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experiment made in feeding corn fodder as compared with timothy.

Sweet and Irish potatoes should be dug before the frost has cut down the tops. In digging these crops be careful not to damage the tubers more than possible, and do not leare them in the hot sun after digging longer than necessary just to dry off the damp soil. In this issue we give information as to the storing of sweet potatoes, which require more care to save them in winter than Irish potatoes. Irish potatoes, after being -dug, should be put up in pies of about fifty bushels, ■and be covered with straw sufficient to keep out frost, and a few boards to shed the rain, and be allowed to remain there until they have passed through the sweat They may be allowed to lie in the barn or xinder a shed, if more convenient. After the sweat is over, sort the tubers carefully and take out all damaged ones and put the rest into pies or kilns and cover with straw and two or three inohes of soil, and they will keep all winter.

flugar beets and mangold wurtzel beets should be pulled and the tops be cut off before frost has touched them. After being frozen they never keep. Put them up in pies or kilns after they have dried a few hours, and cover with straw and a few inches of soil, and they will keep all winter. It is better not to put the soil on until after they have been pied a few weeks so that excessive moisture shall have dried out

Wherever the subsoil is a good one subsoiling should also be done, so as to increase the depth of soil. There is a large supply of phosphorio acid and potash in nearly all our subsoils which only requires to^be made available to ensure large crops. The way to make these available is to bring them within the; influence of the weather and the rain by breaking the soil and subsoil loose, so that the humio and carbonic acid, which develops in decaying of vegetable matter, can act upon them. Lime also will largely help to render these available. There is great gain apart from these advantages to be made in utilizing the fall and winter months in plowing the land. In the spring work always presses, and especially if it be as has been the case for several years, a wet and late spring.

See that all implements and tools not in use are got under cover and cleaned. It is astonishing what a great loss is sustained every year by farmers in not seeing to this care of their implements.

Have all barns, sheds and pens cleaned out, thoroughly repaired and lime washed, so that the stock can be housed comfortably as soon as necessary.

Rata bagas and turnips should be allowed to continue their growth until the latter part of November. They will gain much size and weight during this and the following month.

The cutting of tobacco should be hastened as much as possible as frost may now be expected at any time.

Cotton should be picked as fast as it opens. Do not let it remain on the plants to be stained and wasted by the storms. Sun a few hours before bulking.

Whenever other work in the seeding of fall crops or the saving of fodder and other crops does not press keep the teams at work breaking the fallows and plowing all land intended to be cropped next year. The ground is now cooling off fast, and green crops and vegetable matter of all kinds can now be safely turned under without danger of souring the land. The showery weather we have had has||induced large growths of weeds. These should be utilized for making humus about the value of which'we wrote last month. Bury them .deeply, and, when possible give a dressing of lime on the top after plowing, and harrow in lightly.

LIME AS AN IMPROVER OP LAND.

During the course of the year we have frequent enquiries as to the advisability of applying lime to land, and as to its value as an improver of the soil. As the fall and winter months are the season of the year when lime should be applied to land, we propose now shortly to give advice on this subject in order that it may come pointedly to the.notice of our readers when the advice can properly be at once acted upon. We have always held strongly to the opinion that lime can be profitably applied to nearly all the lands of the Atlantic Coast States, and very probably to nearly all land everywhere. It is a mistaken idea to suppose that lime is only useful to correct well ascertained acidity in land, such as upon marsh lands or lands recently reclaimed from a marshy condition. Whilst upon lands of this character its use is absolutely essential in order to restore fertility, yet upon lands where the acidity is only so slight as to be barely as. certainable, its use has been found most valuable. Even a slight degree|of acidity is sufficient to prevent the free multiplication |and active work of the soil microbes on which so largely depends the fertility of all land. Its action, however, is not confined solely to its power to correct acidity. Lime has a powerful physical and chemical action upon the soil and the mineral plant food therein. On light sandy soils it acts as a binder of thejparticles together, thus render, ing them more susceptible of retaining moisture, and

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better media in which plants can obtain their nourishment and support. On heavy clay lands lime acts as a disintegrator of the soil. It breaks up the atoms of the soil, and thus renders it permeable by the roots and rootlets of plants. In this way it renders such soils drier and better susceptible of fine cultivation. Chemically, it acts as a solvent of inert plant-food, rendering the potash especially, and phosphoric acid generally, more easily accessible to the needs of the crops. It also acts as a solvent and disintegrator of tough plant fibres and vegetable matter in the soil, thus rapidly reducing these substances into humus-making matter. Whilst, therefore, lime is not directly a plant food'itself, except to a very limited extent, and probably to only a small class of plants, it is yet indirectly!most vitally important to the vigorous growth of all plant-life. All the different forms of lime compounds are useful to a greater or less ex tent, but probably the form in which it is most useful is in that of the Carbonate, which is that of the com mon limestone of the mountains of this State and of oyster-shell lime. In|England, where lime is largely used, and in this country, where it has been at all used, it was formerly thought to be necessary to apply it in heavy dressings. We have applied it at the rate of five tons to the acre, and this was not an uncommon quantity to use. Eecent experiments have conclusively shown that it is equally effective when used in much less quantity and at more frequent intervals. It was formerly thought that it was as unwise to apply it to land when phosphatic fertilizers of any kind were also applied as it was to apply it to land when farmyard manure was also applied. This, however, is now found not to be so. Whilst it should never be applied along with farmyard manure, as its effect is in such a case to liberate and waste the nitrogen, it may with safety and with some forms of phosphatic fertilizers with increased profit be used with phosphatic fertilizers. In illustration of these uses^of lime, we quote the results of experiments made in Maryland. In 1889, '90 and '91, gypsum (plaster) 370 lbs. per acre; quick lime, 2,000 lbs. per acre; and shell marl, 8,000 lbs. per acre, were compared on corn and wheat on a well drained loam soil. The results show that the sulphate of lime (gypsum), and the quick lime (carbonate of lime), produced marked effects the first year of appli cation, but that the carbonate showed no effect until the second year. In the sum total of the three years' crops, all of the applications proved to be quite benefi cial and the quick lime produced the greatest Increase in yields. In another series of experiments with corn and wheat, carried out during 1890 and 1891, stone lime, 2,000 lbs. per acre; oyster-shell lime, 2,000 lbs. per acre; ground oyster-shells, 2,000 lbs. per acre

lbs. per acre, were compared on stiff clay naturally inclined to be wet. In all cases, the yields were increased by the application, the ground oyster shells being especially effective, and much more so than the marl. In a series of experiments begun in 1893, On a rotation of corn, wheat, and hay, the results to the close of 1899 show that the application of lime to this land was a beneficial and profitable procedure. In a series of experiments begun in 1896 on stiff clay land inclined to be wet, varying amounts of lime, 10 to 60 bushels per acre, were compared on a rotation of corn, wheat, and hay. The results for four years (1896 1899) show that small applications of lime have proven to be as efficient at the end of four years as the larger applications, and that the relative profits up to date are in favor of applying 20 bushels per acre.

On the hay crop, the 10 bushels gave the largest net return. Since 1896, experiments have been in progress to test the effect of lime in connection with green manure. Stone lime was applied at the rate of 40 bushels per acre. Cow-peas were sown, which were turned under for wheat. Wheat was followed by clover, which was cut for hay, and the land planted to corn. The net gain from the wheat, hay, and corn was $4.97 in case of cow-peas alone, and $5.03 in case of cow-peas and lime. In another series of experiments, the results showed that lime applied so as to slake in the soil produced a slighfty better total yield than when first slaked and then harrowed in; that stone lime and shell lime were of about the same value on the soil; that lime, with fertilizer, was more profitable than fertilizer alone; that all applications of lime increased the yields of the crops. In a series of experiments conducted for four years at the Ehode Island Station-to ascertain the effect of lime used in connection with phosphatic fertilizers—ten plots of land had lime applied at the rate of one ton to the acre in 1894. Since that time, up to 1899, eight of these plots have had applied like amounts of phosphoric acid in different forms on each plot. The plots have each grown corn, oats, and hay in the four years. In 1894, the yield of corn on the cob on the plot on which no form of phosphate was used, but which had been limed, was 2,613 lbs. per acre. On the plot which had neither lime nor phosphate, the yield was 1,893 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which dissolved bone black was applied, the yield was 4,510 lbs. of corn on the cob per acre. On the unlimed plot, to which dissolved bone black was applied, the yield was 3,698 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which acid phosphate was applied, the yield was 3,953 lbs. of corn per acre. On the unlimed plot, to which acid phosphate was applied, the yield was 3,255 lbs. per acre. In 1895, the oat crop on the plots lodged so badly in consequence ofa severe storm

marl, 4,000 lbs. per acre; and gypsum (plaster), 233 during the early period of growth/that no satisfactory

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conclusions could be reached. For the years 1896 to 1899, inclusive, the hay crop on the limed plot, to

». which dissolved bone black was applied, amounted to 19,837 lbs. per acre. On the unlimed plot, to which dissolved bone black had been applied, the yield was ■9,820 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which dissolved bone had been applied, the yield was 19,281 lbs. per acre. On the unlimed plot, with dissolved bone, the yield was 8,564 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which acid phosphate (rock), was applied, the yield was 20,205 lbs. per acre. On the unlimed plot, with acid phosphate, the yield was 8,951 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which fine-ground bone meal waB applied, the yield was 22,012 lbs. per acre. On the unlimed plot, with bone meal, the yield was 11,855 lbs. per acre. On the limed plot, to which no phosphoric acid in any form was applied, the yield was 15,737 lbs. per acre. On the unlimed plot, to which no phosphoric acid was applied, the yield was 2,547 lbs. per acre. The yields of hay given are those of the material at the time it was harvested. Deducting 20 per cent, to allow for shrinkage, ajnd estimating the value of the additional hay produced by liming at $12 per ton, we obtain the gross gain from liming. Now, deducting $7.50, the estimated cost of the one ton of lime applied in 1894, we obtain the following as the net gain per acre in the use of the various phosphates on the limed

^ plots for the hay crop of 1896 to 1899, inclusive:

Forms of Phosphoric Net Gain in Four

Acid to the Years from the Use

Acre Applied to the Diferent of One Ton of Lime

Plots. Per Acre in 1894.

