every class, we are 
brothers in a common cause, let us stand together as one man against 
corruption and oppression in whatever form they come, by whatever 
name they may be called, whatever disguise they may assume. Organ- 
ize, I beg you organize, to resist further aggressions; without organi- 
zation you cannot stand before the trained and desperate legions of 
corruption. My brothers of the plow, by right, by Divine authority, 
the post of honor is yours. In this great conflict you must take the 
lead. Organize, equip for the onset, or else the hosts of monopoly and 
corruption will trample you in the dust beueath their feet, and the 
great cause will be lost. 



The idea that hogs not fatteniug are injured by high feeding is a 
great mistake, and is not nearly as prevalent as formerly. In this 
country the idea originates in the fact that Indian corn, or corn-meal, 
is not good food alone to keep any stock in growing condition. A 
mixture of oats and barley makes excellent food for growing pigs, 
making them long and thrifty rather than round. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 613 



COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS v. FARM MANURES. 

Mr. Editor, — Several good pieces have been in the Planter of late on 
this subject; but, with your permission, I would be pleased to say a 
few words. 

I think every farmer should make every pound of manure on his 
farm he can. Weeds, corn-stalks, and scrapings from the woods should 
be used. Stabler, cattle-stalls, and hog-pens should be kept well littered 
from one end of the year to the other. Hen houses should be cleaned 
at regular periods ; wood ashes and bones should be collected and used. 
Manure of this kind will show wherever it is used ; but we cannot 
raise enough of either to make a farm of any size rich, no matter how 
careful we are. We must use fertilizers, and I do not believe in, nor 
do I advise farmers to use, many of the fertilizers of the present day ; 
but I advise them to use natural manures, that have been on the market 
for years, and have been tested and found to be what it is represented 
to be, such as pure raw bone, fish guano, South Carolina floats, Orchilla 
guano, and many others I could name. Use them moderately, or as 
you are able to pay for them, and use such as you fine! suits your soil ; 
and if on account of a bad season your crop should fail, don't get dis- 
couraged and say the guano is no manner of account, but try again. 

In looking around in my neighborhood, I see that the men that have 
used natural manures, with all the home manure they can make, have 
rich farms and make good crops and are independent, while those that 
depend on what home manure they make have an acre or two of good 
land, while the greater portion of their farm grows poorer and poorer 
every year, and they are discouraged, in debt, and don't think farming 
pays. A Farmer. 

Westmoreland Co., Va. 



FRUIT-RAISING IN VIRGINIA. 



Editor Southern Planter, — Before coming to Virginia I had read much 
about the abundance and variety of fruits in your State. I expected 
to find fine orchards on all your old plantations, and a choice selection 
of fruit in every village garden. I came — I saw — not large, thrifty 
orchards in full bearing, but, on a great many plantations in South- 
western Virginia, I found a few antiquated, sorry, discouraged apple 
and peach-trees scattered here and there around, and near the houses 
and outbuildings, looking as though they had the worst of it in their 
years of struggle with the great, thrifty weeds that were choking out 
46 



614 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

their growth aud life and robbing them of Dearly all the sustenance 
which the impoverished soil could supply. On the peach-trees (it be- 
ing a bearing year, 1883) could be seen considerable fruit of a very in- 
ferior quality. The apple-trees, many of them, looked as though they 
had been struggling through half a century, with very little thought, 
or care, or culture. The little fruit they produced was small, knotty, 
aud worthless for marketing. I have seen in your State, not only one, 
but hundreds of orchards like these. I have learned that hundreds 
and thousands of barrels of Northern apples are sold in this city. I 
had heard much about your fine peaches and plums and apricots and 
nectarines and figs and grapes, and I fancied that the State to which I 
was coming to find a home, was a paradise for the lovers of fine fruit. 
I had lived for years in some of the cities of the Northwest — the 
thought of whose cold, long winters makes one shiver — and I and my 
family had often found fruits a luxury; yet, I must say that St. Paul 
and Minneapolis are far better fruit markets than Richmond, and prices 
are sometimes lower there than they now are here. But all this argues 
nothing in the light of what I have since seen in your State. I saw, 
recently, at the fair at Scottsville, as fine specimens of apples — raised 
in this dry season — as I have ever seen in any State of the Union. I 
saw better specimens of winesaps than any T have ever seen in any 
State or Canada; and here let me say, I am glad to see the favorable 
notice your correspondent, Mr. Christian, gives us in the last issue of 
the Planter of this excellent apple. I have seen here in your State 
peaches, plums, cherries, pears, strawberries, and blackberries equal to 
any I have seen elsewhere. In fact, I have seen enough to satisfy me 
that my previously conceived impressions regarding Virginia's capa- 
bilities as a fruit-growing State were correct. You have a diversity of 
soil, climate, and other conditions that are favorable. You have your 
table lands, your Piedmont, and your mountain ranges. You can 
select your southern slopes for one kind of fruit, and your northern 
for another. You can choose such altitudes as you prefer. Nature 
has done for your State, in this respect, all that you can ask. But na- 
ture will not plow and harrow and fertilize your lands, nor select and 
buy and plant your nursery stock and your vines. Nor will she dig 
around and cultivate and prune your trees and your vines. She will 
not dig the borers from the roots of your trees, or place ashes and lime 
around them, or scrape off the moss and rough bark, or wash their 
trunks with soapsuds. 

In your last issue, you and some of your correspondents grapple 
with the whole problem. Dakota can produce millions of bushels of 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 615 

wheat, but no fruit; Minnesota can raise thirty to forty millions bushels 
of wheat; Dakota can never produce fruit because of her rigorous 
climate; Minnesota does not raise ten per cent, of the fruit con- 
sumed in the State. None of the Northwestern States can cultivate 
fruit to any extent successfully. Missouri produces apples, but they 
are inferior in quality. Kansas raises fine peaches, but she is too far 
from the great markets. Michigan and Ohio produce apples of fine 
quality, and the former has been noted for her peaches as well as West- 
ern New York for its apples. I have recently visited the peach-growing 
region of Michigan, lying along the shores of Lake Michigan. The 
crop is failing entirely in some localities there. A few years ago St. 
Joseph and Benton Harbor shipped vast quantities of peaches annually. 
I do not believe they ship any now. The trees are dead. 

The simple fact exists, that those States are not favorably situated 
geographically. In many large districts in the Northern States where, 
thirty years ago, fruit- raising was an important industry, farmers are 
now obtaining their supply from more favored localities. Sudden and 
violent changes of temperature in the Northern States make fruit- 
culture a very uncertain and unreliable industry. These conditions 
will always exist there. Why do the people of Virginia give so little 
attention to this important and profitable industry ? Why do we see 
hundreds of plantations, containing five hundred to two thousand acres, 
with only a few score of stunted, unproductive fruit trees? If I found 
such in the North where the conditions were as favorable as they are 
here, I should at once infer that such Northern people were indolent 
and unthrifty. I am glad to be able to say, however, that in Virginia 
you have some notable exceptions to this general rule. And the very 
fact that some of your fruit-growers have met with such wonderful 
success, and furnished such convincing evidence of the capabilities of 
your soil and climate for fruit culture, adds to the force and pertinency 
of the question I have propounded. 

Now, it is not the design of this article to instruct your people in 
fruit culture. It is to give an expression to my great surprise that they 
show so little appreciation of the wonderful advantages they possess. 

Respectfully yours, J. R. Jackson, 

Immigration Agent, Richmond and Alleghany R. R. 



There is a great advantage in subsoil plowing for wheat. The colder 
and poorer subsoil is not turned up for a seed bed, nor do the wheat 
roots penetrate it deeply in the Fall. But next Spring and Summer 
this loosened subsoil is a reservoir for water, giving it out as most 
needed to perfect the head and grain. 



616 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

THE EXHIBITS OF DR. WOODS AT THE STATE FAIR. 

Holkham, Near Ivy Depot, 
Albemarle county, Va., October 30th, 1884. 

My Dear Sir, — You requested me to give you a statement of my en- 
tries for exhibition at the State Fair, and I intended doing so before 
leaving Richmond, but being somewhat tired at night I failed to carry 
out my promise. 

I exhibited fourteen Shropshiredown sheep — four ewes over two 
years old, three yearlings, three buck lambs, three ewe lambs, and one 
yearling buck ; this last by an imported buck and from an imported 
ewe. None of my sheep were highly fed for exhibition, hence I took 
only two premiums — viz., on my buck and ewe lambs. Jonas "Webb, 
the great breeder of Southdowns at Babraham, England, said that he 
could not afford to exhibit ewes, because to feed them up to take prizes 
ruined them for breeding, and I concur with him in this opinion. The 
judges to award prizes should kuow the points of excellence of the 
different breeds of sheep, and award prizes accordingly. All that are 
forced up by high feeding to extra size and condition, should be ex- 
hibited as fat sheep. It is now well known that sheep, especially ewes 
which have been forced up to great size by high feeding for exhibition, 
are sold at prices far below what they were formerly. A pen of ewes 
which took a premium, contained one which was evidently not of pure 
blood, though a good sheep. Had the committee been well acquainted 
with the points of different breeds, they would have rejected this ewe. 
The exhibitor, no doubt, supposed the ewe to be pure-blood Shropshire, 
as I do not know a more perfect gentleman in our State, and he would 
not, under any circumstances, make an improper entry knowingly. 

During my long life, now approaching three-score and ten, the age 
allotted to man, I have tried several different breeds of sheep, but have 
found that the Shropshiredowns suit our soil and climate better than 
any I have tried. If twenty years younger I would make a breed, by 
crossing and selecting, which would be the sheep for this region, both 
for the fleece and for the butcher. To have good health in our change- 
able climate during the Fall and Spring, a close fleece is absolutely 
necessary. The Merino or Shropshire crossed with them, would be a 
good basis to begin with. Our Society is guilty of a great error in 
awarding only one premium to sheep. The rearing of sheep needs 
encouragement more than any other variety of stock, being better 
suited to our worn and depleted soil than any other. 

A committee should be appointed to examine all hogs, cows and 
heifers, and ewes, and when found too fat and damaged for breeding 
purposes, to have them exhibited as fat stock. 



1884.] SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 617 

I exhibited one yearling ham (baked) and one older ditto (boiled), 
which last took first prize. The first-named was equally as good, but 
unfortunately was not cooked quite long enough, my cook not under- 
standing baking as well as boiling hams. The hogs furnishing the 
hams were three-fourths Berkshire and one-fourth Poland-China. One- 
half Berkshire and one-half Poland-China makes the best hog for all 
purposes I have seen tried, and I have tested a great variety of breeds 
and crosses. No one can have a No. 1 ham or bacon without having 
the right sort of a hog, perfectly fattened. I give my hogs, when fat- 
tening especially, an abundance of charcoal, burning coal-kilns for the 
purpose ; also give them salt and ashes, mixed — occasionally a little 
sulphur added. This treatment makes all of the organs of the interior 
entirely sound and healthy; hence the flesh will be greatly superior to 
that of hogs fattened in the usual careless mode ; and when corn is 
the principal food, it is better worth 60 cents per bushel than twenty 
or twenty-five fed in the usual mode. 

I exhibited also a sack of corn, which I have made by crossing and 
selecting remarkably'prolific, and will stand more drought than any 
variety I have ever seen. The committee were much pleased with it; 
but having a slightly yellow color, did not consider it white enough to 
take a prize for white corn. The corn which gave it the quality of 
standing drought came from North Carolina and was somewhat yellow. 

This is quite a long but hurriedly-written letter, and I must beg that 
you will excuse it. Truly yours, John R. "Woods. 

Prof. B. Puryear, Richmond City, Va. 

P. S. — I have just read this to a lady. She thinks it should be pub- 
lished, so show it to my good friend, Col. Knight. Perhaps he may 
think it worthy of publication in the Planter. 



THE NORTH v. THE SOUTH AS A FIELD OF EMIGRATION. 

Editor Southern Planter, — I received your October number with 
thanks. I take a good deal of interest in it, as I intend, as soon as 
circumstances will permit me, of visiting the South, with a view of 
getting parties here to emigrate there. People here, in general, know 
but little of the South — that is, what was the slave States. They fancy 
the land is poor, and that the country is uuhealthy ; while the North 
have their agents in every direction, with their maps, singing the 
praises of the far Northwest. 

I beg to make a few remarks as to Canada, more particularly the 
Province of Ontario. Ontario is a rich Province, possesses good land, 
and as good farmers as are in the world; but land is dear here. Wild 



618 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 



land is from $10 to $25 per acre; improved farms, from $30 to 
per acre. Our seasons are short ; we frequently have frosts in May 
and June, often doing a great deal of damage. Still, we raise abundant 
crops by good farming. 

The Northwest Territory and Manatoba offer good terms to settlers — 
160 acres as. homestead and 160 acres as pre-emption, at a low price. 
No douht there are millions of acres of good land and good chances 
for settlers there, but there are great drawbacks. They have severe 
cold winters; there is a great scarcity of timber for fuel and for building 
purposes. In a cold country this must be severely felt. There they 
can put their eggs into one basket. Their principal products are Spring 
wheat, barley, oats, and roots. Then they are a long distance from 
the seaboard. As an agricultural country, which it will be, grain must 
rule low in price, from the great length of transportation, which will 
be expensive. As to the Northwestern United States there are the 
same objections. 

Now, with regard to the Southern States — such as the States of Vir- 
ginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Mississippi — for the last two years 
I have tried to inform myself with the true character of those States, 
as to their adaptability for agriculture. I have had many sources of 
information from parties who left here and settled in the South, and 
from printed matter I have received from the agents of the Bureau of 
Immigration in Richmond, Va., and Jackson, Miss., Norfolk, Va., and 
from many correspondents in the South. The Southern Planter gives 
practical and useful information, is well edited, and has many excel- 
lent articles in it, and will compare favorably with any agricultural 
paper published in Canada. 