Dissolved bone black $40 58

Dissolved bone 43 94

Dissolved phosphate ) .„ KO

Rock (acid phosphate) j 4b bZ

Fine ground bone... 41 26

Basic slag meal 27 09

Floats 40 33

Alumina phosphate (raw) 37 36

Alumina phosphate (ignited) 62 35

No phosphoric acid 55 81

Double superphosphate 55 79

Average net gain $45 10

It will be noticed that the lowest net gain was $27.09. This was on the plot where Basic slag meal was used. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that the Basic slag meal itself contains large quantities of lime, and explains its superior action to the other forms of phos phoric acid used when applied to the unlimed land. It produced 13,193 lbs. of hay per acre on the unlimed plot, as against 10,560 lbs., the highest produced by any other form of phosphate.

We commend the attention of our readers to the foregoing facts. We are satisfied, from our own experience in the use of lime (which has been a pretty •extensive one), and from the experiments made in this

country (of which the above are examples), that if farmers would apply lime before seeding wheat, that they would realize a good return on the outlay, both in the wheat and following crops, and that a saving could in this way be made on fertilizer bills.

HAY PRODUCTION.

In a recent issue we drew attention to the heavy crops of hay which Mr. Clark is producing on his farm in Connecticut, the secret of which he claims to be perfect preparation of the land before seeding, seeding grass alone and heavy annual dressings of chemical fertilizers, specially mixed for the purpose. In connection with this question and as illustrating the soundness of his system, which is the one we have all along advised to those who desired a good stand of grass, when once land has been properly fitted for producing it by being filled with humus, we note that in an experiment made in Rhode Island three grass plots were treated exactly alike during the experiments, excepting that one plot had received no nitrogen for eleven years, while the second had received a small dressing, and the third a large dressing of nitrate of soda annually since 1892. The large applica tion of nitrate of soda yielded much the greater profit. In 1901 the value of the hay from the plot receiving the heavy dressing excelled the cost of the fertilizers by $40.70 per acre, and for the three years of the experiments by $90.72. In all instances the use of a complete fertilizer gave the best results. The formula used in 1901 in top dressing the grass consisted of 807 pounds of acid phosphate, containing about 16 per cent, of total phosphoric acid, 200 pounds of muriate of potash, and 400 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. This application furnished the large dressing of nitrate of soda per acre. The experimenters believe the results of 1901 to indicate that an application of 400 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate, 250 to 300 pounds of muriate of potash, and 350 to 400 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre would perhaps have been more economical. The original grass mixture sown on these plots in 1898 consisted of 7 1 pounds each of common red clover and red top, and 15 pounds of timothy. In 1980 the plot without nitrogen contained 222 grass stalks per square foot, the plot with the small dressing, or one-third ration of nitrogen, 271, and the plot with the full dressing of nitrogen 236. During the last season of the experiments the plot receiving the fall dressing of nitrate of soda had the heaviest stand of timothy, the relative percentage of timothy and red top being 67 and 33 per cent, respectively. The increase in nitrate of soda produced a heavier stand of timothy and with it a larger yield of hay. This plot yielded at the rate of 9,390 pounds or over 4 i tons of hay per acre.

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niXED CROPS OF CORN AND COW-PEAS.

In Bulletin No. 55, Delaware Experiment Station, page 9, Article VI, Mr. Gettys claims "No crop of field corn intended for cribbing should be planted without the addition of seed peas in each hill, etc. He claims that it increases the yield of corn. Will you give me your views on the subject through your columns ?

Would Black peas be as good as any, and should they be planted the same time as corn f

Westmoreland Co., "Pit. "Cabin Point."

In our July issue we commented on the practice of growing corn and cow-peas together as advised and practiced by Mr. Gettys, and quoted at length from the Bulletin of the Delaware Experiment Station, which gave the results of an experiment made there with the mixed orop. Whilst Mr. Gettys strongly urges the growth of the two crops together, we do not see that he claims that it results in an actual increase of the corn crop in bulk, but that it results in securing a better balanced food for stock, whether in the form of silage or dry fodder; and this view is borne out by the experiment made at the Delaware Station. This improvement in the feed value of the crop is, it is claimed, and apparently with correctness, obtained at no increase of cost over that of a corn crop alone, except to the extent of the money invested in the cow-pea seed. The peas supply the protein which is needed to balance the carbohydrates of the corn, and thus obviate the necessity for the purchase of cotton seed meal or other protein feeds. In the Delaware experiment, the actual yield of one acre of the mixed crop was 16 tons 150 lbs. A careful division of the two crops was made, and it was found that 76 per cent, of this yield was made by the corn crop and 24 per cent, by the peas. We have known 20 tons of corn alone to be made on an acre of land. The Director of the Station says "it must be admitted that no demonstration has as yet been made that the pea vine noticeably increases crop tonnage." To the enquiry, therefore, as to how much of gain will result to those who plant cow-peas with their silage corn, the reply may be as follows: Shred and feed corn fodder judiciously; under this condition peas planted with corn will add to the food supply of the farm an equivalent of one ton of cotton seed meal for each area of 12 acres in silage crops. With cotton-seed meal selling at $30 per ton, peas growing in corn may return $2.50 per acre, at an approximate increase in cost of the total crop of 50 cents per acre for the cow-pea seed. There is another advantage claimed for the mixed crop when grown for silage, in that it enables a greater weight of silage to be stored in a silo than is possible with corn alone. Experiments made at the Delaware Station go to show that a circular silo 17 feet in diameter filled with settled silage to a depth of 23 feet, would con-

tain 92 tons of corn alone, or 132 tons of mixed corn and peas if grown in the proportion of 75 per cent, of corn and 25 per cent, of peas, which was about the proportion shown in the crop there grown. This means that without expenditure of any kind, the capacity of a silo may be increased by practically 43 per cent., in itself a sufficient reason for the addition of peas to a .crop of silage corn.

As to the variety of peas to be planted, Mr. Gettys strongly favors the Whippoorwill as ripening its vine more evenly than the ranker growing varieties, and rendering the harvesting less diffloult, as it confines its growth in great measure to the corn row in which it is seeded. The Black and Wonderful peas on good land, and in a favorable season, make such an immense growth of vine that the probabilities are that the crop could not be harvested with any of the corn harvesters or mowers in use, as the rows would be so-tangled together, and this would result in adding so much to the cost of harvesting as to overbalance any profit. The peas should be planted at or just after the first working of the corn, unless the corn was planted late, when both might be seeded together.—Eix

JAPAN CLOVER.

Editor Southern Planter:

The success of some self sown grasses and clover is the cause of this letter. The cost, and at times the difficulty, of securing a catch of sowed grasses is well known to farmers, and a practical way of obviating: these troubles would be a blessing indeed. Perhaps my little experience may be of use.

For hay, we must go on in the old way, that is, sow seed of the kind required. Timothy for market, and better grasses for home use. But for pasture it is another thing.

Fourteen years ago a field of high land was seeded ( with clover, timothy, red top, and orchard grass, for a pasture. Afterwards the fences between this field and some creek bottom land were taken away, and the pasture now comprises thirty acres, about half dry ground, the remainder snbject to overflow. The sowed grasses have disappeared, native grasses, with a heavy accompaniment of Japan clover, having displaced them. But what a fine pasture it is, no better in this neighborhood.

I try to pasture closely, turn the stock out early; in-fact, they run on it all winter, although there is then very little to eat. But the cattle are on hand, browsing bushes and watching for the first sprigs of green* Of course they are fed at the stable yard in addition.

By pasturing closely broom sedge is kept down ; indeed, makes but little show. There is some of our native blue grass, crab grasses of different sorts, weeds

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that are eaten, and in the low ground especially, some that are not; but the main stay is Japan olover, one of the greatest blessings that have happened to this part of Virginia. It is not perfect It is killed by

is frost; it does not make hay, although I have seen it eighteen inches high. I am told stock prefer other clovers; perhaps they do, but with me it is eaten clean, and the cattle are plump and well nourished, never had better, if as good.

An account kept with this pasture in 1899 shows that it kept horses, hogs, and cattle, whose pasture was worth $160. So, allowing $1.00 per month for cows, $2 00 for horses, and proportionately for young cattle, this compares well, I think, with a good blue grass pasture.

For pasture I should still sow a variety of grasses, principally red top and orchard grass. If they grow, so much will be gained, but if they fail, I know that our valuable native grasses will come in accompanied by that inestimable foreigner, Japan Clover.

We are told that Bermuda grass is the grass for the South. As a legume is better than a grass, why is not Japan Clover better than Bermuda grass. Both die down in the winter, a failing they have in common. Bermuda, where not wanted, is a pest, while the clo ver is easily destroyed. I prefer the clover.

We have so much land that we can afford permanent pastures. To sow grass seed once in ten or twenty years is not much of a burden. The only reason for sowing at all is to keep out weeds until the Japan Clover is established.

Louisa Co., Va. Geoege Clendon.

PRINCIPLES OF SOIL MANAGEMENT.

Manuring.

Editor Southern Planter:

The greater interest taken by farmers during the last two years in the keeping of live stock—due mainly to the good work of the agricultural papers and also to the high prices of meats—will, without doubt, induce them in the future to keep still more live stock. More live stock means more manure, and the greater demands made on the growing of forage crops to bring the stock profitably through the winter, will also cause the farmers to pay better attention to the care of and the applying of manure—this being the best fertilizer the farmer can use.

Without doubt, under conditions still prevailing in large sections of our country of low priced land, and scarce, therefore high priced labor, the ownership of a farm which requires the least labor, even if the results leave many things to be desired, will often de serve the preference.

This economizing in labor is, I think, the main cause of the comparative little care taken in the handling of manure. I do not want to discuss here the question whether it is better to haul the manure every day on

the land or to pile it up in the barn yard until the time for its application has come. These questions have been discussed so often in the agricultural papers that every reader is familiar with them. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. It is a great saving of labor if the manure is hauled every day to the field; but it is unquestionable that the crop following the top dressing will be more benefitted than by applying the manure shortly before the crop is sown. In top dressing the manure, especially the vegetable matter, is exposed to the decomposing influences of the weather, causing sometimes considerable loss, and much of the mineral matter may be washed away on rolling land. On the other hand, if the manure is piled up in the barn yard, it makes double work and a certain loss cannot be avoided, but it can be gotten into the very state of deoompo sition for improving the mechanical condition of the soil, and if immediately plowed under, no further loss occurs. Shortly we can say: By top dressing with manure we fertilize the crops. By immediately plowing it under the soil. Each farmer must ascertain for himself which method to follow, and which is best adapted to the profitable managment of his farm. The great value of manure over chemical fertilizers lies in the amount of vegetable matter it contains. Our virgin soils, were rich in humus, which made plowing easy, retained moisture, and in being converted into carbonic acid, helped to liberate plant food. With the disappearance of the humus by constant cropping without replacing it, some of the heavier soils have almost become unmanageable, and the lighter soils are affected by the least drought. In order to restore these soils to their former fertility by careful tilling and manuring, the state of decomposi tion of the manure should be given the closest attention. It should be strictly in conformity with the physical properties of the soil.