Now I beg to say, from all the sources of information I have received, 
I am fully convinced the South possesses the best field in America for 
farming, mining, and lumbering. From its congenial climate, its large 
rivers, its proximity to the sea-coast, its access to the best markets in 
the world, and the great variety of products that can be raised, it must 
soon develop itself; cheap lands must induce settlers. 

But many say here, How is it land is sp cheap in an old settled 
country ? They say the laud must be poor; the country is unhealthy. 
They little know the dreadful destruction the war made, nor the great 
change in social society by the breaking up of slavery, and the thou- 
sands of rich planters that have been ruined and their plantations left 
in ruins. 

Now, I see by the Planter you are raising good crops of wheat in 
Virginia, which will be a great inducement to Northern men. 



1384.J SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 619 

Id conclusion, will beg to say the South has a bright future'before 
her, and I trust I will yet see a happy colony from this locality^settled 
among you. I have a son who has been settled in Memphis,*Tenn., 
eighteen years ; he is president of the Howard Society. He says he 
has had the greatest of kindness extended to him. He now holds a 
high position as a wholesale hardware merchant. 

Yours respectfully, Miles Langstiff. 

Wallaceburg, Ontario, Canada. 



PLAIN TALK ABOUT PLEUROPNEUMONIA. 

Because fresh outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia are not reported every 
day, arjd the carcasses of dead cattle lining the roadsides throughout 
the country, a certain claes of people and the journals in their interest 
are pretending to doubt its existence, and deny that the recent out- 
breaks were of this contagious and dangerous disease. But for the 
prompt manner in which Dr. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, backed by our own State authorities, took these outbreaks in 
hand and instituted measures for their suppression, the disease would 
probably be spreading fast enough to satisfy the continual demand of 
these parties for fresh evidence and new facts. It looks at the present 
writing as if the machinery now at work (largely through individual 
effort and by money voluntarily contributed by the 'stock-owners) 
would be able in the course of a few months to stamp out the disease 
in the west, and to remove this great menace to the safety of the live- 
stock interest, without permitting any single department or branch of 
it to sustain any serious inconvenience or embarrassment. The official 
veterinarians have occupied a very delicate and responsible position. 
If by making investigations and warning the public against the points 
of danger they stamped out the disease, these people were ready to 
take advantage of its disa- pearance to declare that the disease never 
existed, and if it escaped control and invaded the channels ot com- 
merce, the same men were ready to denounce them as inefficient. So 
far as these men are concerned, no action the authorities could take, or 
even their inaction, could save them from their detraction. But what 
were they to do ? Could they permit this dangerous disease to spread 
among the cattle of the country until every man in this broad land 
could from his window satisfy himself of its existence? Should mat- 
ters assume such proportions as these before anything could be done 
to arrest its progress? It seems as if certain persons thought so,, but 
if we mistake not the great body of stock-growers think very differ- 
ently. As to the contagious character of the disease, that was abun- 
dantly shown by the most incomestible of evidence. In fact it was its 
contagious character which first attracted attention to it in this State. 
It was known to be contagious by the owners of the infected herds before 
anything else was known about it. Was Dr. Salmon and our State 
authorities authorized to proceed on their own judgment, based upon 
careful investigation, scientific and otherwise ? Or should they wait 
until everybody else, through the spread of the disease, had equal op- 
portunities for such investigation. — Breeders' Gazette. 



620 SOUTHERN" PLANTER. [December 

CHESS OR CHEAT. 

Editor Southern Planter, — I have observed with much interest the 
discussion going on in the columns of the Planter between the advo- 
cates, fro and con, of the degeneracy of grain into cheat. My own 
views have coincided with those of the editor, and others who have 
advocated the degeneracy theory. 

In conversation recently with a very intelligent and practical farmer 
and a gentleman of undoubted veracity, the Rev. Robert T. Henley, 
of King and Queen county, he cited two cases which go further to 
establish the latter theory than anything I have seen. 

He stated that his brother, Dr. Henley, of King and Queen, found 
in his wheat field a head of grain which was one half wheat and the 
other half cheat. This he saw. How will Prof. Page's scientists ex- 
plain this? Either wheat grew the wheat and cheat, or else cheat 
grew both. 

Mr. H. mentioned another case going to establish the degeneracy 
theory. Traveling in Ohio some years since, he was shown by a friend 
a beautiful timothy meadow, which he was told by the owner was a 
fine crop the first year, free from any mixture of other grasses; but 
that after the crop was harvested, it was grazed very closely. The 
next year a great deal of cheat grew up with it; it was harvested but 
not grazed during that Summer, and the following year he saw it; it 
was free from cheat and produced another fine crop of grass. 
A. H. J. 

ENSILAGE FOR SILK-WORMS. 

Editor Southern Planter, — I make the following extract from "Science 
in Short Chapters," by W. Matthine Williams, F. R. A. S., F. C. S., 
thinking it may interest your readers : 

" We are told that very inferior material (such as coarse maize grass 
mixed with chaff), when thus preserved, gives better feeding and milk- 
ing results than good English hay. 

"I may mention a very humble experience of my own that bears 
upon this. When a boy I was devoted to silk-worms, and my small 
supply of pocket money was overtaxed in the purchase of exorbitantly 
6mall pennyworth of mulberry leaves at Covent Garden. But a friend 
in the country had a mulberry-tree, and at rather long intervals I ob- 
tained large supplies, which, in spite of all my careful wrapping in 
damp cloths, became rotten in about ten days. I finally tried digging 
a hole and burying them. They remained fresh and green until all 
my silk-worms commenced the working and fasting stage of their ex- 
istence. This was ensilage on a small scale." 

Yours truly, T. L. P. Cocke. 

Cartersville, October 7th, 1884. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 621 

THE WORLD'S INDUSTRIAL AND COTTON CENTENNIAL EXPO- 
SITION, DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND ACCOMMODA- 
TION. 

We beg to inform you that there need be no anxiety as to finding 
comfortable quarters for yourself and party in New Orleans, anytime 
during the six months of the World's Industrial and Cotton Exposition. 

The Board of Management has organized this department for the ex- 
press purpose of aiding all visitors to the Exposition, not only in secur- 
ing suitable accommodations at moderate rates, but in protecting them 
in every possible way from excessive charges, and this service we ren- 
der free of cost. The rates will vary according to location and style of 
entertainment, as follows: 

Furnished rooms will be from 75 cents per day and $15 per month, 
up to including $1.50 per day, and $30 to $40 per month. 

Board and lodging will be double the above, or $1.50 per day and 
$30 per month, to $3 per day aud $50 to $75 per month. 

These rates will prevail during the entire period of the Exposition, 
and we are essured that there will be no lack of comfortable accommo- 
dations at these prices. 

In addition to the above, our best hotels will not advance their rates; 
the "St. Charles" will charge the usual $4.00 per day, while the new 
" Hotel Royal" will be conducted on the European plan, rooms from 
$1.00 per day, up to the choicest apartments, at $8 and $10. Other 
hotels in the city, as also those in the vicinity of the Exposition grounds, 
will charge from $2.00 to $3.00 per day, according to location of rooms. 

Respectfully, B. T. Walsh, 

Chief Department. 
Approved : E. A. Burke, 

Director General. 



PEANUT FLOUR. 

No doubt ere long "peanut flour" will be an important product o* 
the South. Virginia is set down this year for 2,100,000 bushels, Ten- 
nessee for 250.000. and North Carolina at 135,000 bushels, these being 
the chief States engaged in the cultivation, and those in which it 
was first introduced from Africa. In Virginia they are called " peanuts" 
in North Carolina "ground-peas," in Tennessee " goobers," and Geor- 
gia, Alabama and Mississippi " pinders." Virginians are now begin- 
ning to turn the peanut into flour, and say it makes a peculiarly pala- 
table "biscuit." In Georgia there is a custom, now growing old, of 
grinding or pounding the shelled peanuts and turning them into pastry, 
which has some resemblance, both in looks and taste, to that made of 
cocoanut, but the peanut pastry is more oily and richer, and we think, 
healthier and better every way. If, as some people believe, Africa 
sent a curse to America in slavery, she certainly conferred upon her a 
blessing in the universally popular peanut, which grows so well through- 
out the southern regions that we shall soon be able to cut off the now 
large importation altogether. — Savannah (Ga.) Telegram. 



622 SOUTHERN" PLANTER, [December 



Editorial. 



POST-NOTES ON THE STATE FAIR. 

This Fair, we can say, as now informed, was a success. The receipts 
were not as large as the last year, but still enough to meet all obliga- 
tions and to leave a surplus. It had unusual obstacles to contend with. 
The drouth which commenced in August was still prevailing, so that 
farmers were dispirited ; and more than that, the important operation 
of wheat and oat seeding was delayed, and farmers felt it to their in- 
terest to remain at home and struggle to get these crops in the ground. 
Then, the wheat crop of the year, though a good one, was never lower 
in price, and all who were not compelled to sell to meet pressing obli- 
gations, were disposed to hold it for better prices, which left them short 
of money with which to indulge in any expenditure for pleasure or 
recreation. The presidential election, also, had its effect by calling 
away, for the time, attention from the current subjects of interest on 
the farm, and of matters pertaining thereto. 

We are unable to give the space necessary for a report of all the 
premiums awarded at the Fair; nor is this necessary, as tbey have 
been already reported through the city papers at the time, but we pro- 
pose to make some general notes on the several departments of the ex- 
hibition. 

Before this, we may state that the Society met in general and annual 
session, in the Senate chamber, on the night of the 23d of October, 
and elected Robert Beverley, Esq., of Fauquier county, President ; 
F. T. Glasgow, of Richmond city, Vice-President, and the following 
gentlemen as members of the Executive Committee, in place of the 
four who had served their constitutional term : Norman V. Randolph, 
Richmond city; R. E. Blankenship, ditto; R. V. Gains, Charlotte 
county; Hugh C. Preston, Montgomery county. 

Col. A. S. Buford then presented and advocated in a very forcible 
manner a resolution calling on the Legislature of the State to make an 
adequate financial provision in aid of the Society aud of the agricul- 
ture of the State ; which resolution was adopted, with only one dis- 
senting voice. 

After the adjournment of the Society at a late hour of the night, 
Col. Beverley, chairman of the Farmers' Assembly which met at Char- 
lottesville in August and adjourned to this date, took the chair, and 
an address was delivered by Mr. Shaw, American Consul at Manches- 
ter, England, on the subject of immigration to Virginia. A vote of 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 62$ 

thanks was given to the honorable gentleman ; and further than this?- 
we have had no report of the proceedings of the Assembly. 

All the departments of the Fair were well represented. In Depart- 
ment I. we note the following premiums : 

Virginia slate, to J. R. Williamson & Co. Collection of Virginia woods r 
to Miller Manual Labor School. 

In Art; : — Painting in oil, to Mrs. W. H. Powers and Miss Annie 
Winston. Mechanical drawing, to Miller Manual Labor School. Other- 
drawings, $c, to Miss Belle Perkins, Miss Annie Winston, Miss I. C. 
Slaughter, Miss Marian Cook, and Mrs. Nellie W. Jones. Painting on 
china, to Mrs. L. L. Bass and Miss Fannie B. Young. 

Class 2. — Best Continental shipping tobacco, to S. D. Morton. Best 
English shipping tobacco, to Elijah Chatterton. Best sun-cured tobacco, 
to J. C. Young. 

Class 3. — Fruits, to Col. Norman Smith ; George Chamen, repre- 
sented by Mr. Hurt; J. B. Watkins, J. W. Porter, and H. C. Kendig. 
Domestic wines, to J. M. Blair and Christian & White, representing the 
wines of Albemarle county. Floral products, to John Laird and T. P. 
Hooper, professionals; and Mrs. E. T. Robertson and Mrs. M. E. Pil- 
cher, amateurs. Bees and honey, to C. H. Lake and J. W. Porter*. 
Ladies' fancy work: A very fine display, and premium recipients too' 
numerous to mention. 

Department II. — Class 1 : In this class the rules require that all 
crops offered for premiums shall be accompanied by a statement of cul- 
ture, soil, manuring, and yield. Messrs. G. B. Stacy and C. N. Stacy 
received the premium for the best acre of wheat; and the following is 
their statement, under the rules : 

Contest for best acre of wheat. 1884. Grown by George B. Stacy and 
Cephas N. Stacy, at Retreat farm, Amelia county, Va., four miles 
from Amelia Courthouse. 

Land was high and rolling, facing south ; rocky red ahd brown soil 
with rock red clay subsoil. In clover, and grazed by hogs in 1882,, 
but was not grazed very close. Plowed for tobacco in December, 1882;. 
twenty good two-horse loads farm-pen manure applied during Spring 
of 188c. Failed to get tobacco plants for tbe whole lot; this portion 
was not planted, and crab-grass grew very luxuriantly. Cut it with a. 
mower and raked it oft' in July, and plowed the land about five inches- 
deep in August; it was not well plowed, as the land was too dry, and 
rocky land is hard to plow in dry weather. Tbe Acme harrow was. 
then run over this lot eight or nine times in order to keep the grass 
under, but it was still too foul to drill and had to be worked up with 
a seven-tooth barrow and drag and the loose^grass and roots hauled 
off. On November 1st, one bushel of Ostery white wheat (which hadt 



624 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

been dipped in bluestone water and dried with Charleston rock) was 
sown with a Pennsylvania drill, using 200 pounds per acre of a home- 
made mixture of remnants consisting of kainit, Powell's chemicals, 
Charleston rock, hen-house manure, dirt, aud ashes. The seeding was 
regarded as imperfect, owing to the foul condition of the land. A log 
roller was run over the land both before and after seeding, and the 
land was left perfectly smooth, and was grazed very hard by sheep till 
March 1st, at which time hardly any wheat was visible. Timothy and 
weeds came up very thick and injured the stand, though in places the 
straw was five and a half feet high. The wheat was cut June 19th 
with a Buckeye Platform Twine Binder. The field was never gleaned, 
owing to scarcity of labor at harvest and to rains which set in soon 
after. Was put up in dozens and hauled to steam thresher and'sepa- 
rator from the dozens. The yield was 2,590 pounds, or 4:3^*-$ bushels 
of good wheat cleaned for market. Unfortunately,' six horses spent 
a night in the lot after the wheat was cut and injured the yield of the 
acre very materially. Had the land been gleaned and the horses not 
have gotten on it, the yield from the acre would have been nearly or 
quite fifty bushels. The heavy yield is attributed largely to the variety 
of wheat^*the Ostery ; and the attention of the committee is respect- 
fully called to the sample. Two bushels of it are on exhibition for the 
best two bushels white wheat. Respectfully submitted. 

G. B. Stacy, 
Cephas N. Stacy. 

Amelia Courthouse. October 20th, 1884. 

At the request of C. N. Stacy, Esq., of this county, I have measured 
Tiis prize acre which was in wheat this year, and find it contains 49.13 
square yards. Jos. B. Dunn. 

Sworn to before me this 21st October, 1884. Jerry L. Mann, J. P. 

Mr. Wm. Q. Lawrence was awarded the premium for the best crop 
■of hay, with the following statement : 

• Henrico county, Va., October 18th, 1884. 

The farm on which the acre of hay offered for premium was made, 
is situated in Henrico countj 7 , about four miles north of Richmond, 
and the acre is in the middle of a twenty-acre field. The soil is a 
gray loam on a clay subsoil, well underd rained with draining- tile. In 
1880 the land was plowed and manured with barnyard manure, at the 
rate of thirty cart-loads per acre. After being replowed, the land was 
planted in Irish potatoes, which yielded about three hundred bushels 
per acre. After harvesting the potato crop, the land was plowed and 
harrowed, and sowed by hand in orchard grass and clover seed at the 
^following cost per acre : 

To 1-|- bushels orchard grass, at $1.50, - - - $2 25 
J gallon clover seed, ------ 50 

1 two-horse team and driver, one day employed 

in plowing, harrowing, &c, - - - 2 50 

Total cost, - - - - $5 25 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER, 62$ 

In 1881, harvested a small crop of hay ofl' the field. In 1882, 
and also in 1883, harvested a fair crop. In January, 1884, top-dressed 
the field with stable mauure hauled from Richmond, at the rate of 
twenty-one horse- cart loads per acre, at a cost of 75c. per load, scat- 
tered on the field. May the 28th, cut the hay off" the above acre with 
a "Champion Mower," and after curing it housed it at an estimated 
cost of two dollars. 

SUMMARY. 

Cost of seed per acre, - - - - - $2 75 

" seeding crop per acre, - - - - - 2 00 

" manure " 15 00 

harvesting, - - 2 00 



Total cost per acre, - $21 75 

The above is a correct account of the expenses, &c, of seeding and 
harvesting one acre of hay, offered for premium at the Virginia State 
Agricultural Fair. Respectfully submitted, 

Wm. Q. Lawrence. 

Henrico county, Va.. May, 1884. 
I hereby certify that I surveyed for Mr. W. Q. Lawrence one acre 
of land, in one piece, the same standing in orchard grass and clover 
hay. T. Crawford Redd, Surveyor. 

Henrico county, Va., June 6th, 1884. 
"We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that we weighed the hay on 
the above acre, and found it amounted to five thousand eight hundred 
and two (5,802) pounds. John B. Ladd, 

Wm. K Ford, 
Henry Crenshaw. 

Mr. J. M. Lyneman was awarded the premium for the best acre of 
mangel wurzel, with the following statement: 

A patch of land, one acre in one piece, I planted with mangel wur- 
zel. The soil is of deep clay loam ; the previous crop was late potatoes, 
well manured. Plowed said land very deep, harrowed very fine ; then 
thrown up in lists three feet apart; then raked down, made drills in 
which sowed the seed three feet apart; when up thinned out to about 
eight inches apart in the row. Manured this patch of land with about 
forty tons of rotten cow and horse manure, broadcast, before plowing 
it; took about four pounds long red mangel wurzel seed at 50c. per 
pound ; had the same weeded with hands once, then coaltered the 
same between the rows three times during growth. The mangel wur- 
zel had already matured about the middle of July, before the drought 
set in. Expenses of manure and labor for working the same, $32.00. 
I t have them hauled up about the first part of October, put up in 
stacks, covered over with brush until they go through sweat; then put 
them in long trenches four and a half feet wide by eighteen inches 



626 OUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

deep, and cover over like turnip kilns, and they will keep all winter. 
They are excellent food for cows and hogs. There were sixty-five rows 
on said piece of land ; in hauling up, three rows filled a wagon that 
held a ton, making 21f ton to the acre. (See sample). 

Henrico county. Respectfully, J. M. Lyneman. 

Class 7. — Dr. John R. Woods, of Albemarle county, was given the 
first premium for a Virginia ham, and his process of curing, &c, is 
thus described: 

I cut out my hogs when the animal heat is out, and to one thousand 
pounds I apply about one bushel and a peck of salt. I put on the 
flesh side of my hams between a tea and a tablespoouful of saltpetre, 
before applying salt; if large, I take them up and resalt where needed, 
doing this sooner or later, depending on the weather, whether mild or 
cold. I hang up my hams in four or five weeks, before which I apply 
as much fine-ground black pepper as can be made to adhere to the 
flesh ; do not use any sugar or molasses. Light should be excluded 
from the house, especially during the fly season. Smoking should be 
done in damp weather, and a part of the time the wood should burn 
in a blaze to dry the meat somewhat, being particular in not having 
the fire too warm. If the meat in the fly season is given out after dark 
and before light in the morning, the pepper will be ample protection 
against the fly; but if the house is opened during the day, it may be 
necessary to use paper bags. ISTo one can have first-class hams without 
having the right sort of hogs. The common black hog furnishes ex- 
cellent hams, but the Berkshire, or Berkshire crossed with the black 
hog, makes as good as I ever saw. John R. "Woods. 

Best two bushels white wheat, to A. L. Sturges, of Henrico county. 

Best two bushels red wheat, to same. 

Best display of several kinds of cereal grain in head, to same. 

Best bag orchard-grass seed, to John Washington, Caroline county. 

Best bushel of white corn, to T. Lovelock, of Orange county. 

Best bushel of barley, to same. 

Best bushel of yellow corn, to F. Guy, of Chesterfield county. 

Best bale of Orchard grass, to W. Q. Lawrence, of Henrico county. 

Best bale of fodder, to same. 

Best bale of shucks, to same. 

Best bale of oats, to same. 

Department III. — This department may be summarized thus: There 
was the usual variety of farm machinery, mostly exhibited by our Rich- 
mond dealers — H. M. Smith & Co. and Ashton Starke. 

The steam plowing was a great attraction — the Geiser Company and 
the Frick, both of Waynesboro, Pa., using friction engines and gang- 
plows, and both doing good work nothwithstanding the drouth. 



1884.] SOUTHERN PLANTER. 627 

The Soutbside manufacturing Company of Petersburg exhibited a 
fine assortment of berry crates and baskets ; also an improved egg 
crate. It is hoped this new enterprise will prove a success, as our 
sweet-gum and poplar are specially adapted for this work. 

The model steam engine exhibited by the inventor, Mr. Anderson 
Cosby, a young Richmond mechanic, attracted much attention ; and 
his improved cut-off and reverse was highly commended. 

Messrs. J. W. Cardwell & Co., of Richmond, exhibited, among other 
machines, a hydraulic cotton press, in working order. 

Messrs. Watt & Call and the Dixie Plow Company, of Richmond, 
exhibited a large assortment of their goods. 

The Manvel wind-mill, exhibited by B. S. Williams & Co., of Kala- 
mazoo, Mich., in working order on the ground, seemed to be nearly 
perfect, as it was arranged to shut off the mill when the tank was full, 
with a watering-trough that kept full of water without overflowing, 
and a pump that could be unshipped in a moment and used as a hand- 
pump, with a valve to draw water directly from the well instead of 
tank. This mill is advertised in our columns, and obtained the blue 
ribbon as it deserved. 

Department V. — Horses : This department was pretty well repre- 
resented, and the premiums were principally awarded to Messrs. T. W. 
Doswell, Hanover ; Col. J. L. Carrington, Richmond city ; Capt. F. A. 
Dangerfield, Harrisonburg, Va., for his celebrated horse Sam Purdy; 
S. W. Ficklin, Albemarle; J. Alfred Jones, Richmond, and J. J. 
Maxon, Ohio. 

Department VI. — Cattle: Some very fine cattle were on exhibition, 
and the chief premiums went to the Blacksburg Agricultural College 
for Shorthorns; Dr. J. A. Reid, Orange county, ditto; J. Hoge Tyler, 
Wythe county, ditto; J. C. Trevelyan, Amelia county, ditto. 

The principal exhibitors and recipients of premiums on Devons were 
Dillard & Graves, B. F. Graves, and T. Lovelock, of Orange county, 
and J. C. Trevelyan, of Amelia county. 

Ayrshires were exhibited by S. A. Ellison, of Henrico, and received 
premiums. 

Jerseys were largely represented by Messrs. A. P. & M. B. Rowe, 
and Rowe & Taylor, of Spottsylvania ; Dr. J. G. Beattie, of Henrico, 
and took many premiums. 

The fat-stock class was represented by Col. R. H. Dulany, of Lou- 
doun; J. J. Maxon, of Ohio, and J. H. Lambert, of Richmond city. 

Department VII. — Sheep and swine: In the class of long-wool sheep, 
H. A. S. Hamilton, of Augusta county, was the largest exhibitor and 



628 SOUTHERN PLANTER. [December 

recipient of premiums; and the next were Dr. J. A. Reid & Brother, 
of Orange county. 

In fine wools, Col. S. S. Bradford, of Culpeper, as usual, carried off 
the majority of premiums, but was well accompanied by T. Lovelock., 
of Orange county. 

In middle wools, H. A. S. Hamilton, of Augusta; R. H. Dulany, of 
Loudoun ; Dr. John R. Woods, of Albemarle ; Col. S. S. Bradford, of 
Culpeper, and A. Palmer Morehead, of Orange, were the chief exhib- 
itors and winners of premiums. 

Swine: T. Lovelock, J. J. Maxon, J. A. Reid & Brother, S. W. 
Ficklin, and II. A. S. Hamilton had line specimens of hogs of different 
breeds, and all were awarded premiums. 

Department VIII. — Fowls and pigeons: This department was more 
completely filled than any on the grounds. We cannot go into details, 
but will mention some of the principal exhibitors and owners of pre- 
mium birds : J. J. Hollingsworth, Hanover couuty ; W. S. Blackburn, 
Henrico county; M. B. Rowe, Spottsylvania county; W. S. Gooch, 
Henrico county; E. M. Pendleton, Louisa county; C. H. Lake, Mary- 
land; T. B. Dorsey, A. T. Morris, J. P. Miller, T. Lovelock, Dr. Geo. 
B. Steel, C. H. McGruder, and E. H. Hutcherson. 

The plowing -match was the last feature of the Fair, but it attracted 
but little attention, because of the unfavorable condition of the land 
by reason of the drouth. * 

MANAGEMENT OF MILK. 

If we were asked what is the vital moment with milk, we would say, 
the hour after it comes from the cow. Milk, as it leaves the udder, is 
about 98 degrees Fahrenheit, and if poured in large cans, will retain a 
heat of over ninety for hours, if the weather is warm. Decomposition 
may be said to begin with milk the moment it leaves the udder, and 
there is nothing like heat to accomplish this. To avoid the danger, 
the only way is to cool the milk at once. Place the can in a trough or 
tub of fresh, cold water. If ice can be put in the water, all the better. 
If milk is to be kept over night to go to the factory in the morning, the 
above practice is imperative. The cool nights of the fall months are 
particularly misleading to dairymen. They think, because the nights 
are cool, there is no need for taking the trouble to cool the milk when 
first drawn from the cow. Mr. J. A. Smith, and old factory man, says 
this is a prolific cause of sour milk at the factory in the fall. No one 
should ever trust his own feelings as to the condition of the weather. 

Always consult the thermometer, but even the coldest •taights will 
not save the milk, if it is allowed to remain hot in the cans for any 
length of time. This does the damage ; and, like Humpty Dumpty, 
after the mischief is done, all the king's men cannot set Humpty 
Dumpty up again. — The Dairyman. 



18&4.] 



SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



629 



The Southern Planter. 



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EDITORIAL NOTES 



THE PRIZE ESSAY AND PRESIDENT 
BEVERLEY'S ADDRESS. 

We invite especial attention to two lead- 
ing articles in our present issue. The 
modest offer of a premium of $25, to be 
awarded by a committee named by the 
State Agricultural Society, by Mr. Joseph 
M. Blair, of this city, has awakened much 
interest in the very important subject of 
"Self-supporting Employment for the Wo- 
men of the South." More than seventy 
essays, covering more than 1200 pages of 
manuscript, came from nearly all the States 
of the Union. The report of the commit- 
tee states the difficulty of discrimination, 
and we hope to publish a number of spe- 
cial merit which were not so fortunate 
as to receive the premium. No subject is 
of greater importance and interest to the 
females of the South, and we trust that all 
who read the Planter will not consider the 
publication of these essays a departure 
from its legitimate line of work. 