In order to treat the matter intelligently, we must divide the soils into certain groups. The variety of soils is so great, and even the same kind of soils have to be tieated so differently under different climatic conditions, that no attempt can be made here to go into a detailed description of the treatment of some of these soils. But a clay soil, no matter what the conditions are, will always require a different treatment from a sandy soil, and a loam from a humns soil. I therefore think that the dividing of the soils into the four large groups—clay, loam, sandy, and humus soils—will for our requirements answer all practical purposes.

1. Management of Clay Soil. —The trouble which confronts the farmer in managing these soils, however fertile they may be, is their bad mechanical condition. It must, therefore, be the aim to overcome this by tilling and applications of large quantities of strawy manure at one time. It is of no use to try to accomplish the same end with small quantities of manure, as it is a peculiarity of these soils not to respond to small quantities of either manure or lime. Each straw, when it is plowed under and decomposed, leaves a fine channel behind making the soil porous, and not only giving acoess to water and air, but also permitting the roots of plants with a weak root system to penetrate the soil in all directions in their search for plant food. The danger of lodged grain from such heavy appli-

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cation of manure is very slight, because the decompo sition in these cold and little active soils is not only slow, but we can grow crops on these soils like rape, horse and hog beans, fodder, beets and others, which will only make goo.d crops in fresh, heavily manured soil, and at the same time, through the necessary cultivation or strong root development, prepare the soil for the following barley and wheat crops. These, again, can profitably be followed without manuring by strong rooted crops, such as corn and oats. For instance, such rotations as these are possible and advisable :

Bape* Wheat, Com,

vorable weather. For these farms a modified form of the popular five and six field rotations :

Clover, Beans, Fodder Beets,

Wheat, Wheat, Barley,

Corn, Oats, Clover.

The following rotation in a stiff upland clay soil which was not fit for pasture, gave very good results, and may serve as an example:

1. Clover.*

2. Wheat.

3. Corn.

4. Beans or Peas.*

5. Wheat or Eye.

6. Corn or Oats.

7. Beets, Potatoes, or Green Fodder.*

8. Barley.

This rotation, though a little complicated, was very satisfactory, because each crop was placed where it was benefited by the preceding crop. There is further a variety of crops, the best insurance against unfavorable weather, and there is enough wheat and rye (producing the best straw for making manure) for the rotation (about one-third of the acreage), to obtain the necessary manure for the heavy application, about six four-horse loads per acre, necessary to obtain the desired results. There are also enough hoed crops to keep the soil free of weeds.

If cows are kept on heavy soils which make a poor pasture, but otherwise produce fine crops, they should generally be fed in the barn over summer, or at least the greater part of it, if this should not prove too ex pensive. On large farms, where the hauling of the green fodder from the large fields on account of the distance would take up too much time, an area suffi ciently large for this purpose near the barn should be separately managed with the following rotation :

1. Green fodder.*

2. Wheat.

3. Different small crops.

The liquid manure may be applied to the green fodder. In the third field a variety of small crops, such as early potatoes, cabbage, turnips, carrots, etc., for which the garden is not large enough, are generally grown. Part of this field may also be laid out in clo ver, makiug a good, and when top dressed, an early green fodder.

On small farms the dividing of the area into eight or nine fields is not always advisable, at least not on rolling land or on any land not of a uniform texture. It may happen that some fields will contain all good land and others only the poorer land, making crops in these fields, on the successful growing of which the farmer may depend, somewhat risky in years of unfa-

* Means manured.

Five Fields.

1. Com.*

2. Wheat.

3. Clover and grass.

4. Timothy, once cut.

5. Pasture.

Six Fields.

6. Corn*

7. Wheat.

8. Wheat.

9. Clover and grass.

10. Timothy, once cut.

11. Pasture.

will probably give the best results.

These rotations, which have given good results as long as the soil was rich in humus and easily available plant food, have the great advantage, that they require less teams than almost any other rotation. In the five field rotation only one field is plowed every year, in the six field rotation two. On an impoverished clay soil, which can only be profitably managed by constant tilling, they have the disadvantage that the soil is plowed only once in five years and a little more in the six field rotation. As already stated so, long as the soil is rich in humus this is of little moment with the disappearing of this, it becomes the main question. The soil is not in the best condition for wheat if it is drilled in the corn stubble, as it usually is. Wheat after wheat will only do well in a rich soil.

If the clover is cut twice and the timothy the next year once (the red clover having died out the second year) the soil, deprived of considerable plant food, will make a poor pasture the following year. If the greater part of the clover and timothy is sold and only a few head of live stock are kept, there is not sufficient manure made to preserve the good mechanical conditions of the soil. At the end of each rotation there will be lees humus in the soil than there was in the beginning; the scant quantity of manure applied is no compensation for the loss through decomposition of the humus that was originally present in the soil. The results of such management are too well known. When a change in this system of rotation is deemed necessary, the following change in the rotation, which is more in conformity with the nature of the clay soils, may prove of advantage:

Five Fields.

1. Clover* 6. Clover, cut once.*

2. Wheat. 7. Pasture.

3. Corn. 8 ; Cornf.

4. Legumes*. 9. Legumes.

5. Wheat. 10. Wheat.

Six Fields.

1. Clover.* 1. Clover, cut once.*

2. Wheat. 2. Pasture.

3. Corn. 3. Corn.

4. Legumes.* 4. Wheat.

5. Wheat. 5. Legumes.

6. Oats. 6. Wheat.

1. Clover. 4. Corn fertilizer.

2. Pasture. 5. Legumes, etc.*

3. Pasture. 6. Wheat.

In Northern countries, two fields in pasture in a six-field rotation are too much in proportion to the winter feed ; in Southern countries, with a mild fall, this is all right. In some of the rotations the fall manure cannot be applied, and it will be necessary to divide

♦Full manure. fHalf manure.

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it up, but if the rotation is to be arranged according to the number of fields, this cannot be helped.

Clay soils are, as a rule, fertile, and if they are only worked right, the keeping of a large number of live stock to convert the crops into manure, by which light soils are so much benefited, is not necessary, if only the rough fodder is returned to the soil. Green manuring in conjunction with chemical fertilizers is less effective on heavy soils, because the green crops do not possess the decomposing resistance and loosening effect of wheat and rye straw, and the tilling of clay soils so much depends upon the weather that the preparing of the seed bed for the green crops at the right time cannot always be depended upon, though this has to a great extent been overcome on large farms, by the introduction of steam, and electric plows.

The heavy soils are the granaries of the world, and if properly managed, surpass all others in the produc tion of grain, clover and beets. It is true that the tilling, especially in a country like ours, with constant ■changing weather, generally going from one extreme to the other, is rather difficult. It requires close attention, many and strong horses, strong farm machinery, plenty of help and an intelligent management. It will happen sometimes that unfavorable weather interferes in carrying out the adopted rotation, and that only two thirds or one-half of the acreage to be sown with rye or wheat can be seeded with these crops, and spring crops have to be substituted. Bat the large crop* grown on these soils and the fine live sto~k kept on these farms are a sign of their profitableness. The pleasant environment and the generally tine landscape in countries with clay soils make these lands the mo^t desirable that can be farmed.

District of Columbia. H. Winkelman.

CLOVER WITHOUT MANURE, A FAILURE.

JEditor Southern Planter:

On a hillside, sloping moderately toward the southeast, on the opposite side of the river, but in plain view from my house, is a field containing about twenty acres. I know the history of that field as well as I know the history of my own farm. It has been cleared about fifty years. It was light clearing, the timber being chiefly pitch pine, interspersed with oak and hickory. Its location being near the old Indian village of Friedenshutten, or Wyalusing, which was a station of the Moravian missionaries, it is probable that it was once cut over for fire wood, which would account for the trees being no larger on a good soil. On the surface were a good many detached rocks of gray lime, composed almost entirely of small shells cemented together, which were hauled off and burned in a kiln before the land was cleared, leaving it quite free from stones. There is no doubt there was a plentiful supply of lime in the soil. Its sheltered situation, not being exposed to the northwest blasts of winter, allowed the snow to lie on the ground until it melted off in the spring, giving a protection to the wheat plants when sown with wheat.

For many years after this field was cleared it produced splendid crops of wheat without a single failure. Judge Stalford, the owner, was a good farmer, and during his lifetime the land was as well tilled and taken care of as land could be without the application of manure. After taking off a crop of wheat, the field was usually seeded with clover, which, sometimes was mowed, but usually pastured two or three years until the clover ran out, when it was plowed (generally summer fallowed), a good crop of Wheat taken off, and re seeded with clover. Once or twica a crop of corn or a erop of oats, followed by wheat, was taken off and seeded with clover. Long before the Judge's death, about twenty five years after the field was cleared, I noticed that it was difficult to get a good stand of clover, and when there was a " catch " there was by no means a vigorous growth. The land was getting "tired" and "sick." The clover, when it grew, told the story in the most positive language, and hung out the signals of distress to the view of every observer. That the land was naturally good and strong, it had given abundant proof. It was not the kind of land that favors the frost in heaving out the clover plants, and leaving their roots bare. Its sheltered situation was favorable for the growth of clover as well as wheat; but the clover could no longer find the especial fatness it feeds upon, even when reaching down with Its deep roots into the subsoil.

When the Judge's health failed, the field was rented for $6 per acre, and the renter summer fallowed it by plowing three times, doing his work well, sowing in good season, and obtained a good crop of wheat. He followed the wheat with rye and had a moderate yield. He powed it the following spring with oats, and they were hardly tall enough to bind. After another crop of rye, it was seeded with clover, but It only grew in •npots, and on these the plants were feeble and sickly. On half of the field, there was nothing to speak of, neither clover grass nor weeds. The best spot3 were cut with a machine, the remainder left because it was not worth mowing.

Judging from the past, a good crop of grain, and a good catch of clover without manure, or some other fertilizer, is now utterly impossible.