The address of Robert Beverley, Esq., 
47 



President of the National Agricultural 
Congress, is full of force, and will commend 
itself to the agricultural people of the 
whole country. It is time that agriculture, 
which the old Greek philosopher, Xeno- 
phon, styled the "nursing mother of arts," 
and of which Sully, of the Roman School, 
said "tillage and pasturage are the two 
breasts of the State," has had more recog- 
nition under the constitutions and enacted 
laws of the country. Let the farmers, 
under the lead of such men as Beverley, 
press the subject. 



OUR SUBSCRIBERS 
Will note the bills which accompany this 
issue. We dislike to press this subject, 
but when arrearages extend to 3, 6, 9, 12, 
18, and 24 months they become an impor- 
tant question to us. whilst the small amount 
to each subscriber is a trifle. We say this 
in fact, as well as on a principle of justice. 
Subscribers who will not pay must be cut 
off, but their bills will be held against them. 
The Planter has enough paying subscribers 
to support it, but it does not wish to lose 
any, especially when the fact is recognized 
that the smallness of the sum and forget- 
fulness make causes for non-payment; but 
whatever these are, the Journal must be 
stopped to those who do not pay for it. 
Look out, therefore, for the January No., 
1885, and if not received, the reason will 
be obvious. 



MONITOR CORN-SHELLER. 
This is a cheap and convenient sheller 
for hand work. Will shell from five to ten 
bushels per hour by the work of a boy. 
They are handy to all farmers for mill-turns. 
The manufacturers' price is $5.00, but we 
will furnish them to subscribers only at this 
price, including one year's subscription to 
the Planter. When ordered they will be 
shipped directly from the factory. 



COMMUNICATIONS. 

We have an interesting article from Sir 

J. B. Lawes, Bart., Rothamsted, England, 

on the agricultural uses of plaster, but it 

is received too late for our present issue ; 



630 



SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



[December 



and we have other interesting articles which 
lie over for the same cause. It is necessary 
that communications to appear in any given 
month, must be in hand by the tenth of the 
preceding month. 

APPLES. 
We acknowledge the receipt of a basket 
of very large, beautiful, well tasted apples 
from Mrs. S. Corbia Wellford, of Moss 
Neck, King George county, Va. They are 
Fall apples, and evidently a very superior 
kind, and we regret that the name was not 
sent with them. Virginia is the State for 
fruits of nearly all kinds if her people will 
properly cultivate them. 



CLUBBING. 

We will club with the Montieello Farmer 
and Grape-Grower at $2.00 per annum for 
the two journals. Remittances may be 
made to us, or to Messrs. Peck & Allen, 
Charlottesville, Va. 

We will also club with the National Farm 
and Fireside, Baltimore, Md., at $1.50 per 
annum, and remittances may be made to 
us here, or to the Fireside in Baltimore. 



We return thanks to the President and 
Secretary of the Franklin Agricultural and 
Mechanical Society, Franklin, Va., for a 
complimentary ticket to their Fair, com- 
mencing 18th November, and regret that 
we were unable to attend, but will gladly 
publish any results of the Fair which may 
be sent to us. 



BOOKS AND MAGAZINES. 

How the Farm Pays. The Experiences of 
Forty Years of Successful Farming and 
Gardening. By the authors, William 
Crozier and Peter Henderson. New 
York : Peter Henderson & Co., Publish- 
ers, 35 and 37 Courtlandt street. 1884. 

We have from the publishers this inter- 
esting and valuable book, which is neatly 
bound in embossed cloth, is handsomely 
illustrated, and contains 400 pages octavo. 
It is difficult to speak of it in detail as it 
deserves. It treats of the farm and garden 
in all the aspects of education, manage- 
ment, manures, crops, cultivation, imple- 



j ments and machinery, live-stock, fruits, 
I &c. Every reading farmer should have a 
copy of it. 

Proceedings of the First AnnualSession 
of the Southern Immigration Associa- 
tion, held at Nashville, Tenn., March 
11, 12 and 13, 1884. A. J. McWherter, 
President, Nashville, Tenn.; S. EL Now- 
lin, Secretary, Little Rock, Ark. 

We are favored with this book of 352 
pages, octavo, by Robert Beverley, Esq., 
of Virginia, one of the vice-presidents, 
and hope soon to make some valuable ex- 
tracts from it. Among these is the address 
of Dr. M. G. Ellzey on Virginia, and that 
of the Hon. A. P. Butler, Commissioner 
of Agriculture of S. C, on the Phosphates 
of that State. 

Poultry for Profit. By P. H. Jacobs, 
Editor of Poultry-Keeper, &c, Chicago, 
Illinois. 

Thiti is an excellent little book, and a 
valuable manual on the farm and for the 
use of poultry fanciers. 

St. Nicholas for November. is a rich No. 

of this interesting journal. 

It is full of unique illustrations and read- 
ing matter, whilst its graver articles — such 
as "The First Convention of the Agassiz 
Association," "Ready for Business," — fur- 
nish profitable reading. 

The young people must look out for the 
year '85, when St. Ni< holas promises them 
a seriesof stories conveying useful lessons, 
named as follows: "His Own Fault;" 
"Driven Back to Eden;" "Talks for 
Young Folk;" "Davy and the Gob-Gob- 
lin ; " "Personally Conducted," &c. &c. 
Published by the Century Company, New 
York City, at $3.00 per year. 

We have the North American Review for 
December, current, which contains, among 
other valuable papers, "Labor and Capital 
before the Law," "Notes on Railway Man- 
agement," &c. A. ThorndikeRice, Editor, 
30 Lafayette Place, New York. Yearly 
subscription $5.00. 

Harper's Monthly for December(Christ- 
mas number) is unusually attractive. Its 
illustrations are very rich. The literary 
and artistic contents furnish a large and 



1884.1 



SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



631 



interesting variety. To be had of the 
"News Agencies/' or from the publishers, 
Harper & Brother, New York. 

The Popular Science Monthly for No- 
vember is a very valuable number. "The 
Future of the Negro in the South;" "The 
Oil Supply of the World," and other arti- 
cles, will be read with interest and profit. 
D. Appleton & Co., publishers, New York. 
$5.00 per annum, or $5.00 for same time, 
clubbed with the Planter. 

The Art Amateur is regularly received, 
and we have so frequently spoken of and 
commended it, especially to families which 
have a taste and fondness for art in the 
decoration of their homes, or for the occu- 
pation of leisure hours, that we know not 
what now to say, except to subscribe for it 
and keep it regularly on the centre-table 
of your sitting-room. 

Harper's Weekly, Bazaar, and Little 
People are also regularly with us, and so 
interesting and valuable are they that we 
cannot add a word to what we have fre- 
quently said of them. Address Harper 
Brothers, New York. 



REPORTS, &c. 
From the Department of Agriculture, 
Washington, "An Investigation of the Com- 
position sf American Wheat and Corn," 
by Clifford Richardson, Assistant Chemist ; 
also, " Report on Condition of Crops, Yield 
of Grain per Acre, and Freight-Rates of 
Transportation;" also, "Report of the 
Northern Sugar Industry and Record of its 
Progress during the Season of 1883." 

Georgia Crop Report for September, 
J. T. Henderson, Commissioner. 

Tennessee Crop Report for September, 
A. J. McWherter, Commissioner. 

We have the Catalogue of the "Spring- 
HillJersey Herd," which enumerates forty- 
four choice animals of different ages and 
sizes. Address M. B. Rowe, Fredericks- 
burg, Va., or John Washington, Woodford 
P. 0., Va. 

W. H. Moore, Agent for Newspapers and 
Magazines, Rockport, New York, sends us 
his Catalogue of Rates at which he will 



furnish the leading papers of the country 
at less than publishers single rates by his 
system of wholesale rates. He has fur- 
nished us a number of subscribers, and we 
find his dealings all right. 

We have the Catalogue for 1884-'85 of 
John S. Collins, Morristowo, N. J., who 
makes a specialty of Small Fruits ; but 
he adds some desirable varieties of grapes, 
pears, &c. Mr. C's stock has heretofore 
been advertised in the Planter. 



NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. 

The Newark Machine Company, adver- 
tised in our columns, have removed their 
works from Newark, Ohio, to the large Gill 
Car-Worka at Columbus, Ohio, which have 
been refitted with new machinery for the 
construction of the Victor Clover-Hullers, 
Grain-Drills, Hay-Rakes, Fanning-Mills, 
and Feed-Cutters. 

Musical (from the Boston KveningTrav- 
eller). — The Knabe Piano, which has such 
a wide popularity, is considered by many 
experts to be superior in every way to 
any other piano in the world. The success 
of this piano has only been attained by 
years of careful study, and the Knabe, 
with its excellent singing qualities, its great 
power, the elasticity of touch, and superior 
workmanship, is justly the favorite. 

We call the attention of our readers to 
the Enterprise Meat- Choppers advertised 
in our present issue. The demand for these 
Choppers has attained such immense pro- 
portions that the manufacturers, as we are 
informed, have been compelled to largely 
increase their facilities for making them, 
and we are assured that they are now being 
turned out at the rate of 2,500 per week, 
150 hands being steadily employed on them. 
There can be no doubt as to the excellence 
of these Choppers. We have used chop- 
pers in our family for forty years, and none 
used in that time are comparable to this. 
We speak from an experience of a year, 
which fully satisfies us. 

Joseph M. Blair, of this city, renews 
his advertisement in a very attractive form, 
and offers the choicest selection of family 
groceries, wines and liquors. We can from 



632 



OUTHERN PLANTER. 



[December 



experience recommend the family groceries 
of this house to our city friends ; and also 
assure our country readers that they can 
buy from Mr. Blair the best of articles, at 
fair prices, and that their orders by mail 
will receive prompt attention. 

Dillakd & Graves, well known breeders 
of thoroughbred stock, are worthy of pa- 
tronage. Read their advertisement. 

Joseph Rball. 32 Park Row, New York 
City, offers for sale thoroughbred Jersey 
Bulls. 

Alex. Peoples & Co.. well known breed- 
ers of hogs, and constant advertisers in the 
Planter, have changed their firm-name to 
W. VV. Gibbons & Co., West Chester, Pa. 

The University of Virginia renews its 
advertisement for one year. It is now the 
leading educational institution in theUnited 
States. 

John Saul, Florist, Washington. D. C, 
is a leader in his business, and no one is 
more worthy of trust and confidence. 

W. H. Rowland, *Villcox Wharf, Charles 
City county, offers a valuable farm for sale. 
This is a good opportunity for an immi- 
grant who wants a good Virginia farm. 

Mrs. Vaoghan offers for sale a desirable 
place in the suburbs of Petersburg, Va. 
We invite especial attention to it. 

A. W. Stevens & Son, Auburn, N. Y., 
manufacturers of first-class farm engines, 
threshers, French buhr-milU, power corn- 
shellers, &c. 

Mason & Hami.in Organ Company, 'Bos- 
ton, New York, and Chicago, are leading 
manufacturers in their line. 

Livingston & Co., Pittsburgh, Penn- 
sylvania, renew (heir advertisement of the 
Monitor Corn-Sheller. This is a handy 
sheller for "mill turns," and can be oper- 
ated by a boy at the rate of five to ten 
bushels per hour. The price is $5.00, and 
we have agreed to accept several of the 
shellers in payment for their advertise- 
ment. We will, therefore, furnish one of 
the shellers for $5.00 and the Planter for 
one year; or, we will give one of them to 
any one who will send us ten subscriptions 
at our regular price of $1.25. 



Attention is called to the ad. of Ur. C- 
R Cullen, who advertises Alderney heifers 
and cows for sale or exchange (high-grade), 
and other improved stock. 

The De Laval Jersey Herd, Glen Ridge, 
N. J. (near Newark) offers registered Jersey 
bulls of the best breeding, of ages ranging 
from three months to three years, at prices 
within the reach of every farmer, and of 
strains of blood that will suit the most fas- 
tidious breeder. Those wishing bulls to 
head their herds or to improve their strains 
of blood, and farmers who wish to raise 
the value of native or other stock by a cross 
with the Jersey, will find this an excellent 
opportunity. Females of all ages are also 
offered . 

Christian & White, of this city, are too 
well known to need commendation from us. 
With a large city trade they offer induce- 
ments to their country friends. They have 
recently refitted their store in an attractive 
and convenient manner. See their adver- 
tisement. 



HOME IIBUSTBT1 



DIXIE SHIRTS! 

"agsme }} drawers 

FINE DRESS SHIRTS a specialty. 

UNDERWEAR of all kinds ready made 
or to measure at short notice. Write for 
prices and printed blanks for self-measure- 
ment. We employ the most experienced 
cutters and skilled operators. We use the 
most improved steam machinery in our 
factory. 

We guarantee the quality and fit of every 
garment that goes from our factory. Cor- 
respondence solicited. 

H. T. MILLER & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS, 

Cor. Ninth and Main Sts., Riclimond, Va. 

[oct ly] 



Robust Health A Safeguard, 



Is not always enjoyed by those who seem 
to possess it. the taint of corrupted 
blood may be secretly undermining the 
constitution. In time," the poison will cer- 
tainly show its effects, and with all the more 
virulence the longer it has been allowed 
to permeate the system. Each pimple, sty, 
boil, skin disorder and sense of unnatural 
lassitude, or languor, is one of Nature's 
warnings of the "consequences of neglect. 

Ayer's Sarsaparilla 

Is the only remedy that can be relied upon, 
in all cases, to eradicate the taiutof hered- 
itary disease and the special corruptions 
of "the blood. It is the only alterath e 
that is sufficiently powerful to thoroughly 
cleanse the system of Scrofulous and 
Mercurial impurities and the pollution 
of Contagious Diseases. It also neu- 
tralizes the poisons left by Diphtheria 
and Scarlet Fever, and enables rapid 
recuperation from the cnfeeblement and 
debility caused by these diseases. 