Mr. Waldo F. Brown has stated that there are fields in his vicinity (in Butler county, Ohio), which have been tilled and cropped for forty years without the application of any fertilizer whatever, and have been kept up to the full standard of their original fertility, merely by the use of clover and a judicious rotation of crops. The statement only proves that those fields were very rich, and that it takes a long time to exhaust them. The deepest and strongest wells can be pumped dry. The ocean itself would ere long be evaporated if no rivers were flowing into it.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October.

Mr. T. B. Terry, for a time, became a convert to Jethro Tail's doctrine that tillage 1b manure, and that clover and tillage would keep up the fertility of his farm without the dung of animals or commercial fertilizers. Mr. Terry has returned to his old faith in barnyard manure, especially when it is kept without leaching in his covered barnyard.

Farmers talk about land becoming "clover sick." The land is not sick; it is becoming impoverished, hungry and weak. Let them give it a good top dress ing of rotten manure, then sow their clover seed, and see how quickly it will get well and produce clover again. It may be that rotten manure contains the living organisms which form the tubercles on the roots of clover, without which it is said that no nitro gen can be extracted from the atmosphere. Clover gathers up the fertility in the soil and makes it avail able. Its long roots penetrate deep into the subsoil, and bring back the fertility that has escaped beyond the reach of most other plants; but clover roots are not long enough to reach the sewers of London and Liverpool and bring back the life-blood of the soil that has been shipped away from our fields in the many thousand cargoes of wheat, corn, cotton, butter, cheese, pork, beef, and lard, which have been sent to those ports. J. W. Ingham.

HOW TO STUDY PLANT FOOD.

Editor Southern Planter:

Fertilizers are the same thing, so far as they are useful to farmers, as the ordinary farm-yard manure; and this is the first thing to fully grasp. The food of plants is confined to three substances, known in the fertilizer trade as "Nitrogen," "Potash," and "Phosphoric Acid." There are other substances necessary to the growth of plants, but ordinary soils contain all of these that are necessary. Lime is not a direct plant food in the sense that soils may be deficient in same, for there is always plenty of lime in all soils for the actual needs as food, but lime has the property of improving the mechanical condition of soils, and improving also the availability of actual plant food. On this account lime is frequently used liberally, especially on sandy soils or on black soils. Plaster or gypsum is used for much the same purpose, but may not be considered as needed plant food in the same sense as we regard nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid.

Ordinary farm-yard Manure is valuable in increasing the growth of plants simply for the nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid it contains, so far as plant food is concerned. It is generally believed that farmyard manure has also a valuable mechanical action on soils, but this is distinct from its use as plant food. However excellent may be the mechanical condition of a soil, without the plant food, no plant life can flourish. It is important to consider the true value of manures to understand fertilizers ; that is, we must keep in mind that so far as plant food is concerned, manures and fertilizers are precisely the same thing'

If farm yard manure is broken up with chemicals and the great mass of vegetable matter removed, we then have fertilizer in form and appearance precisely the same as regular commercial fertilizers.

When we get down to bed facts on the fertilizer matter, it is a very simple matter and easily understood. Farm-yard manure, if concentrated as are fertilizers, would be called a fertilizer, though nothing but manure was used in the manufacture. Suppose five tons of farm-yard manure were freed of its great mass of water and vegetable matter, we would then have a brownish gray powder with an analysis about as follows: Nitrogen, 2 to 3 per cent.; potash, 2 to 3 per cent., and phosphoric acid, 1 to 2 per cent.

Here we have the basis of fertilizers, a formula established by nature. The phosphorio acid in this manure would not be soluble in water, and would be only slightly available; hence, the aeid phosphate of commercial fertilizers is really more valuable, as it is-always available.

Once we have the general nature of plant food clear in the mind, the value of a manure or fertilizer is readily understood. If a manure or fertilizer is offered for sale, its value depends on the quantity of plant food it contains, and not on its gross weight. A. bushel of shelled corn is not sold at the same price as a bushel of corn on the ear.

We now come to the only other point of great importance in understanding fertilizers—the fact that all three of these plant food substances are equally necessary, and that no excess of any one, or of any two, for that matter, can make up for a shortage of any one; that is, if we have enough nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the soil for a full crop, but only enough potash for a quarter of a crop, only a quarter of a crop can be grown.

From this point, the importance of studying the plant-food removed from the soil by the various cropa becomes clear, also the necessity for buying plant food to fill these losses. It is easy to get the analyses of different crops, as almost any State Agricultural Experiment Station will furnish them. The analyses of fertilizers are published by the same authority, and are also on all fertilizer bags. It is a mere matter of figuring out how much plant food will be needed by a crop, and how much manure or fertilizer it will take to supply the needed quantity; and this is about all there is to the fertiliser problem, which seems to havfr given us so much bother. V. J. Lance.

Whilst our correspondent is no doubt correct in saying that farmyard manure, as compared with commercial fertilizer, is only valuable for the nitrogen,, phosphoric acid and potash it contains, we must demur to his conclusion that, apart from this, its only-other use is as a mechanical agent. It is now clearly established that its value as a creator of humus as a source of carbonic acid and of humio acid, and especially its ability to supply and nourish the microbic life which is essential in a fertile soil, and without which plant-food, in whatever form supplied, cannot be properly utilized, gives to farmyard manure a much higher value than its mere mechanical and food action. Soils devoid of humus and microbic lift,.

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however well supplied with plant-food, will never prove satisfactory as crop producers. Mere chemical plant-foods can never alone supply these requisites. Hence, however valuable these' chemical plant-foods may be, and we rate them highly, they alone cannot meet crop requirements. Farmyard manure and humus-making crops are the basis of all good farming, and should be supplemented with chemical fertilizers supplied according to the food requirements of the crops to be produced.— Ed.

CURING PEA-VINE HAY.

An Answer to Enquiries.

Editor Southern Planter:

My article on curing pea-vine hay has brought such a large number of enquiries that I shall have to answer them in a general way.

First, as to time of mowing the vines. We usually mow after the vine matures well and some peas are dry. The vines are then easier to cure than if cut while young and sappier. If cat earlier, say just as the peas begin to form good, I should stack them as fast as cut, as I do mature vines. But in addition to the two strips of wood nailed cross-shape to the pole, a foot above the ground, to keep vines from being harmed by too close contact with the earth, I should nail two more, also cross shape, about half way up the pole. This would keep the stack from setting too close, leaving them open to dry out faster.

The poles should be about ten feet high and set in the ground at least one foot deep, or deep enough to prevent the wind from blowing over the stack. Do not trample the vines in stack. Let them settle by their own weight, as thrown up. Let the vines be the height of the pole, or a little less. Slope off at the top to shed water as well as possible.

It is best to shred as soon as the vines are dry enough. The time necessary to cure will depend altogether upon the dryness or wetness of the weather. The stack will heat at first, and then gradually dry out. If shredding is not intended, they should be housed as soon as cured, to be fed as needed. Some leave them in the stack during the winter till needed. This is a most wasteful thing to do. For the pea-vine being stalky, and to some extent open to the weather, deteriorates more than any other kind of hay from exposure.

I have found pea hay somewhat harder to cure this year than usual. Late rains caused a second growth, and the vines were very sappy to the last. Then heavy and continuous rains were driven by hard winds deeper into the stacks than I ever saw before. "We had to tear down and sun a few stacks on which

rain had fallen steadily for several days. Still I find it much the best to stack as fast as I cut, without previous sunning. »

The Star Pea Machine Company, Barnettsville, S. C, make an absolutely perfect implement. It shreds the vines and shreds the peas all at once.

Kittrell, N. C. O. W. Blaoknall.

HOW TO CIRCUMVENT THE HESSIAN FLY.

So little complaint of the Hessian fly has been heard at the Ohio Experiment Station this season that there is ground for the hope that there will be no-more trouble from it for a few years to come, but it will be wiser for farmers to be on their guard lest it may reappear suddenly as it did in 1899.

It is possible for every farmer to determine for himself whether the fly is likely to appear in destructive-numbers in his wheat each season. To accomplish this, let a small strip of wheat be sown alongside of the intended wheat field about two weeks before the time when the main crop is usually sown in that particular locality. As soon as the wheat comes above the ground, examine the young shoots carefully everyday with a magnifying glass. A cheap lens, magnifying about three diameters, which can be bought of any optician or department store for a dollar or less, is sufficient. If the fly is present its minute, reddish eggs, one fiftieth of an inch long, will be found in the creases of the young wheat blades. Once seen under a glass, these eggs can easily be seen by the unaided eye as red specks. Often two or more are found together, lying end to end.

Usually egg-laying occupies about a week, and if the fly, on her appearance, finds a little wheat ready for her, she will soon deposit all her eggs, after which the main crop may safely be sown in the assurance that by the time it appears above ground the eggs-will all have been laid on the earlier sown wheat.

Many farmers suppose that the so called "flaxseeds," which are found in October and November at the base of the wheat stalk, are the eggs of the fly r but this is a mistake; these "flax seeds" are the full grown larvae of the fly, which undergo their transformation into the winged insect within the brown cases called " flax seeds."

Chas. E. Thobne, Director.

[After the eggs have been laid on the trap crop, this* should be plowed down and the ground be rolled solid. This will effectually destroy the eggs and em» bryo flies.— Ed.]

A TEN-YEAR

COMPARISON WHEAT.

OF VARIETIES OF

Thirty-four differently named sorts of wheat have-been grown in comparative test at the Ohio Experiment Station for ten years past. One of these—Pen-quite's Velvet Chaff—is used as a standard of comparison, and for this purpose is grown on every third plot of the series, and the other sorts are valued as> their yields rise above or fall below those of the Vel-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[October

yet Chaff plots between which they lie.

In the ten year average, the Mealy heads the list with an average yield of 4£ bushels per acre more than that of the Velvet Chaff. Poole and Eed Russian, which are synonyms of the same variety, come next, with yields raDging from 3* to 3f bushels per acre above that of the Velvet Chaff. (Harvest King is also Poole wheat, recently introduced under a new name.) Gypsy has yielded 31 bushels, and Early Ripe 3 J bushels per acre more than Velvet Chaff.

Varieties averaging between two and three bushels more than Velvet Chaff are Nigger, Fultz, Mediterra nean and CurrelPs Prolific ; while New Monarch and Valley and its synonym, Egyptian, nearly reach the two bushel mark, and Democrat has averaged more than one bushel in excess of the standard.

Jones' Square Head has averaged two and one half bushels less than Velvet Chaff, and Jones' Winter Fife nearly two bushels leBs, while Early White Leader, Early Red Clawson, New Longberry, Martin's Amber and Royal Australian—a synonym oi Clawson, have yielded nearly a bushel per acre less than Velvet Chaff.