Myriads of Cures 

Achieved by Ayer's Sarsaparilla, in 
the past forty years, are attested, and there 
is no blood disease, at ail possible of cure, 
that will not yield to it. Whatever the 
ailments of this class, and wherever found, 
from the scurvy of the Antic circle to the 
"veldt-sore*" of. South Africa, this rem- 
edy has afforded health to the sufferers 
by whom it was employed. Druggists 
everywhere can cite numerous cases, with- 
in their personal knowledge, of remark- 
able cures wrought b\ it, where all other 
treatment, had been unavailing. People 
will do well to 

Trust Mothing Else 

than Ayer's Sarsaparilla. Numerous 
crude mixtures are offered to the public 
as "blood purifiers," which only allure 
the patient with the pretense of many 
cheap doses, and with which it is folly to 
experiment while disease is steadily be- 
coming more deep-seated and difficult of 
cure. Some of these mixtures do much 
lasting harm. Bear in mind that the only 
medicine that can radically purify the 
vitiated blood is 

Ayer's Sarsaparilla, 

PREPARED BY 

Dr. J. C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Mass. 

Sold bv all druggists ; price $1, 
'six bottles for 85. 



The fatal rapidity with which slight 
Colds and Coughs frequently develop 
into the gravest maladies of the throat 
and lungsVis a consideration which should 
impel every prudent person to keep at 
hand, as a household remedy, a bottle of 
AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL. 

Nothing else gives such immediate relief 
and works so sure a cure in all affections 
of this class. That eminent physician, 
Prof. F. Sweetzer, of the Maine Medical 
School, Rnmswick, Me., says: — 

"Medical science has produced no other ano- 
dyne expectorant so good as Ayer's Ceerby 
Pectoral. It is invaluable for diseases of the 
throat and lungs." 

The same opinion is expressed by the 
well-known Dr. L.J. Addison, of Chicago, 
111., who says : — 

"I have never found, in thirty-five yeare of 
continuous study and practice of medicine, any 
preparation of so great value as Ayer's Cherry 
Pectoral, for treatment of diseases of the 
throat and lungs. It not only breaks up colds 
and cures severe coughs, but is more effective 
than anythins else in relieving eveD the most 
serious bronchial and pulmonary affections." 

AYER'S 

Cherry Pectoral 

Is not a new claimant for popular confi- 
dence, but a medicine which is to-day 
savin? the lives of the third generation 
who have come into being since it wiw 
first offered to 1 he public. 

There is not a household in which this 
invaluable remedy has once been in- 
troduced, where its use has ever been 
abandoned, and there is not a person 
who has ever given it. a proper trial 
for any throat or lung disease suscep- 
tible of cure, who has not been made 
well bv it. 

AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL has, 
in numberless instances, cured obstinate; 
cases of chronic Krotich.it is, Larnygitis, 
and even acute Pneumonia, and has 
saved many patients in the earlier stages 
of Pulmonary Consumption. It is a 
medicine that onlv 11 quires to lie taken in 
small doses, i-i ] leasan! i<< the taste, and is 
ii'' •'■ 1 i.i every house where there are 
children, ns tVrc i; nothing so good as 
AYER'S( HERRY Pi< TO RAL for treat- 
ment of Croup and Whooping Cough. 

These are all plain facts, which can be 
verified by anybody, and should be re- 
membered by ever;, body. 

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral 

PREPARED BY 

Dr. J. C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Maes 
Sold bv all drnsrjrists. 



JOSEPH M. BLAIR, 



-IMPORTER AND DEALER IN- 



FANCY 



GROCERIES 




FINE TEAS AND WINES 



>*o:* Msiin Street (P«ee Block), 



RICHMOND, VIRQINIA, 
SAMPLES AND PRICES FURNISHED UPON APPLICATION. 



HIGGIN'S EUREKA ENGLISH HIGH GRADE 



DAIRY AMD TABLE 



SALT 



Has no equal for Parity, Strength, Flavor, Uniform Grain of Crystal, Keeping Qual- 
ity. Perfect Dryness and Cheapness. Butter and Cheese salted with it carried the High- 
est Premiums over everything else, wherever put in competition. The Queen of Eng- 
land uses it. Hotels and Families should use no other. Salt is the cheapest article in 
the household. Why not use the best? 



& 



-FOR. SALE :B~X"- 



Importers aM Dealers in Fancy Groceries, 



RICHMOND, VA. 



[dec ly] 




BUY IT BECAUSE IT IS THE BEST. Send for Circular, j 

H, C. STAVER IMPLEMENT CO. 31 N. Canal St. ch.caco, , ll . 

Messrs. H. C. Stuver Implement Co., Chicago, 111.: Wichita, Kas., May 21, 1884. 

Gentlemen, — Your favor of the 20th instant, asking a testimonial for Buckeye Feed Mills, in reply will 
say out of over 30 Buckeye Grinders sold by me, not one has failed to give satisfaction. They are the best 
Grinder I have ever sold, and I anticipate a very large trade in them the coming Fall and Spring. I don't 
believe as many as three grinders of all other makes have been sold in Wichita since I commenced selling 
the Buckeye. Respectfully, J. A. Wallace. 

W PLANET jr^TOWoT 3 ^ 




elle 



i the IJeld 



lipetltn 



- .-'-'•tM 



A' lately introduced 
has distanced chat <>t' al! 

the work of four or five old-style implements, and in others s npa 
ceding the cumbersome and expensive two-hors.- tools. The ** PLACET 
JK" HAND 8EED-0KELLS AM) WHEEL. HOES are the 
newest and best, lighten ;ni>i strongest known. There are ? distinct tools, \ 
each wirii special merits, no two alike or the same price : all practical and 
labor-saving. Let no Parmer or Garde ner fail to ~tu.lv up during the ' 
winf-r ev. -mn2- "ur 1 H*5 CATALOGUE, which gives reduced prices, 
careful and exact engrarings of these different machines, and such descrip- 
tions as will enable the reader to judge correctly of their merits. Thirty t 
pages and rortj engravings. Free to all. Correspondence solicited. | 

S. L. Allen & Co,, Mfrs,, 127 & 129 Catharine St,,Phik„ Pa. 




[dec 4t] 



PERMANENT PORTABLE FENCE 




The Cleveland Patent, with Powell Improvement, the cheapest and best Fence. 

The Cleveland Patent, consists in supporting the panels by and between short stakes, 
driven into the earth, and standing in pairs, each pair being inclined towards each other 
at right angles; the heads of the stakes are bound together by wires, and the projecting 
ends of the lengthwise boards of the panels lap past each other, and rest on the binding 
wire between the stakes. A stake, driven in the centre of each panel, keeps the bottom 
firm ; the opposite sides make the Fence strong and durable. The Fence is easily and 
cheaply constructed, and can be changed from one place to another with ease and dis- 
patch. To form a passage-way. anv panel may be removed, and thus a permanent Fence 
may be dispensed with. For information, and State, County or Farm rights, apply to 
novtf S. POWELL, Keysville, Charlotte Co., Va. 



THE SCIENCE OF LIFE. ONLY $1. 

BY MAIL POSTPAID. 




KNOW THYSELF. 



A Great Medical Work on Manhood. 

Exhausted Vitality, Nervous and Physical Debili- 
ty, Premature Decline io Man, Errors of Youth, and 
the untold miseries resulting from indiscretion or 
excesses A book for every man, young, middle- 
aged and old. It contains 125 prescriptions lor all 
acute and chronic diseases, each one of which is in- 
valuable. So found by the Author, whose expe- 
rience for twenty-three years is such as probably 
never before fell to the lot of any physician. 300 
pages, bound in beautiful French muslin, embossed 
covers, full gilt, guaranteed to be a liner work in 
every sense — mechanical, literary and professional — 
than any other work sold in this country for $2.50, 
or the money be refunded in every instance. Price 
only $1 by mail, postpaid. Illustrative sample, 6 
cents. Send now. Gold medal awarded the author 
by the National Medical Association, to j he officers 
01 which he refers. 

This book should oe read by the young for instruc- 
tion, and by the afflicted for relief. U will benefit 
all. — London Lancet. 

There is no member of society to whom this book 
will not be useful, whether youth, parent, guardian, 
instructor or clergyman — Argonaut. 

Address the Peabody Medical Institute, or Dr. 
W. H. Parker, No. 4 Bulfinth Street, Boston, Mass., 
who may be consulted on all diseases requiring skill 
and experience. chronic and obstinate diseases that 
have baffled the skill of all ■ » p A 1 other 
physicians a specialty. Such W I K™ J*^ u tr eat- 
ed successfully without ^p IB \/C* P I P 
an instance of failure. I si I VVkbT 
Mention this paper. ap ly 




W. C. SMITH, 

Manufacturer of 

Carriages, Buggies, 

CARTS AND WAGONS. 

Substantial work at lowest prices. Re- 
pairing of all kinds done promptly. A 
call solicited. 
Factory, 314 N. Pifth St., Richmond Va. 



PATENTS 



Hafld-BookFREE. 

R. S. & A. P. LACEY. 

Patent Att'ys, Wasr'ngton, D. C 



THOROUGHBRED 

SHORTHORN CATTLE, 

MERINO SHEEP and BERKSHIRE 
PIGS. Bred and for sale, at moderate 
prices, by S. S. BRADFORD, 

ja 1 — ly Culpeper, Va. 



Smitlinight's Asthma 
and Hay Fever Rem- 
edy. Sold under posi- 
tive guaranty. Sample Free. L. SMITH- 
NIGHT, Cleveland, 0. jy6t 



ASTHMA 




FILLERS and FARMERS 

if|\ Send for new catalogue of onr Water 
Wheels and Milling Machinery. Sim- 
plest and cheapest in Uk market. Writa 
m ns before tin ving-. A.A.DeLoach & Bro., 
tftS^Alentioii this paper. Atlanta, Ga. 



JERSEY RED HOGS. 

Males frotn four to twelve months, $6 to* 
$20. Sows in pigs, 150 pounds weight and 
upward, $12 to $20. Pigs, 84 each, two- 
months old. C. R. CULLEN, 

oc£t 1305 Main St., Richmond, Va. 

H. 15. Magruder, Pres. O KEIERSON, Sec. & Tr„ 

R. T. W. Duke, V. Pres. O. Arnand, Supt. 

Monticello Wine Co. 

Monticello Wine Company makes abso- 
lutely PURE GRAPE WINES AND 
BRANDY. 

Norton's Virginia, Clinton, Ives, 
Virginia Claret (Concord) Del- 
aware and Catawba. 
Address the Company, or 

OSCAR REIERSON, Sec, 
sep 6t Cnarlottesville, Va- 




Address, TAYLOR MFC. CO. 

e Mention this Paper.) Chumbcr»bur£. 



my ly — alt 



sep 'it 



GOLD 



lor the working cla>s. Send 10 cents 
for postage, and we will mail you free 
a royal valuable box of sample goods. 
_ that will put you in the way of mak- 
ing more money in a few days than you ever thought 
possible at any business. Capital not required. We 
will start you. You can work all the time, or in 
spare time' only The work is universally adapted 
to both sexes, young and old. You can easily earn 
from 50 cents to 85 every evening. That ail who- 
want work may test the business, we make this un- 
paralleled offer: to all who are not well satisfied we 
will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing us. 
Full particulars, directions, etc., sent free. Fortunes 
will be made by those who give their whole time to 
the work. Great success absolutely sure. Don't de- 
lay. Start now. Address Sti.nson J: < O., Portland, 
Me. fc ^ 



Send for 
Cataloj 
and 
Prices 




ATI A Q ENGINE 
A I LAd WORKS 



. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., U. S- A. 

% MANUFACTURERS OF 

M STEaM EWGIWES& BOiLE HS 

^Carry Engines and Boilers in Stock «Hj|ft 
¥ for immediate delivery. 




jy i2t 



Franklin Davis. 



Edward H. Bissell. 



RICHMOND NURSERIES. 
FRAKfELIN DAVIS «£ CO. 

400 Acres in Nursery Stock ! 100 in Orchards ! 100 in Small Fruits ! 

We offer to our customers an immense stock of ATPLES, PEACHES, CHERRIES, 
APRICOTS, GRAPES, &c — all the standard sorts. Also, the new varieties of 
FRUITS, ORNAMENTAL TREES. SHRUBS, ROSES, &c. Wholesale and Retail. 
To dealers we can offer stock on favorable terms, and the best facilities for packing and 
shipping. Catalogues mailed on application. 

FRANKLIN DAVIS & CO., 

Office : 1013 Main St., RICHMOND, VA. 



sep 6t 





HARNESS THE WIND 

BY "USING THE 

MANVEL 



WIND ENGINE 



Used by Fanners. Dairymen, Hotels. Private Residences, or any place 
where a water supply is required. Years of experience, a specialty of 
wind mills, with our trained mechanics, enables us to contract to deliver 
water from wellor springto any desired point. Automatic ill Action, 
Simple in Construction. Noiseless in its Work. A servant 
requiring reither food, fuel nor instructions. Will it Pay? Do you want water deliv- 
ered at the home through milk tank to the stock. Write, giving nature of work you 
want done, to B. S WILLIAMS & CO., Kalamazoo, Mich. 

C. F. MYER"?. Fiaherville, Augusta Co.. Va Aug— 6t. 



THE BEST 




WASHER 

We will guarantee the " EO VEEE " WASHER, to do better 

work and do it easier a-:d in less time than any other machina 

in the world. Warranted five years, and if it don't wash tha 

clothes clean without rubbing, we will refund the money. 

AGENTS WANTED&EffiS 

FROOF that Agents are mating from S75 to S150 per 
month. Farmers make $200 to $DC0 duri ng the winter. La- 
dies have gTeat success selling th:3 Washer. Retail pricoonly 
S3. Sampleto those desiring anagencyS2. AlsotheCele- 
brated KEYSTONE WRINGERS at manufacturers- 
lowest price. We invite the strictest Investigation. Send 
your address on a postal card for further parccuiara. 