American Bronze, Bearded Monarch, Deitz, Fulcas-ter, Hickman, Hindostan, Lebanon, Lehigh, Missouri Blue Stem, Rady, Sibley's New Golden, Silver Chaff, and Yellow Gypsy, have given yields varying but lit tie either way from that of Velvet Chaff.

Chas. E. Thorne, Director.

ENQUIRER'S COLUMN.

Enquiries should be sent to the office of The Southern Planter, Richmond, Va., not later than the 15th of the month, for replies to appear in the next month's issue of the Planter.

Rye.

crop as being the more profitable, especially on thin land which will make more bushels of rye to the acre than oats. Oats, to succeed in the South, ought not to be sown later than September or October at'the latest, unless seeded in February or March, when, if the spring be a late one and cool, the ( 'rust proof oat will sometimes make a very fair crop. In your case, as you cannot seed before November, we think rye will be more profitable than oats. Rye may be seeded up to December, with a fair prospect of making a good crop. It is a very hardy grain, and rarely suffers from winter killing—it being grown successfully further north than any other of the cereal crops.— Ed.

I write to know which you think the most profitable for a grain crop—oats or rye. I have had such poor crop3 of oats that I am thinking of trying rye; but as I have no experience with rye, I would like to have your opinion. I have twenty acres of highland in corn and cow-peas which I wish to sow in some grain crop for feed, but it will be the latter part of Oc tober or the first of November before I can seed it, as I have the corn to gather before I can plow the land. Would rye do well seeded as late as that? Please answer in the October number of the Planter.

Campbell Co., Va. J. A. Davidson.

A good crop of oats at present market prices for the grain is more profitable than a crop of rye. The oat straw is valuable as feed for stock, whilst rye straw makes poor feed. The oats are also better feed than rye, though rye makes fair grain feed for cattle and hogs. Where rye straw can be sold to collar-makers, ic usually makes the crop a very profitable one, but this market is only a limited one, and it re quires that the straw shall be kept straight and unbroken in the harvesting and threshing. When oats got down to the low price of two or three years ago, we advised that rye should be substituted for the oat

Rotation of Crops. Will the following rotation of crops improve the fertility of the soil in a limestone section ?

1. Break fallow of timothy and plant in corn, and at the last working of corn sow in Crimson clover, to be plowed under in the following spring, and seeded to cow-peas and peas cut for hay and stubbles disced up and sowed to wheat?

2. Would it be a good chance to get clover sowed with wheat on above mentioned stubble ?

3. What is the best variety of peas for this section 1 Washington Co., Va. S.

1. Yes. The rotation should improve your land, especially if 250 or 300 lbs. of acid phosphate to the acre is applied to the pea crop.

2. Yes. We think it likely the clover would succeed. Sow it at the same time the wheat is sown as early in October as it is safe to sow wheat for the fly.

3. Either the Black or Whippoorwill.— Ed.

Contract for Purchase of Mowing flachine.

If a farmer has given his order for a machine to either the McCormick, Deering, Champion, Milwaukee, or Piano Harvesting Machine Companies, which companies have gone into the trust, and are now no longer known, but constitute The International Harvester Co., and the machine has not been delivered, can the farmer be held up to the order, and thus be compelled to patronize this trust f May be there are other farmers interested in this same question who would be glad to know through your valuable paper.

Henrico Co., Va. F. B. Austin.

The changes in the business arrangements of these makere will not warrant a buyer from them breaking a contract into which he has entered with any of them individually. He will be entitled to get what he contracted for, and this is all he can ask.— Ed.

Keeping Winter Apples.

Please tell us in the next issue bow to manage winter apples after they have been picked carefully.

Lunenburg Co., Va. Che. Bickers.

Apples are best kept in a fruit room in which a dry equable temperature of about 35 to 40 degrees can be

1902. p

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673

maintained. They should be stored in bins through which ventilation can be maintained by slatted sides and bottoms. In the absence of such a room they will usually keep well stored in barrels in a dry cellar or barn with sufficient straw packed around them to keep out frost. Before being put up in the barrels they should be allowed to pass through the sweat which fol lows soon after picking, being stored for this purpose in a dry, airy room or shed not in too large bulk. The keeping of apples much depends upon the season in which they were grown. "When this has been wet they rarely keep well however stored.— Ed.

Spraying Apple Trees.

Please state in your paper at what age it is necessary or advisable to commence spraying young apple trees. I have read a good deal about spraying, but have never seen any definite statement on this point.

Spotsylvania Co., Va. C. J. Hillyer.

Spraying should commence when the trees are in the nursery, if a perfectly healthy growth is to be maintained, as they are just as subject to the attacks of insects and of fungoid and scale diseases then as at later periods of growth.— Ed.

Horse Sucking His Tongue.

I have a nice horse which has a habit of suoking his tongue; it does not interfere with his health or his use, so far as I can see. He is in good condition. Any remedy or information you can give through the Southern Planter will be gladly appreciated.

Durham Co., W. O. B. B. F.

This is only a habit contracted by the horse probably at some time when his tongue was sore. See that his teeth are not in jurying the tongue by being rough or out of place. We do not know of any way of breaking the habit.— Ed.

Keeping Root Crops in Winter.

Can you tell me through your columns the best way to keep winter vegetables fresh—salsify, carrots, etc.— in a cellar 1 .

Augusta Co., Va. H. D. Peok.

Salsify usually keeps well left in the ground where it grew, unless the frost is very severe. Cover the rows with some long litter or straw. In order to be certain of a supply, however, even if the frost be very severe, dig a portion of the crop as late in the fall or in early winter as possible, and put away in boxes or bins in a dry cellar burying the roots in dry sand. Carrots keep well stored in the same way. Also parsnips. Turnips will keep well stored in pies or kilns, covered with Straw and two or three inches of soil. Cabbages may be saved in trenches, covered with straw and soil.— Ed.

Onion Sets—Fall Setting of Irish Potatoes.

I want to set some White Silver King onion sets in

November. Is it too late now to sow the seed in beds to make sets by November 1 The weather has been so dry here I could not get the seed to come up.

I also want to plant some Irish potatoes in Novem • ber to come up early in the spring. Please give me your advice in the next issue.

I live 150 miles south of Bichmond, Va.

Wayne Co., N. C. T. E. Person.

1. It is too late to sow seed to make sets for planting now. The seed for these should be sown in spring and the sets then ripen about June or July, and are kept over until time to plant in the fall, say, October.

2. The planting of Irish potatoes in the early winter has not yet been much practiced, but we have had several reports of successful results in Virginia and North Carolina. In these cases the sets were planted in November and December. The land should be well prepared and then the rows be laid off three feet apart. These rows should be opened very deep by running the plow at least twice in each. Sow a good potato fertilizer in the rows and mix with the soil by running a cultivator through them. Then drop the sets at the usual distance apart, say, twelve or fifteen inches. Cover lightly with the soil, and then cover thickly with strawy barn-yard manure, and upon this throw a furrow from each side of the row. In the early spring as soon as safe to do so for frost, rake down the ridge thus made and cultivate the crop as usual. If the potatoes should come up before danger of frost is past throw a light furrow on to them.— Ed.

Fettilizing Orchard with Qreen Crops—Working Orchard—Spraying—Onion Qrowin g—Whitewash, &c.

1. Is it necessary to sow peas among peach trees (bearing age), after harvest, when the cover crop for winter will be part crimson clover 1 What do you think of mixing rye with crimson clover to sow in November; what would be the right proportion and amount of the mixture per acre? How early after harvest (last peaches picked by August 1) would you plant the cover crop ? Would you cut for hay or turn under in spring 1

2. Do you know of any large orchards planted on hillsides, not terraced, pndyet, by proper management, ar« k«»pt from washing 1

:>. What do jou think of the Extension Acme Harrow for hilUide orchards—nsed after once plowing!

4. What is the '' general'' spray that can be applied for two or more ppach tree pests— i. e., scale, curculio, leaf curl, etc. If there is such a one, what may be the best time for using, so as to "kill two birds with one stone!"

5. What do know of the "Sudduth Pear," grown by Augustine & Co., Normal, 111.1 They declare it is free from blight all through the life of the tree. Do you know of good healthy pear trees being grown from cuttings 1 What stock would you use in grafting 1

6. In planting large acreages of onions, do the growers carefully set each bulb in the row, or merely drop them and then cover 1 It would take a great deal of

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

time to set each bulb by hand over large areas, and make also large expense.

7. I have been told that the whole cow-pea plant grown on "prairie" soil (black limy soil) is poison, and especially the root. Can this be so?

8. Please give a formnla for making a eheap whitewash that will stick, and save constant rewashing after every hard rain.

Macon Co., Ala. P. H. Cardozo.

1. We would not sow cow-peas in a bearing peach orchard after picking if intending to sow crimson <jlover for a winter cover. It is too late then for the cow peas to make a profitable growth. Eye may be seeded with the crimson clover. We prefer, however, to sow a mixture of wheat, oats, and rye, with the clover, as this mixture makes a better hay than rye alone, and also a better yield. Sow ten lbs. of -clover with one bushel of the mixed grain. Whether to cut for hay or turn under depends on the luxuri ance of growth of the peaches. If the trees are mak. ing plenty of wood, cut for hay and then cultivate the ground until time to sow the winter cover crop, say August. If the trees need help, plow down.

2. There are peach orchards planted on the moun tains in the West of this State and in West Virginia and West Maryland, which are not terraced and yield

well.

3. We have never used this harrow, and therefore can give no opinion.

4. See our Spray Calendar, published every year in February or March.

5. We do not know anything of the Sudduth Pear, -except what we have seen published by the sellers of it. If it be blight proof in the South it is an acquis! tion, as we know of no pear that is. Keiffer and Seckel are the nearest to being so.

The best pear trees are raised from seedling stocks. These are budded usually the first summer after transplanting from the seed-bed. The best stock for graft ing is the pear stock. The only other reliable stock is iihe French Quince.

6. Each set or young plant is carefully set, not dropped.

7. We do not believe anything of the kind.

8. What is called Government Whitewash is the best. We have frequently published the formula. It is simply stone lime slaked with hot water, to which is added a few pounds of salt, a little rice flour made into a paste by boiling, and a small quantity of glue melted in boiling water.— Ed.

making a crop. We submitted the facts to the Entomological Division of the Department of Agriculture, and have received the following reply, to which we invite attention.— Ed.

August 25, 1902.

Dear Sir,—In the absence of Dr. Howard I acknowledge your letter of August 23, with enclosure from Mr. W. N. Kennedy, Bowanta, Va., requesting information in regard to an insect which is affecting the stalks of late sweet corn. From the description which > our correspondent gives, and the fact that the so-called little yellow skipper is maturing from maggots in the tassel of corn, I judge it to be one of a little group of scavenging insects. The description might fit one of perhaps a hundred of these insects. Some of the best known forms are termed frit flies, and a few'are injurious to the stems of wheat and grasses. One of these is called the stem maggot. It is quite likely that the insect in your case is one of this group. Others are called pomace flies, and are found in vinegar and decomposing or fermenting apples and other fruit, about cider mills, wine presses, etc. Still others are leaf miners, and do injury to cabbage and clover by mining the leaves; and some develop in damp, decaying portions of grains.

It seems probable that there is no injury in the case reported, and that the insects are merely attracted by decomposition of the corn, due to the presence perhaps of the corn ear worm. This insect is quite distinct from the frit flies or any of their relatives. It is, as you doubtless know, the larva or caterpillar of a large moth.

I would advise your correspondent to obtain specimens and send them, living if possible, to this office, when I will doubtless be able to identify them, and can afford more satisfactory information. I enclose herewith two prints of maggots and the flies which produce them, which have scavenging habits.

If you think any of this matter worthy of publication, as a means of drawing the attention of your correspondents to the case, and to obtain specimens for identification, I will be pleased to receive a copy of the issue in which this letter appears. Tours very trnly,

P. H. Chittenden, Acting Entomologist.

Insects Affecting Sweet Corn.

Mr. W. N. Kennedy, of Dinwiddle county, Va., wrote us that large numbers of a little yellow skipper were infesting the stalks of his sweet corn and late corn generally, and he feared would prevent same

Woodland Pasture—Johnson Grass—Hairy Vetch.

I have a piece of woodland. The soil is deep, rich and somewhat moist. It is partly ditched so that water does not stand upon it long at a time. The growth is sweet gum, ash, and others of the leafy kind.

When I began to pasture upon this, eight years ago, it was set in reeds among the trees. Pasturing this winter and summer has killed out the reeds, and dog fennels are taking their place.

I want to improve this for pasture without injuring the trees. Are there grasses that I can sow that would catch and grow without preparation t What kind and quantity per acre f Would Johnson grass do it, and would there be danger of its spreading to cultivated lands t What do you think of Johnson grass as a hog grass on this rich, deep soil!

I have other pasture lands where I have mowed the weeds and left upon land. Would "Hairy Vetch,"

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sowed upon this be a success or a failure T Please answer through the Planter and oblige. Washington Co., N. C. W. T. Hopkins.

Yes. Sow a mixture of Wood Meadow grass, Orchard grass, Red Top and Virginia Blue grass. If you can harrow the land with a heavy drag harrow, so as to out up the present turf before seeding the eatch will be mnoh better. Sow two bushels of the mixture to the acre. Johnson grass is not suited for this purpose. It is really a sorghum and grows best on land suited for a forage crop and not shaded. There is a wide diversity of opinion about Johnson grass. In the extreme Southern States, where the winters are not severe enough to kill out the roots when exposed, it is regarded as a nuisance, but in this and the ad joining States we think it may often be grown with advantage, as it is so persistent in growth and yet can be got rid of when desired by plowing and exposing to the winter cold. Hairy Vetch will not succeed unless the land be first plowed or cultivated. If this be done it will grow freely.— Ed.

Sick Hogs.

My experience leads me to think that the sick hogs described by 6. A. Moore in August number, and by N. S. W. in the September number of the Planter are affected with excess of worms. I have found that shutting the hogs up, putting a small, but constant supply of copperas in the swill trough and then feeding on bran mash rids them speedily of the worms. Soaking corn in lye all night and mixing powdered copperas with it on feeding next morning is excellent for hogs running in a pasture lot.

District of Columbia. James A. Bethune.

These rise at nearly equal distances from either side of the back of the caterpillar and give it a very peculiar appearance. They break off so readily that is rare to meet with a perfect specimen. This insect is Phobetron petheeium Abb. and Sm., the hog moth caterpillar, and is somewhat rare. It is a somewhat general feeder, having been recorded as occurring on cherry and apple trees, white birch, various kinds of oaks, sugar maple, ash, witch hazel and chestnut. Like other caterpillars, it hatches from eggs which are very peculiar and appear like drops of transparent gelatine of pale brown color. These are deposited by the parent moths upon the surface of a leaf and are very difficult to detect. The caterpillars on attaining maturity descend to the ground and spin oval cocoons to which several of these peculiar plume-like appendages described above may be attached. The moth escapes the following summer from its peculiar retreat by opening a small lid. This species is a leaf feeder, and where it is sufficiently abundant to cause any considerable damage it can be readily controlled by spraying the infested branches with Paris green or London purple.

Seeding to Grass.

Please advise me on the subject of sowing grass seed. I have a lot of about six acres I wish to sow in oats together with a mixture of olover, timothy and herds grass. Please advise me on the subject.

Land is now in corn.

Dinuriddie Co., Va. Stjbsoeibir.

In the August and September issues "Subscriber" will find this subject of grass seeding fully discussed. In this issue also will be found further information on the question.— Ed.

Winter vetch (Vicia Sativa) finds great favor at the New York Experiment Station at Geneva as a cover crop. Sown in midsummer or early fall it makes a Magnificent growth, thoroughly covering the soil and often is green in the spring, after the severest winter weather. It is then plowed under and not only adds much needed humus or vegetable matter to the soil, but supplies a large quantity of nitrogen which the plant has extracted from the air. The soil here is rather of a olayey nature underdrained with tile.

Hog Moth Catterpillar..

Find under separate cover a specimen of insects, found on our fruit trees, eating the leaves off and leaving trees leafless. Please give us full particulars re garding same, and what must we do to get rid of them. Answer through next issue of Southern Planter.

Charles City Co., Va. Nedvidek Bros.

The specimen is a remarkable caterpillar. It is of a brownish red color, nearly three fourths of an inch long, and when in a perfect condition is provided with five pairs of more or less curved plume-like appendages which are about three-eighths of an inch long.

SELECTION OF SEED CORN IN FIELD.

In selecting stock seed in the field, the most convenient plan is to make a partition in the wagon bed. As the husker goes along the rows, he can easily throw the good ears from the good stalks into one campart-ment, and the poor ears or ears from poor stalks into the other. A second selection must be made at the seed house, and all undesirable ears thrown out which escaped the eye of the husker. In order to do this most satisfactorily and economically, the selected corn oan be thrown out of the wagon into a general bin at the seed house. Here other men can select the seed to be finally preserved and pile it up in sections, discarding all inferior ears.—[A. D. Shamel, Illinois.]

THE TOP BUSHELS.

When preparing for the wheat crop and sowing it, keep your thoughts to the harvest time and strive to add a few more top bushels. Benefits will come through preparation of the ground, intelligent fertilization, good seed and careful sowing. Better net results will usually be obtained if your efforts are directed along these lines than to expand your acres.

THE SOTJTHEBN PLANTER

[October

Trucking, Garden and Orchard.

WORK FOR THE MONTH.

Harvesting, storing and shipping the summer grown crops should engage the attention and largely occupy the time of the growers. Apples and pears should be carefully gathered—not be shaken or knocked from the trees, as is too often the practice, and should be at once removed from the orchard and not be allowed to remain in heaps under the trees, as is often done. They should be stored in a dry, airy shed or room, not in too great bulk, until they have passed through the sweat and then be either stored in a fruit-room or house where they will be safe from frost or be barrelled up and shipped. A fruit-room or house should be dry and well ventilated, and the temperature should be kept at or about 35 to 40 degrees. See that all bruised, damaged or decayed fruit is carefully culled out, and also that the small fruit is not mixed with the large. Make the fruit grade No. 1 all through the lot to be shipped, and pack so that the barrel is uniform throughout, and mark plainly No. 1 or first quality. The damaged fruit should be kept at home and be used, as far as needed and proper, for drying or preserving, and the balance be fed to stock. It rarely pays to ship. Seconds or small fruit should be shipped in separate barrels, and be plainly marked "Seconds." The adoption of this rule will ensure the best price for all the fruit. In packing, see that the barrels are packed tight, so that the fruit will not be injured in transit. Good apples are likely to sell well.

bage plants may be set out for the early spring crop in the eastern and middle sections of this State and North and South Carolina. Make the land rich, and lay the rows off east and west, and set the plants on the south side of the ridge forming the row, so that they will be protected somewhat from the cold and get the benefit of the sun. Celery should be earthed up a little as it grows, just sufficient to^keep the plants compact. It is too early yet to earth up to blanch. This may be done late in November, unless wanted for an early market.

Land may be got ready for planting with orchard trees and bush fruits, but it is too early to plant. This should be done in November and December. Plow the land deeply and break the subsoil either with the plow or in the places where the trees are to be set out with a grubbing mattock. We strongly favor the late fall planting of orchard and bush fruits in the South, as in this mild climate much root growth is made in the winter and early spring, and the trees are thus enabled to get an early start in spring and are not likely to suffer so much in the event of a dry hot summer.

Elsewhere in this issue will be found advice as the storing of sweet and Irish potatoes.

to

Clear up all trash, leaves, prunings, weeds and waste of every kind in the orchard, vineyard and garden, and burn the same, and thus destroy insects eggs and fungoid spores, which, if left around, will make trouble next year.

Carrots, parsnips and salsify will often keep safely in the ground where grown all the winter. In order, however, to be certain of a supply if the frost should be very severe, it is wise to lift part of the crop and store in a dry cellar, from which frost can be excluded. The roots should be packed away in dry sand, and will then come out crisp and full of flavor. Beets and turnips may be stored in the same way, though turnips will keep good merely covered with straw in a cellar or with straw and a little soil in pies out of doors.

Kale and spinach should be sown for winter and spring cutting, also turnips for salad.

Seed all land not needed for vegetable crops or for trees with crimson clover and a mixture of wheat, oats or rye. This will conserve fertility and add to the humus content of the soil when plowed down in spring.

Cabbage, cauliflower and lettuce seed may be sown for plants to set out in spring. The beds should be where they can be protected in winter when necessary. Lettuce plants should be set in cold frames for push ing on for winter use. At the end of the month cab-

STORINd SWEET POTATOES.