LOYELL WASHER CO., EftiE, Pa. 



nov t;t — alt 



A FRAGRANT BREATH. 



3MEEABE & BAKER'S 



An essential requisite for the Toilet. Heals all 
diseases of the Gums. Disinfects decayed Teeth. 
An excellent gargle for Sore Throat. A delicious 
and fragrant Mouth Wash. Purines the breath. 
Prepared only by 

T ROBERTS BAKER, Pharmacist, 

919 east Main street, Richmond, Va. 

Price, 50 cents a bottle. 

Caution Beware of worthless imitations of style 

of wrapper, bottle and label. Ask for Meade & Ba- 
ker's, and take no other. no3t 



NlAlHOG CH OLERA; CUm 

8- IS XHE;0'N£y.>ABSbtUTE\CUBE^F,OR 
" n 6 .... CHOLERA-ilTCOMPLETEtYfERADICATES 
■IE' DISEASE. \AND-,FAT\TENSlWOGS. 
'-.CURES 'CH1CKE. : IICUERA.. r 

~ " i >t^^ T ,f, iX ¥S? T louTHi amp ifesr- 



NORFOUK.VA 



p m wjm as v/EttiA^^- 

je ly 



Peter J. Crew. 



Thos. L. Eodes, 



P. J. CREW & CO., 

DIXIE SOAP WORKS, 

113, 115, 117 Seventeenth street, 
RICHMOND, VA. 

All the srandard varieties of Laundry Soaps For 
the past five years we have sold an article of Soft 
Soap which is highly recommended as a remedy for 
Hog Cholera by General W. 0. Wickbam and others. 

no3t 

A. B. CLARKE & SON, 

Hardware, Cutlery, 

Carriage and Wagon Goods. 
1540 Main Street, RICHMOND. VA 
The largest stock of Carriage Goods in 
the State. Prices lowest. no 3t 



ri> not Poisonous or Corrosive. War- 
' rtuiteu to cure SCAB. Mixes perfectly 
with C'OIiD WATER.. « (e to use li 
n)LDE«iTniS, rt WEATHER. It is a sure 
n" (7.111, I li Skin Diseases, I n sec t 
pT., .,,,,1 UUi-li Worms o! domestic am- 

bE^sspeks WATERS 

keep It. in the Household, >I « I UH destroys 
all bad smells. No infectious maRidy can 
exist where tuis Dip is employed as a lJisiu- 
lettaiit. For its various uses in detail, ami 
piicrs. Bend postage stamp to 

T. W. LAWF03D, Cen'l Agent, 

ana E. Chase St.. Baltimore, Md. 
[aug tf] 



w r troys 

DIP 



CENTRE WAREHCUSE. 

Cary Street, bet. 14th and 15th. 

Chas. D. Hill Sl Co., 

Proprietors. 

THE SALE OF LOOSE TOBACCO 

A SPECIALTY. 

Good stables for teams. Good accommodations for 
customers. Good Fires. Everything comfortable. 
Sales prompt. Full market prices guaranteed. 

no 3t 



Real Estate Agent, 

P. O. Box 216, CHARLOTTESVILLE, yA. 

Buyers of Real Estate are directed by this Agency 
to the very greatlv favored sections of Virginia, em- 
bracing the Piedmont counties, the James River 
Vallev west, of Richmond, and the Valley of Virginia 
aud West Virginia contiguous to the great C. & O. 
Railway. DOLIN'S LAND ADVERTISER free. 

Correspondence solicited with buyers and sellers 
of Real Estate. flQ^Enclose postage stamp. 



fc«eS-PEAR HEADOUARTERS1* 
^O-EACH "ad oth<.v>KUIT TREES, k 

9MmWM3M^§ MaSSIo 1 ! 11 * 
wm9 EARLY CLUSTER!' 

TaH-yctTRRAXTS, && KTCatalogur.frci 
mk^s J. 8. COLIANS, Moorestown. N. J. 

oc 7t 




18?3-tSS4. 




T!iE LARGEST b a A d ut¥I^ 

KAKIiY PEAlt. Ripening m 
Central x<evv Yorku rbj in July, and 
Sells at Htgius I'ric-s. Send for /us- 
m -./of Orieinfi' Tree » lOOyrs. 
old. !"«" Headquarters for 
Riefler Pears, Parry Straw- 
herrlss. Wilson, Jr., Blackberries, 

Marlboro Raspberries. Grapes. 

WM PARRY, PARRY P.O., N. Ji 



WANTED ! 



Every Farmer and 
Grain Dealer to 
send $1 for sample 
of our Wooden Blade Grain and Potato 
Scoop. Nothing equal to it for shoveling 
grain, sipides. potatoes &c It does not 
cut the fruit like an ordi' ary steel scoop. 
Sent to ap.y tiddress upon receipt of SI. 00. 
For descriptive circulars and terms to 
agents, address B. Rowland & Co., Frank- 
ford, Philadelphia Pa. no 3t 

Revolvers. 

Rifles, 

Etc! 




W 0D 



, Address 
Great Western 
Gun Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 



sep 5t 



YOU CAN MAKE MONEY XZ? 

business, address FiNLEY, GRANT & Co., New Orleans, La. 



Farm Grist Mills and Shelters. 



OVER 30,000 NOW IN USE. 

Every machine is warranted to suit, or money 
refunded. 

PRICE OF MILLS, $20 TO $40. 
SHELLERS, $5. 

Do not buy a mill or sheller until you have seen our terms and illustrated Circular. 

Address, with stamp, LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, 

dec St PITTSBURGH, PA. 






s&ir&'t ww 



mm ^b> mm ^^ mm *e 
"W ASH 1 1ST Q- T03ST, 

offers a fine stock of the following: New Pears 



The undersigned offers a fine stock of the following: New Pears, New Peaches, New Cherries, New 
Grapes, New Strawberries, &c, Fruit Trees of all kinds. 

An extensive stock, viz. : Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Apples, suitable to the South, frc. Grape Vines, 
Strawberries. Raspberries, &c, new sorts Evergreens, kew Ornamental Trees, New Shrubs, &c, Small sizes, 
suitable for Nurserymen, as well as large stock in great variety. 

DUTCH BULBS — Large importations direct from the leading growers in Holland. First quality Bulbs, 
Hyacinths, Lilies, Tulips, &c. New and rare Greenhouse Plants, Winter Blooming Plants. 

NEW ROSES — Bennett's Hybrid Teas, Queen of Bedders, New French and English Roses, &c 

4S* Everything at low rate>. Catalogues mailed to applicants. 



no 6t 



JOHN SAUL, Washington, D. C. 



Corner of Ninth and Grace St., Richmond, Va. 



STRICTLY FIRST-CLASS IN ALL ITS APPOINTMENTS 



This Hotel fronts upon the beautiful Capitol Park — the most elevated, central and 
fashionable portion of the city. 

TERMS; $2.00 AND $2.50 FEU SAY. 

STEPHEN HUNTER, - - Proprietor. 



OTlTlEillff @fi VI] 

The Session begins on the FIRST OP OCTOBER, and continues until the Thursday 
before the fourth day of July ensuing. 

The Institution is organized in separate Schools on the Eclectic Svstem, embracing 
FULL COURSES OF "INSTRUCTION IN LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, and in 
the PROFESSIONS OF LAW, MEDICINE, 

ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE. 

THE EXPENSES of the student (except such as enter the practical laboratories) ex 
elusive of the cost of text-books, clothing and pocket money, a e from $356 to $391, ac- 
cording to Schools selected; or, for those who economize by messing, these expenses 
are from (286 to $300. No charge for tuition candidates for the ministry unable to mee 
the expense. 

Apply for Catalogues to W. A. Winston, Secretary. P. 0. University of Virginia, Al- 
bemarle county, Va. JAMES F. HARRISON, M. D., Chairman of the Faculty. 

dely 



rURCELL HOUSE, Norfolk, Va. 

Conveniently located and all modern improve- 
ments. PHILIP F. BROWN & BRO., Prop'rs. 



Blue Ridge Springs, 7a., 

BOTETOTJKT CO., VA. 

The celebrated Dyspepsia Water and charming 
summer resori. 
jetl PHIL. F. BROWN. 



$66 



a week at home. $5 outfit free. Pay 
absolutely sure. No risk. Capital not 
required. Reader, if you want business 
at which persons of either sex, young or 
old, cau make great pay all the time they work, with 
absolute certainty, write for particulars to H. Hal- 
lett & Co , Portland, Me. fe ly 



DEDERSCK'S HAY PRESSES. 



the customer 

keeping the one 

that suits 




Order on trial, nddress for circular and location oi 
Western and Southern Storehouses and Agents. 
. P. K. DGDEFclCK & CO., Albany, K. Y. 

myly 




723 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 
Chas L. Steel, M. D., D. D. S., Assistant. 
oct ly 



Chester White, Berkshire 
aud Poland-! hina Pigs, 
Fine Setter Dogs. Scotch 
Collies, Fox Mounds. Bea- 
b, g'.es bred and for sale by 
38P W. (ilBBONs & CO., West 
Chester, Chester county, Pa. Send stamp for circu- 
lar and price-list, fe ly 



Established 1883. 




THE ONLY ONE IN VIRGINIA! 



Subscribe lor the 



Virginia Live Stock 

AND 

Poultry Journal, 

A large 20-page Monthly, ably edited, 
well illustrated, large circulation, national 
in character, and only 50 cents per 
year. Sample copy, 10 cents. It offers 
great inducements to advertisers. Address 

JOURNAL PRINTING CO., 
maytf Box 0, Louisa, Va. 



BEST HOLIDAY GIFT 




A VALUABL E GIF T. 
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f OmB/t/OCeM/srANOARDi 
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DKMSON'S 

PATENT REFERENCE INDEX. 

c 

The Tatest edition lias 3000 more Words in its 
vocabulary than are. found in any other Am. Dict'y 
and nearly 3 times the number of Engravings. 
G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., Pub'rs, Springfield, Mass. 

de It 




BRADLEY BUTTER BOXES 

The sweetest; cheapest ano must attractive 
small butter package cvit offered. Butler sells 
quicker and brings lx*uei' pricey i'or family trade 
than iu any other |w('ka}re, Send lor descriptive 
price list. C1IAS. I'. HIT.I.AKI) <k CO., 280 
MichiK.in.St., CHICAGO. 

dec tf 




Blbs.Wg't 

f two OHIO IMPROVED 
ESTER HOCSI 

Send for description of this 

famous breed. Also Fowls. 

L. B.3!LVER,Cleveland,0. 




oc 3t 



A. B. FABQUHAR, manufacturer, York, Pa. 

»b»d »oe -j FARQUHAR'S IMPROVED SEELEY PATEKT 
Illustrated "Saji ContinoonR Hay and Straw 
Catalogue. /nT*^-*. PKES8ES. 



a. £ 




Steam Engines and Raw Mills a Specialty. 




Send for Catalogue 

MENTION THIS PAPER 

Tested and Endorsed toy ioo Agricultural Journals. 

Farm and Fireside. Oct. 1. says : "The test was made on a piece of the touprhest beef to be 
found, and the result was that each editor immediately ordered an Enterprise Machine for] 
his family use, all agreeing- that they would rather pay the price asked for that Machine than j 
to carry any other home as a gift." 




MCHLESS"- 

ORGANS 

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'MUSICIANS GENERALLY REGARD THEM AS UNEttUALLED "-THEODORE THOMAS, 



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r ' f S £.l','" SI union sa. 



Sawing Made Easy. 

MONARCH LIGHTNING SAWING MACHINE 

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For logging camps, wood-yards, farmers getting out 
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Tlummnds wt<l pearly, A boy of 16 can saw logs fast and 
easy. Immense saving of labor and money. Write 
for elegantly Illustrated catalogue in 6 brilliant colors, 
also brilliantly illuminated poster in 5 colors. All fi-ee. 

Agents Warned. Biff money mtide <iui'kly. 

MONARCH HFG CO, , t A) 206 State St. , Chicago, EL 
OC 6t 

Send Ten Cents and get. a sample 
copy of the 

Southern Poultry Guide 

A monthly journal devoted exclusively to 
Fancy Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock. It 
is interesting to both old and young, and 
should be read by every one interested in 
the improvement of poultry. To adverti- 
sers it offers extra inducements. The cir- 
culation is large, and it is the only journal 
of the kind published in this part of the 
Southern States. The subscription price is 
only $1.00 per year. Address 

E. B. McARTHUR & CO., 
tf Meridian, Miss. 

C. LUMSDEN & SON, 

823 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 

Fine Watches, Jewelry, 

Clocks, Spectacles, Wedding Rings, &c. 
[ap ly] 

Great Northern and Southern Nursery. 

Catalogues Gratis. — Showing how and what 
to plant, with much valuable information. For Fall 
of 1884, my stock will be lull and unusually fine. 
A full line of Peaches and extra long keeping Ap- 
ples, Keifer and Leconte Pears, Japan Persimmons, 
Reas Mammoth and Champion Quince, Small Fruits. 
Ornamental Trees, Fruit-tree Seedlings Grafts put 
up to order, and all stock usually found in a first- 
class Nursery. Prices low for reliable stock. 
au6t Randolph Peters, Wilmington, Del. 

G0RD0KSV1LLE FEMALE COLLEGE 

GORDONSVILLE, VA. 

Seventh Session begins ahout the middle of Sep- 
tember, 1884. Located in the finest climate in the 
State. Mountain air, but free from the severe 
changes of the more elevated regions. 

A full faculty, thorough instruction, good fare. 

Charges very moderate. For catalogue address 
Prof. J. WADE SHELBURNE, Principal. 

T. H. Blenus, Ass. Principal. jy tf 



THE^NEWIENGLISH COMPANY, 



Sale and. Purchase of Land in Virginia, 

Have many enquiries for the purchase of 
farms and real estate, and have already 
made extensive sales at good prices. Those 
wishing to sell or buy land, or farm prop- 
erty, should apply at once to G. B. Lynes, 
Ivey depot, Albemarle county, Va. 

Parties wishing to look at farms can tye 
boarded by advertizer 

G. B. LYNES. 

sep 6t 

THE BEST CftTTLE FASTENING. 

Sip's Self-Adjusting Swing Stanchion. 

The only practical Swing Stanchion in- 
vented. Thousands in use. Illustrated 
circular free. Manufactured by C. D. 
BROOKS, Addison, Steuben Co., N. Y. 

myly 

American Agriculturist. 

100 Columns and 100 Engravings in 

each issue- 

43d Year. $1.50 a Year. 

Send three 2c. stamps for Sample Copy (English or 
German) of the Oldest and Best Agriculturaljour- 
nal in the world. 

ORANGE JflDD CO. DAVID W. JUDD, Pres. 

751 Broadway, New York. 

HARD WOOD ASHES as a Fertilizer 

150 car-loads for sale. Can be delivered at any 
railroad station in the Eastern, Middle, or Southern 
States in car-loads of 14 tons. Dry, unleached ashes 
from 25c. to 30c. a bushel ; leached ashes from loc. to 
18c. a bushel, according to location. 

JAMES HARTNESS, 

jy 6t Detroit, Mich. 

SOMETHING UNEXPECTED. 

THOROUGHBRED) Of Ten Different 
Breeds to be divided 
as premiums among 
those getiug up the 



SHEEP ! 

largest clubs for 

The National Wool-Growers' Qnarterly, 

The official organ of the National Wool-Growers' 
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immediate and immense circulation lor The Quar- 
terly in every State and Territory. A handsome 
64-page magazine, only 50 cents a year in clubs of 
ten ; single subscriptions, 60 cents. For particulars, 
cash commissions, etc., address at once, 

The National Wool-Growers' Quarterly, 
sep tf Pittsburgh, Pa. 



OPIUM 



... laas>»» » aiAiilXScurek 
toinewithoutpain. Book 
particulars sent Free. 

1. wuULLEi'.M. D., Atlanta, Ga. 



ap ly 



Eeseivea Mai 

ANO 

HIGHEST AWARD 




OF HERiT 

AT « 

CENTENNIAL. 

Sand/or Catalogue 
SAWMILLS 




STEAM ENGINES, 
A.B.FARQUHAB,Iork,Pi., 

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Saw - , Grist and Cob 
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rl m. VertiealEngineSjWith 01 without 

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Fig, 

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Catalogue 




e:3EEst seize \l * WMfm^i silvse jizdai, 

AWA8CEI ^%X^m¥ £* 

SEPARATORS. ^^^^^P^ PailS EXPOSltlOll 

Wld for Multrated Tataloirae. J caress .A. £. Farqulwr, TorJcP* 




Dana's White Metallic Ear Marking Label, stamped 
to order with name, or name and address and num- 
bers. It is reliable, cheap and convenient. Sells at 
sight and gives perfect satisfaction. Illustrated 
Pnce-List and samples free. Agents wanted. 

C. H. DANA, West Lebanon, N. H. 

Or r throned the Southern Flanter. 

ROCKFORDWATGHE 

Are unequalled in EXACTING SERVICE, 

Used by the Chief 
fik»_£%f5!L©JIi' 5 8iWLs4G] Mechanician of the 
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jyiy 




THE BESTI 



CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILWAY 

— FKOM— 

CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE and 
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— TO— 

CLIFTON FORGE, STAUNTON, 

CHARLOTTESVILLE, and 

RICHMOND, VA. 

LAND BUYERS and parties from the 
West and Northwest, who are looking for 
New Homes in the mild climate of Virginia 
and the Carolinas, will find the 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 

the only direct route to Virginia. 
Call on Agents of the Seneca Route, 

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific. 

J. EL MARTIN, General Agent, Indian- 
apolis, Ind. 
Or following Agents of C. and 0. Ry. : 

W. P. FOSTER, 108 N. Third Street, St. 

Louis, Mo. 
FRANK VV. BUSKIRK, 171 Walnut St., 

Cincinnati, 0. 
J. J. ARCHER, Gen. Pass. Agent, Scioto 

Valley Railway, Columbus, O. 

H W. FULLER, 

General Passenger Agent, 
C. W. SMITH, 

au.tt. General Manager, Richmond, Va. 




=EUREKA!= 

Is the Standard Incubator the world over. 
Made by J. L. CAMPBELL, West Eliza- 
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AGENTS 



wanted for "The Lives of th e 
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agent. Terms fee. Hallett Book Co., Portland 
Me. [feb iy] ' 



KMAIBEi 



PIANOFORTES. 

UNEQUALLED iX 

Tone.Toticli,W orimaiisliifl antl Durability. 

naLIAJI KNA.BE <& CO. 

Nos. 204 and 206 West Baltimore Street, 
Baltimore. No. 112 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. 
de 3m 

VIRGINIA VILLA. 

This most desirable residence is now for 
sale. It is situated' one mile from Peters- 
burg, on the Richmond Turnpike, and 
combines all the advantages of city and 
country life. The place contains twelve 
acres, more or less, and can be made profi- 
table as a vegetable farm. Improvements 
consist of a handsome frame dwelling with 
six rooms, hall above and below stairs, 
porch in front, verandah in rear of the 
house, and is situated in a shady lawn of 
original oaks. The outhouses are a frame 
kitchen with two rooms, smoke-house, 
milk dairy, stable and carriage-house. 
There is a large orchard of select apples ; 
also peach, pear, plum, cherry, damson 
and quince trees, with gooseberries and 
raspberries. This property will be sold 
for cash, and offer-! an opportunity to a 
person to secure a delightful home. Those 
wishing to buy will call at the residence, or 
address Mrs. H. V., Petersburg, Va. 

dec3t 

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE 
FOR SHEEP eight or ten head of 
ALDERNEY HEIFERS and COWS. 
high grade. Also, a 300-lb. JERSEY 
BOAR, 2 year old JERSEY RED SOWS, 
$40 to $20. PIGS, 84 each. 

C. R. CULLEN, M. D., 
de tf 1305 Main St., Richmond, Va. 

FOR SALE! 

Six or Eight Thoroughbred Devon 
Bull Cow Calves 

From best families. 

DILLARD & GRAVES, 
de ly Thornhill, Orange Co., Va. 

Finely-Bred Registered 

Jersey Bulls 

Of best strains, from three months to three 
years old at reasonable prices. 

DE LAVAL JERSEY HERD, 
(Near Newark.) Glen Ridge, N. J. 

[dec ltj 



A BARGAIN. 

A farm of 375 acres in Charles City 
county, for sale at an extremely low figure 
for cash. Land is verv fertile and pos- 
sesses extraordinary vitality. One of the 
most conveniently located tracts in the 
county, and a desirable piece of property. 
Parties wishing to examine it personally 
will take the James river boat to Westover 
Landing, and Major A. H. Drewry will 
give all needed instructions. 

For description and particulars, address 
W H. ROWLAND, 

de tf Wilcox Wharf, Va. 



STEVENS' 

FltEM'H BLHB 

gg^fVHLLS 

The cheapest and BEST 
mills in the world. Prices 
JS8O and upwards, sub- 
ject to cash discount. 
Bend for circulars to, 

t. A.W. STEVENS li SON : 
> 1 ill UN, N. Y. 
Q^fMcntion thi» paper. 





de It 



SedgwickSteoi Wire Fence 




Is the only general pnrpnop Wire Fence in use, being a 

' Strong If st- Work. Without Barbs. Itwill turn dogs, pigs, 

I sheep, and poultry, as well as the most vicious stuck, 

1 witboutinjury toeilnerfenooor stock. It ^ just the fenc» 

for farms, gardens, stock ranges and railroads, and very 

j neat for lawns, parks, school lots and cemeteries. Covered 

! with rust-proof paint (or gftl van ized) it wit 1 last a life-time. 

: It is Superior to Board* or Barbed Wire in every respect. 

We ask for it a fair trial, knowing it will near itself 

! into favor. The Sedgwick tjtnte*. made of wrought. 

1 iron pipe and steel wire, defy all competition in neatness. 

I strength and durability. We also make the best and 

cheapest All Iron Automatic or Sslf-Opsnlng Gate, also 

Cheapest and Neatest All Iron Fence. Best Wirt) 

Stretcher and 6*0*1 Auger. A Wo ixianufac- 

lure Rumen's excellent Wind Engines for 

pumping water, or geared engines for grinding 

and other light work. For prices and particulars aBK 

IVii'dwnrp dealers, or address, mentioning paper. 

*ED« WICK BROS. Mfrs.. Richmond Ind. 

je ly 

THOROUGHBRED HORSES 

AND SHORTHORN CATTLE. 
PURE COTSWOLD SHEEP 

And BERKSHIRE PIGS. 

Address, R. J. HANCOCK, 

oc 12t Overton, Albemarle Co., Va. 



THE 

UPPER JAMES RIVER VALLEY. 

All things considered, the advantages of this section cannot well be over-estimated. 
The advantages are, viz. : Health and salubrity of climate, good and productive soil, 
abundant supply of pure water, excellent timber, an inexhaustible supply of the staple 
minerals (coal and iron), accessible to the best markets with rapid transit. These lands 
are now cheap, yet must rapidly increase in value, and make sure and speedy fortunes to 
those who secure them at present prices. Send stamp for pamphlet, giving full particu- 
lars. Address 

Lock Box 47, Richmond, Va. W. A. PARSONS. 

mh 

OUR WATERBURY TIMEKEEPER. 

Everyone can now own a PERFECT TIMEKEEPER. It is NO KTJSRCS or eheap toy, but a 
reliable teller of the time of day in a Handsome Silver Nickle Hunting Case, and fully 
warranted. Cheap -^ » « m Mg ^ g a* mmm a ma watches are pour 
timekeepers, but #» B %# K. gftl A Inf A \B our Waterbury can 
he relied upon. We Ul ¥ hlB HIVH W want 100 uuo ne« 
readers for our pa- ^^ per, and to obtain 

them we make this special offer: For 40 cts. for 20-2c stumps) we will send our lamily 
tory paper, entitled ILLUSTRATED LEISURE HOIK I'm 8 MONTHS as trial and (JIVE ERKK 

■ " VELVET JEWEL CASE. For 10c extra 




our Waterbury Timekeeper in an ELEGANT GOLD AND 
we will send a Fine Plated Watch Chain with a Key C 



we will send 3 subscriptions, and '5 timekeepers us premium. Monev rel unded it uot 
as described. Address LEISURE HOUR rTB'U CO., 283 Clark Street, CHIl'ACO, ILL. 



[dec It] 



BlMlOIfT STUB' & STOCK FARM 

Was commenced in 1847, and has been continuously improved, and two grazing farms 
added, with the kind of stock my experience has adopted as best suited to our country's 
wants. I have bred only from stallions or mares of my breeding or importation, and 
suited to the wants of any section, and will sell any of above of three years old and over, 
and in plain, unpampered condition, will let stallions, if not sold on safe business terms, 
for seasons of 1884. I have bred of several breeds of Cattle, but of late years only the 
Pure Shorthorns, and have all ages for sale, especially young Bulls, Heifers and Calves. 
I breed only the best Berkshire Swine, and have a number of Boar and Sow Shoats and 
Pigs for sale ; also, White Brahma Fowls and their Eggs. There may be other stock as 
good, or better, but my experience has settled on these, and I feel that I am doing a pub- 
lic good to forward the propagation of these improved breeds; 

S. W. PICKLIN. 

Near Charlottesville, Va., Jan. 1st, 1884. ap ly 

THE 

Eureka and Eclipse Consolidated 

Metal Fence- Post Co. 

INCORPORATED 
Manufacturers of 
Indestructible Fence-Posts. 
Referring to our advertisement of some time ago, and in response to the urgent re- 
qaest of the thousands of farmers and others who have asked it, we have concluded and 
now announce that for a short time — as we find the demand for the goods urgent, and 
the hardware jobbing trade too backward about taking in and carrying stock sufficient 
to supply the demands of the retail hardware trade and the thousands who want oui 
posts — to give all the trade discounts named to.the retail hardware dealers and to the 
public, and to supply them with the goods direct, until such lime as the jobbers take into 
the channel laid out by us, as shown by our circular and price list. And in order to 
manage this matter and also the matter of the agents' commission named in our circu- 
lar, and the copyright clause, we have concluded for the present to do all the business 
east of the Rocky Mountains at the Chicago office. (Send for circular giving full par- 
ticulars.) [sep tf ] T. E. SPAIDS, President. 




VIRGINIA STATE 

INSURANCE COMPANY. 

OFFICE: 1006 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA. 

INCOBPOBATED I3KT 1865. 

CASH CAPITAL, - - - - #300,000. 

Insures Dwellings, Stores, Merchandize, and other property against loss or damage by fire 

DIRECTORS.— J. h. Bacon, President; Thos. W. McCance, Vice-lresident. Wm. H. flaxall, James 
Alfred Jones, Thos. Atkinson. 

Ro. E. Richardson, Sec. Jno, B. Grant, Jr., Ass't Sec. W. G. Maury, Solicitor. 

<S3 l -Agents in all the prominent Cities, Towns, and Villages of Virginia seply 

OF THE XE1ST LARGEST 



Life Insurance Companies 

according to the official report of the New York Insurance Department, for 1883, 

THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL 

— SHOWS — 

1. The highest rate of interest realized o,n its assets. 

2. The smallest percentage of interest overdue. 

3. Not one dollar loaned on stock or other fluctuating securities. 

4. The lowest ratio of losses and expenses to amount at risk. 

5. The lowest rate of mortality. 

C. The smallest percentage of policies ''not taken." 

7. The largest, surplus earnings for the past seven years. 

The above strong points explain, the fact that THE NORTHWESTERN 
MUTUAL is furnishing the cheapest insurance to its members. We invite the fullest 
investigation of its claims, and will furnish estimates of cost at any age, for either Life 
or Endowment, Tontine or Semi-tontine insurance, on application. 