The sweet potato is more susceptible to injury from frost and from rotting during winter tbau the Irish potato, and therefore more care is required in storing them. Where only a small crop is grown for home use, they will usually keep well if stored in a dry frost proof cellar well buried in pine tags 1 . The temperature of the cellar should be kept at about 40°. In mild weather, it should be ventilated freely, and in case of hard frost, outside openings should be closd and a lamp be kept burning. When a large quantity is to be stored, a house should be built for the purpose. Prof. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, who owns a farm in Maryland, where

1902. J

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

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he makes a specialty of sweet potato growing, thus describes, in the American Agriculturist, his potato house and the means he uses to ensure keeping and a choice market product:

The best type of storage-house is probably in the form familiar to most people as that of a bank barn. The basement of such a building is very easy to keep at a uniform temperature. The extreme dryness of a living room is not required for the sweet potato, but a slightly milder, moister atmosphere is probably su perior. My largest sweet potato house, which is 28 by 40 feet, is built entirely above ground, but the walls are double ceiled on the inside with 6-inch pine boards with paper between. The space between the 2 by 6 inch studding is packed with pine needles. The floors underneath and overhead are double with paper be tween. Only a few openings for windows are made in the building, and these are provided with shutters, making a very tight, warm room. The sweet potatoes should be put into the storage-house the same day they are dug. In fact, just as soon as they are dried out and sorted. They should be handled as carefully as possible. Sweet potatoes intended for storage should be handled about the same as choice fruits. The or dinary I basket is a popular package for carrying and transporting sweet potatoes. They ean be hauled in these baskets and carefully dumped in the bins with out serious injury.

The sweet potato-house should be heated to the temperature of 98 to 100 degrees three or four days before the potatoes are put in, until it is thoroughly dried out. While the potatoes are going in, and for a week to ten days after that time, the house should be kept very hot. As much as 80 degrees, and some would prefer to have it from 90 to 100 degrees. I used to heat my houses 98 to 100 degrees, but concluded, from the slight shrivelling which I noticed, that this was too warm. My crop last year was fired at about 80 de grees. It generally takes about a week or ten days after the last potatoes are in before the bins are thor oughly cured out. Only an expert can tell when to stop firing. A few symptoms, however, caa be given which will enable one to judge pretty accurately.

While the potatoes are being heated up, they sweat rather profusely, the air in the house smells moist, and dew deposits on the windows at night. The heat and ventilation gradually carries this moisture out of the house, and the air begins to smell dry and dusty. The potatoes next to the stove and on top of the pile will begin to sprout slightly, and if this is accompanied by the dry smell and feeling of the house, it can safely be assumed that the crop is cured. The firing dries up all sores or broken ends on the potatoes, compels them to go through a sweat, and then takes up the moisture which this sweating develops. It compels the potato to go through some physiological change which puts it in condition for keeping. The result is that if the temperature is gradually lowered to about 60 degrees, potatoes which have been fired properly will keep all winter long. These heated potatoes are also slightly improved in quality, and are known on the market as kiln-dried potatoes.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE VIROINIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Executive Committee of this Society met at Charlottesville on September 1st, when it was decided to hold the annual meeting of the Society at Lynchburg, on December 2 and 3. Owing to the shortness of the fruit crop generally, it was decided to postpone the intended exhibition of fruit until next year and substitute as a special feature lectures on the packing of fruits, with specialists to lead in the various heads, and with exhibitions of the various packages most used in different markets. Farther particulars of arrangements for this meeting will appear in these columns in the November issue.

Walter Whately, Secretary and Treasurer.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE—FALL PLANTING.

Elitor Southern Planter:

A thing that is worth doing is worth doing well, says the old adage. Of all things this applies to the fall setting of strawberry plants. One who plants in fall almost always does so with a view of getting a crop of berries the next spring. To insure this happy result the conditions must be right. For while the strawberry plant likes cool weather and even cold weather short of the coldest, it cannot grow when the ground is actually frozen. Therefore we must aid it to make all possible growth before heavy freezing sets in and to extend its root growth. The foliage is apt to be killed down by frosts in the mild intervals between cold spells of winter.

The three prerequisites to this end are good plants, good planting, and good soil. The well-grown, well-rooted plant has already much of the size necessary to enable it to sustain a good crop of fruit. Besides, it has the vitality which will enable it to grow much faster in proportion to its size than a small, weak plant. Properly set, the plant grows faster than if it had not been transplanted at all.

I will begin with the soil. It is, of course, better to have a rich soil to begin with—one in which the fertilizing properties become thoroughly incorporated with the soil—a part of the soil itself. The ideal conditions are where the land has been made rich for a prior crop—like Irish potatoes or spring or summer trucking of some kind. Plants are easier to live and quicker to grow off on such land than where a great deal of manure of any kind is applied just before planting.

Not all, probably not the majority of growers, are fortunate enough to have such land available for strawberries. Therefore, I will give the best plan to follow where poor or ordinary land has to be used for this purpose.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

Cotton seed meal is by long odds the best and safest manure for young plants, especially in fall, when heat and drought sometimes follow planting. Being of vegetable origin, it does not fire or burn, even when com ing in contact with the roots, like mineral or animal fertilizers. Then, it is quick enough and yet not so soluble as to be quickly lost unless at once appropri ated by the plants like nitrate of soda.

I break the land well in September and harrow well with disk harrow if cloddy or turfy. In October or November I prepare it for planting, by running off rows three feet apart. In these are sown cotton seed meal at the rate of 500 to 700 lbs. an acre. This is as much as it is usually safe to apply in the drill. Mix the cotton seed meal with the soil by running a small harrow, or lacking that, a plow, down the drill. Then list on this with a furrow from each side. Knock this list down pretty low with hoes or a drag, and you are ready to plant.

An endless number of implements are used by different people to open the hole to set plants—spades, trowels, hoes, poles, etc. A thoroughly effective implement may be economically made by a piece of inch plank four feet long and four inches broad. Most of the board should be trimmed down to lighten it and form a handle. Six inches or more of one end must be left spade shape and sharpened at the tip. If the land is stony or rough, several inches of this end should be shod with iron, especially if much planting is to be done. A planter made of oak or any hard wood plank or sapling, will usually last to set several acres without ironing.

Armed with this implement, a man can walk upright and open the hole fast and well. In these broad holes the plants should be set, spreading the roots out as much fan shape as practicable, and the dirt pressed firmly around the roots, care being taken that the hole is well filled from the bottom up.

To grow off at once, the plants must not be set too deep, while if set too shallow they will be apt to die. The right depth is that which covers and hides all the roots after the dirt is packed down around them.

If stable manure is to be used, a good way is to apply it evenly around and between the plants as a top-dressing in November or later. Little, if any, of its properties are lost by exposure in cold weather. Instead, they are washed into the soil within reach of the plant roots, which appropriates them at once. Thus used, they also answer a good purpose as a mulch to lessen the heaving and lifting effects of heavy freezes.

Above I have given the directions for field planting on a more or less large scale. In a garden bed, when intensive culture can be given to obtain big results, the plants can be set much closer—say fifteen inches

apart in the rows, the rows fifteen inches apart, with a two foot walkway between each three rows. In this mode of planting, the cotton seed meal should be applied broadcast and well chopped in. Manure can be applied as a top dressing as in field culture. Kittrell, N. C. O. W. Blackball.

BITTER ROT OF APPLES.

Bitter rot is a disastrously destructive disease upon the apple fruit. It has prevailed at times over very large areas of the territory of the United States, but is especially liable to occur South of the 39th parallel of north latitude. In Illinois, in 1900, the loss in four counties was estimated to be $1,500,000 and as great proportionally to the acres in orchards elsewhere.

Appearance op Diseased Apples.

It begins in one to many brown specks anywhere upon the unbroken skin of the apples, and each point of infection enlarges so as to become a very distinct, dark colored, circular and somewhat sunken spot, beneath which the tissues are dry (never soft and watery) and tough. Great numbers of pustules so small as to be scarcely visible to the unaided eye, arranged in close concentric circles, cover all but the outer border of the discolored spot and give to the surface a roughened appearance. In very dry weather these pustules are merely minute, raised, dark colored points, but when the air is sufficiently moist each conically shaped point opens by breaking through the skin of the fruit and discharges a little pinkish mass of a mucilaginous or waxy substance well seen under a lens. This material may at length form a reddish, minutely roughened crust. Each spot may remain distinct or several on one apple may run together so as to form an irregularly shaped, depressed patch. The whole fruit at length becomes shriveled into an angular, hard body, called a "mummy." It does not further decay.

The pinkish or reddish material from the spots in the fruit is composed of myriads of spores. These cannot be distributed by the wind because they are held together and to the fruit by an adhesive substance, which, however, is very soluble in water. The spores are carried in splashes of rain water or may be distributed by insects. The fungus lives over winter in the old, dried fruits (mummies) and in wound like infected spots, called bitter rot cankers, on the limbs of the tree. During the month of May or later a fresh crop of spores may be produced from the mummies and from the limb cankers. The former more often fall from the tree. The first infection of the season apparently comes from the cankers and can be traced on the younger apples spreading below those in cone-shaped figures in the trees, where the spores have been carried by rain.

The disease goes slowly from tree to tree in an orchard, probably through the agency of insects.

In July and later, where the disease has not become widely spread, search should be systematically made in the orchard for infected trees as determined by the spots on the apples. This can best be done from an ele-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

579

Yated position like the platform of a spraying outfit. If diseased apples are foand the infecting canker (or mammy) should be looked for jast above the upper most of the spotted fruit. The canker and infected fruit should be removed, taking care not to distribute the infection in the process. This is of the utmost im portance if the contagion is to be stopped.

In the winter time the mummies and cankers can be removed or the fungus probably destroyed by spray ing the trees with copper sulphate.

The disease can be kept in check during the summer by repeated applications of Bordeaux mixture.

FIRE BLIGHT OF PEARS.

Bo much has already been written on the subject of "pear blight, that it seems like thrashing over old »straw to again revive the subject. But the control of pear-blight is one of the great practical questions of the fruit grower of Delaware.

The disease cannot be cured after it once attacks a tree ; it can be prevented, however, if orchardists are only careful enough to destroy sources of infection; and since the disease, as a rule, spreads from without inwards, or from younger shoots and spurs to older wood, its progress can be checked by the prompt and effectual removal of diseased parts.