JOHN B. CARY & SON, Gen'] Agents, 

sep 3t Corner 10th and Bank Streets, Richmond, Va. 

DU ™ i™' s HORSE TONIC 

FOK IMPROVING THE CONDITION OF 

HORSES, MULES, CATTLE, HOGS AND POULTRY. 

Hiving them an appetite, glossy coat of hair, and can be left off after the animal is im- 
proved, without his falling back to his first poor condition. We have certificates from 
representative men from all sections of the State of the great value of this remedy in 
the various diseases to which the horse'is liable; and also in Hog Cholera and Chicken 
Cholera. Circulars containing certificates will be sent on application. 

Prepared only by E. P. REEVE, Druggist, 

Sold by Druggists Generally. 602 E. Marshall St., Richmond, Va, 

june tf 



THE 



SOUTHERN PLANTER 



-DEVOTED TO- 



Agriculture, Horticulture, 



Live- Stock and the Household. 



ESTABLISHED IN 1840. 



VOL. XLV. . . . 1884, 



Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts. — Xenophon. 
Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State. — Sxjxly. 



RICHMOND, VA.: 

J. W. Fergusson & Son, Pbintbbs. 

1884. 



iTsrr>EX. 



A Hint 5 

A Reader's Letter 24 

Address of Col- Beverley, President 

Nat. Agricultural Congress 63 

Application of Science to Agriculture 53 

A Conservative Policy the Best 90 

A Word to the Wise 131 

A Letter from Florida 136 

About Plowing 142 

A Few Years' Experience with Three 

Jerseys 173 

A Stirring Appeal to Southern Planters 184 

Apples, No. 2 194 

About Fences 236 

A Correction 237 

A Southern Dairy and Honey Farm... 238 

Agricultural Press 239 

A Discovery of Importance 275 

Agricultural Economy 296 

Analyses of Fertilizers by Virginia Ag- 
ricultural Department 298, 408 

Acknowledgment 300 

Advantages of the Jerseys 385 

A Talk with an Augusta Farmer 390 

A Cheap Fertilizer 427 

An Experiment for Grape Growers.... 447 
A Visit to Dr. Manson's Farm in Lu- 
nenburg County 461 

A Visit to Nag's Head 484 

Agriculture 505 

A Correction 537 

A Talk with Farmers About Farming 550 

A General-Purpose Cow 561 

A Little Farm Well Tilled 566 

Agriculture in the Common Schools... 550 

Alfalfa or Lucerne 126 

Advantages of the South 446 

Address before the National Farmers' 

Congress, by President Beverley.. .. 606 

Bone Dust and Wood Ashes 217 

Boiled and Raw Milk 274 

Beecher on Farming 451 

Burmuda Grass 482 

Bees at the State Fair 522 

Business Methods on the Farm 559 

Butter: How it Should be Salted 598 

Concerning Thin Seeding 23 

Comparative Position of the United 

States 91 

Corn-land Wheat 105 

Chemical Fertilizers 301 

Curing Tobacco with Flues 315 

Cultivation of Flowers 338 

Chess Again 392, 426, 620 

Chess will Germinate 410 

Cultivation of Ramie Reviving 506 

Concrete Plan of Building 534 



Condition of Farmers 548 

Chess Once More „ 600 

Commercial Fertilizers v. Farm Ma- 
nures 61$ 

Domestic Cheese Making 16 

Drilling Wheat Prepared to Prevent 

Smut 71 

Diversified Farming, 13S 

Draw the Line 354 

Ditching Machines, Trial of 388 

Dry Straw with Green Fodder in a Silo 402 

Degeneration of Seeds 480 

Demand for Farmers' Wives 571 

Do Plants Grow at Night? 234 

Duties and Liabilities of Farmhands 606 

East Virginia Marl Beds 38 

Enlightened Policy for the Farmers... 66 

Enemies of Man „ 75 

Ensilage... 107 

Extract from a Letter from Alabama.. 123 

Ensilage for Eastern Virginia 165 

Enquiries About Sheep ... 448 

Ensilage of Partly Cured Fodder 333 

Education on the Farm 342 

Ensilage: Is it Properly Appreciated? 351 

Experiments with Fertilizers 369 

Early Bird, The 381 

Enquiry 395 

Ensilage, Silo, &c 432 

Experiments with Wheat — 438 

Editor Taken to Task 455 

Educational Correspondence in New 

England Farmer 438 

Eyes. Characteristics of 436 

Exhibits of Dr. J. R. Woods at the 

State Fair 616 

Ensilage for Silk-worms 620 

Farmers and Farming in Virginia in 

the Olden Time 1 

Fertility of Soil 25 

Fruit Trade in Henry and Patrick 

Counties-- 41 

Farmers as Business Men 82 

Fence and Fencing 84, 172 

Facts of Interest Connected with Life 

of the Plant 112 

Floods 175 

Fruit- Raising on the Farm - 176 

Farmers Should Know Something of 

Mechanics 216 

Fence-Posts 277 

Farming with a Will 280 

Floats and Kainit as Deodorizers 300 

Farquhar'8 Traction Engine 480 

Field Culture of Hops 490 

Flue-Cured Tobacco in Northside Va. 358 



INPEX. 



Fruit-Culture, Profits of '. 345 

Flowers 437 

Farm Life 500 

Fertilizers v. Manures 557 

Farmers' Conteut 576 

Farmers and Politics 218 

Fruit Raising in Virginia 613 

Grass is King 130 

Gumption „ 179 

Ground Pepper 223 

Gear and Gearing Horses 235 

Grass on New Land 293 

German Potash Salts 332 

Gospel of Agriculture 405 

Good Yields of Wheat 487 

Gypsum: What is It? 564 

Grasses Growing in the Salt and Brack- 
ish Marshes along the Bay and Coast i'68 

How Does Cbrn Smut Get Into the 

Plant? 81 

How to Improve Poor Land 125 

Home Sugar Culture 294 

How to Feed Horses 336 

How to Build a Silo. 339 

How to Foretell Weather 376, 488 

Husbandman, The 536 

Hedge's Prolific Wheat 379 

Henrico County Farmers' Club. ' 458 

Harvesting Buckwheat 498 

How to Secure Some Division of Time, 

<fcc 552 

Harness „ 225 

Hog Cholera, Cure of. 551, 561 

Inquiry as to White Laborers for Farms 73 

Improvement of Land 79 

Inquiry About Pea-Fallows 120 

"Illiteracy'* in Relation to Farming... 167 

Inquiries 188, 554 

Improving Lands by Green Fallows... 243 

Insect Pests 446 

Increased Wants of Farmers 540 

"In the sweat of thy face shalt thou 
eat bread": 555 

Judicious Farming: What is It? 41 

Jersey Swine Association 231 

Jersey Cattle : How to Raise and Feed 

Them „. 347 

Jersey Cattle 398. 448 

Kainit and its Value 28 

Keep the Buildings Painted 569 

Legislation for Farmers 76, 192 

Letter from Mr. Booth 109 

Letters from Texas 118, 324 

Le Conte Pear 272 

Late Cultivation of Corn 331 

Letter from the Valley 377 

Living from the Garden 403 

Letter from Col. Harrison, Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture 509 

Lime: Its Uses 596 



Mechanical Improvement of Soils 

Make a Garden in Your Window 

Making Ponds for German Carp 

Manures 

Market-Gardening in the South '. 

Melilot, or Sweet Clover %> 

Melilotand Douhra 324 

Mixed Farming the Proper Caper 401 

Marbled Butter 410 

More Testimonv About Degeneration 

of Seeds .'. 428 

Marketing the W T heat Crop 543 

Museum of New York Historical So- 
ciety 589 

Newspaper Laws 40 

Notes on French Agriculture 185 

Nicaragua Wheat 328 

New Suggestions about Ensilage . 370 

Notes from Lunenburg County 878 

Need of Improved Wheat 517 

New Orleans Exposition Building 404 

North v. The South as a Field of Im- 
migration 617 

Opossum, The 42 

Over-production 514, 531 

Opium: How it is Smoked 597 

Planting and Feeding the Orchard 18 

Plowing Match in Albemarle County.. 20 

Public Roads 30 

Phosphates v. Superphosphates 31 

Peanut. The 33 

Peach Culture and Borer 37 

Poa Pretensis, or Kentucky Blue Grass 44 

Plowing Matches and Plowing 69 

Public Roads 74 

Productiveness and Destructiveness... 82 

Poultry Notes 121 

Perfect Farm Horse 129 

Pea-Fallows 157, 181, 215 

Pea and Grass Fallows 161 

Principles Governing Rotation of Crops 193 
Phosphates and Superphosphates, 226, 367 
Professor Page to State Agricultural 

Society 261 

Preparing Wheat against Smut 323 

Prices of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid 

and Potash 344 

Paris-Green for Potato Bugs 371 

Preserving Butter 346 

Poor Land and Grass 374 

Phosphates 439 

Prof. Page on Chess 477 

Planting Young Trees among Older 

Growths .. 559 

Packing Apples 431 

Production of New Fruits... 382 

Plants for the Window Garden 592 

Pleuro-Pneumonia, Plain Talk about 619 
Peanut Flour 621 

Railroad Freights 78 

Relative Merits of Soluble and Insolu- 
ble Phosphates 86 



INDEX. 



AH 



Tax and Road Work 

-iring Roads 

iy to Dr. Lankford 

ie Culture • 

ply to Mr. Carpenter about Virginia 

I Lands 

vape, How to Cultivate 



Soils Practically Considered 

Seed Breeding 

Scientific Farming 

Shall Farm Laborers Work on the 
Roads 

Subsoiling and Deep Plowing 

Stabling Cows 

Subsoiling and Tillage 

Science in Agriculture 

Sorghum Halapense 

State Agricultural Society 246, 

Sheep in Diversified Farming 278, 

Sheep-Raising in Virginia 

Sheep in Canada 

Surviving Soldiers from Virginia in the 
Confederate Armies 

Silver Polishes 

Strawberries : Views of an Experien- 
ced Grower... 

Scrub Stock 

Shade trees 

Sheep on High-priced Lands 

Sheaves from our Gleaner 

Suggestions about Orchards 

Suggestions to Farmers — 

Self-supporting Employment for South- 
ern Women 

Supremacy of Grass 



108 
171 

277 
430 

482 
494 

6 
14 
23 

68 
78 
122 
170 
209 
235 
463 
318 
319 
327 

340 
341 

372 

400 
435 
456 
437 
538 
494 

581 

592 



Thoughts for Farmers 65 

The More Enlightened Policy, Once 

More 181 

Thoughts on Farm Management 212 

Tall Meadow-Oat Grass 244 

Talk with a Virginia Farmer 329 

Thin Seeding ..330, 429, 462 

Talks about Flowers 386 

Tariff' on Imports and its Effects on 

Agriculture 321, 389 

Top-dressing Meadows 492 

True Value of Orchard Grass 541 

The Two Leonards 162 

The World's Industrial and Cotton 

Centennial Exposition 621 

Hnacidified Phosphates . 275 

Underdraining Land 188 

Upland Rice 384 

"Virginia, or Washington, or Curtis" 

Breed of Sheep 214 

Value of Hay at Different Stages 228 

Value of Salt to Crops 230 

Virginia Hams.. 433, 570 

Virginia Method of Handling Sheep... 547 

Virginia Agricultural College 396 

Variety of the Vine v. Soil 695 

Virginia Show, Not Advertised 599 



Watering Window Plants 40 

What the Farmers Need 85 

Watt's Theory of Farmrhg 132 

Which Breed 141 

Women Farmers 222 

Wages in Cotton Mills 232 

Writing for the Paper 302 

Wolf's Teeth, so called. 337 

Wheat: Increase the Yield 350 

Wornout Farms 380 

Wheat Sowing 386 

Wheat and Chess 407, 486 

Washing, Working and Packing Butter 443 

What is Farming? 444 

White Bread 445 

Wheat Fertilizers, Method Measuring 

Value 465 

WHeat and its Culture 501 

World's Exposition 512 

Wheat-Growing in the Future 533 

Wheat: Its Supply and Price 545 

Writing with Lemon Juice 557 

Wheat-Growing, No. VIII 567 

EDITORIAL. 

Addressof R. Beverley, Esq., Pres.,&c. 150 s 

Another Inquiry 97 

Bee-Keepers' Convention at State Fair 521 

Complimentary 98 

Cotton 195 

Drainage 355 

Fertilizers on Wheat 411 

Farmers' Association , 303 

Farmers as Writers, &c 413 

Garden Notes 150 

Inquiries about Grass, Responsive 92 

India and the Wheat Situation '195 

Management of Milk 628 

Old Virginia Winter Cow-pens 143 

Orchards and Grafting 518 

Post-Notes on the State Fair 623 

Smut in Wheat 45 

Straw and its Value on the Farm 249 

Saw-dust as Summer Bedding for 

Horses 305 

Seeking a Home in Virginia 467 

State Fair Notes : 572 

Tobacco-Beds and Flies 201 

The Late Weather and its Sequence... 251 

Virginia Hams 574 

Virginia State Agricultural Society 97 

Wheat and Chess 358 

Wheat 469 

EDITORIAL NOTES. 

January 49 to 52 

February 99 to 104 

March 161 to 156 

April 202 to 208 

May 254 to 260 

June 307 to 313 

July. 363 to 366 

August 415 to 421 

September 571 to 574 

October 624 to 529 

November 677 to 680 

December 629 to 631 



V 



NON-CIRCULATING