As is well known, the disease is caused by a minute germ or bacillus. This germ only needs to come in •contact with a blossom or be introduced into the tissue of a leaf, young shoot or bud for the disease to manifest itself. From that point it extends inwardly and downwardly.

One of the great sources of infection is observed in •the spring, when blighted twigs are often seen to exude -a milky-looking substance. This latter is the pear blight virus in an almost pure state. If examined un •der the microscope, it is found swarming with rod-shaped organisms or bacilli. Prom this, too, the organism can be isolated and grown upon artificial media, and from these pure cultures, blossoms, buds, twigs and leaves can be inoculated and the trouble reproduced.

To show the relation of the milky virus exuding in the spring from blighted trees to the spread of the disease, a quantity of the latter was collected on April 25, 1902, just at the time that the trees were coming into bloom. This was diluted with sterile water to make a turbid fluid, which the microscope -showed was swarming with pear blight germs. By means of a camel's hair brush dipped in the diluted virus, a number of blossoms were touched in their centres and thus infected with the germs. The blos-i soms so inoculated were then enclosed in bags.

Two weeks later, all of the twigs which bore inoc ulated blossoms were blighted for a distance of four to eight inches, and bore black dead and shriveled leaves.

One shoot whose blossoms were inoculated six weeks previously, was blighted for the entire length of the shoot, a distance of fourteen inches, and was beginning to extend into the shoot from which it sprang.

It is thus certain that the germs of pear blight only need to be brought into contact with the blossoms for infection to follow, and for the blight to extend downward from these points.

It has been shown that bees and other insects are largely instrumental in disseminating the virus from one blossom to another; and while it would be impossible and unwise to banish the bees, even if we could, it is possible to remove much of the virus which they are so instrumental in carrying.

This will consist in a thorough inspection of the orchard in the spring before the blossoms open, and the cutting out and burning of all blighted limbs, branches and spurs. This will prevent in a large measure the wholesale infection of the blossoms, either on terminal growths or spurs, at which time nearly all of the blight gets its start in the tree.

Again, if one will inspect a pear orchard any time during the months of May or June, one will observe a greater or less number of blighted terminal shoots and spurs. These represent blossom, and perhaps bud infection as just noted. If these blighted parts be allowed to remain, the disease will extend and serious consequences will follow.

If the terminal blighted shoots are cut out, the progress of the disease from these points can be stopped, provided care is taken to cut well below the blight and through the healthy wood.

When spurs are affected, it is seen as clusters of dead leaves. These being so short, it does not take long for the blight to extend from them down to the larger limbs. If not cut off on the first appearance of the blight in them, the disease may have already extended into the branch when their excission would be useless.

Hence, soon after blossoming, the trees should be watched carefully, and every evidence of blight removed as fast as it makes its appearance. Delay, especially as regards the excission of blighted spurs, is fatal; that is, it will necessitate the later removal of a large quantity of wood, even to large limbs, which might otherwise be spared.

Most farmers practice pruning for blight, but they commonly do it whenever convenient, rather than at the right time, or perhaps not until the tree is badly involved.

Following the two spring prunings—the first before the blossoms open and the second during a period of a month following blossoming—there should be a third inspection and pruning in the fall before the leaves drop, cutting out at this time any evidence of blight which may have escaped the previous operation.

Delaware Experiment Station.

KEEPING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN LIME.

It may be just the time to remind my friemds of the newer scheme of keeping fruits and vegetables in lime. Procure a quantity of air slaked lime. Put a layer in a box; upon this layer place a layer of freshly picked, nearly ripe tomatoes; then another layer of lime, and another of tomatoes, and so forth, until the box is full. Keep this in a cool place, such as an ordinary, cellar, and the tomatoes will most likely keep for a long time in first-class condition. Grapes, pears, and possibly other fruits and vegetables may be stored in this manner with some assurance of having them keep all right for months. I hope that many of the farmer readers will try this plan this fall, and be in position to report about the outcome later in the season.— T. Greiner, in Practical Farmer.

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEB.

[October

Live Stock and Dairy.

THE RAZOR-BACK HOQ.

We had thought that we had lived beyond the time ■when a correspondent of the Planter would have ventured to say that for any purpose, except that of outrunning any <: nigger" on the plantation, a Eazor back hog had any good qualities to commend him. But such, however, apparently is not the case, as a corre spondent in this issue claims that a Eazor-back was better for his purpose—that of making hog meat on practically a forage and truck crop diet—than either a Jersey Eed or a Berkshire. He does, however, con cede that a cross of a Berkshire boar on a common sow was even better than a Eazor-back. We have long understood that the parties making, the cele brated Smithfield hams have always claimed that a strong admixture of Eazor-back blood in their sows was an advantage in giving to the hams that peculiar lean character and high flavor for which the hams are noted; but we have never known any one to claim that such an admixture of wild blood conduced in any way to the production either by grazing or corn feeding of a profitable general market hog. If this be so, then the efforts of those breeders who have given so much time and attention and spent so much money in perfecting the breeds of pure-bred hogs has been prac tically time and money wasted. We are not prepared to concede this. The facts and the figures are against such a conclusion. Experiments have been made at several Stations as to the results to be accomplished by crossing Eazor backs on pure bred hogs. In every instance, so far as we know, the only result has been to produce a hog which failed to respond as quickly to good feeding as the pure bred hog, however fed. The claim has been made that the introduction of Eazor back blood would give vigor and a better disease resisting hog, but if this be needed in the best pure bred hogs, then breeders have failed in their work. We believe that the best strains of pure bred hogs are as vigorous and healthy as hogs can be when kept under proper conditions and fed as hogs ought to be; and that this is so, is proven by the fact that such hogs will make a pound of meat at less cost than any grade hogs, and make it in less time. If hogs are wanted to merely roam over a plantation and get their own living and make a few pounds of hard, tough meat by the time they have attained almost a patriarchal age, then we grant that the pure-bred hog does not fill the requirement. But if, as we take to be the case, a hog is needed that can convert green food and corn into fat, tender, juicy meat, and make a weight of this meat from 300 to 400 lbs. before twelve months have passed over his head, then only a pure-bred or

high grade hog can meet the requirement. The prime object in feeding stock of any kind is to convert farm products of bulky capacity and low value into products of limited capacity and high value, so that they can be transported more easily to markets, and as a result leave greater profit to the producer of the raw-products. No one who has had any practical experience with coarse-bred, low grade hogs or scrub cattle,, will for a moment contend that they can compete with high-grade and pure bred hogs and pure bred beef cattle in accomplishing this end. We have known purebred Berkshire hogs to make 250 lbs. weight by the time they were six months old, and pure bred Shorthorn Angus and Hereford cattle to make 600 lbs. weight at six months old. Where is the man who ever saw a Eazor-back hog make 250 lbs. weight, even at twelve months, or probably ever in his life, however long it might be, or a "scrub" cow to make 600 lbs. at even nine months of age! With the average low price of staple farm products, and the cost of producing them, if the farmer is to make a profit at all on his capital invested, he must have animals to consume them which will convert them into a high priced product in a very limited time, and only animals which have been bred so as to intensify their natural proclivity to | assimilate food and convert it into meat quickly, can meet this requirement.

SAVE AND FEED THE CORN FODDER.

Every year millions of tons of corn fodder are allowed to go to waste, and a large part of this waste occurs in the South. Thousands of cattle in the South suffer every year for want of rough forage, and thousands of tons of hay are grown and bought to supply some of this deficit. A very large part of the hay so grown and bought is timothy hay, a feed that supplies only the same constituents that are found in the corn fodder wasted. According to Professor Armsby, one of the best authorities on feeds, more than one-third of the digestible nutrients of the corn crop are found in the fodder and stalks, and not two-thirds in the grain. Compared with timothy hay, a ton of corn fodder contains practically the same number of pounds of digestible matter. The Missouri Experiment Station has devoted the last seven years to an attempt to ascertain the actual feeding value of corn fodder as compared with timothy hay, and to study the method of combining it with other feeds, so as to increase its feeding value. The results of three years' feeding experiments show—1. That yearling steers may be wintered on whole corn fodder from which all ears were re-

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moved, alone, without grain or other food, and neither gain or lose in weight on the average. 2. That simi lar steers, when fed all the bright timothy hay, they ^would eat, and no grain made in each case a slight gain. 3 More pounds of fodder than of hay were ne cessary to keep up the weight of the cattle. 4. That between 30 and 40 per cent, of the fodder was refused and not eaten by the cattle. All things considered, it is safe to say that when fed alone a ton of fodder has something like half the feeding value of timothy hay. No one, however, disputes the assertion that it is poor business to winter steers merely to keep them at the same weight. To obviate this, therefore, and still utilize the fodder the Experiment Station has tried the effect of combinations with other feeds. What the oorn fodder lacks is protein. The following show the results reached with different combinations :

The first trial with two year old steers on full feed took place from December, 1899, to April, 1900—119 days, four two-year old steers in each lot, full fed on shelled corn. Here are results :

Timothy hay lot— Pounds.

Corn eaten (166* bushels) 9.331

Hay eaten 3,813

Total gain 802

Average daily gain per steer 1.69

Grain per pound of gain 11.6

Gain per bushel of corn ^ 4.81

■^Corn fodder and clover hay lot—

Corn eaten (186 bushels) 10,385

Corn fodder eaten 1,889

Clover hay eaten : 1,126

Total gain per lot 917

Average daily gain per steer 1.94

Grain required per pound gain 11.3

Gain per bushel of corn 4.93

In this trial the steers on corn and timothy hay made a gain of 802 pounds, or 1.69 pounds daily per steer, while those on equal parts corn fodder and clover hay gained 917 pounds daily, or 1.94 pounds per steer. The grain required to make a pound of gain was on the timothy lot, 11.6 pouuds, and with the fodder and olover lot, 11.3 pounds. A bushel of corn made when fed with timothy 4.81 pounds of beef, and when com bined with equal parts of fodder and clover 4.93.

The second trial took place between January 6 to April 16, 1901—100 days, four two-year-old steers in each lot, full fed on shelled corn :

Timothy lot— Pounds.

Corn eaten (157 bushels) 8,819

Hay eaten 2,540

Total gain 789

Average daily gain per steer 1.97

Grain per pound of gain 11.2

Gain per bushel of corn 5

Corn fodder and clover hay lot—

jJ Corn eaten (190 bushels) 9,469

Corn fodder eaten 868

Clover eaten 2,475

Total gain 1,140

Average daily gain per steer 2.85

8 3 6.75

Grain per pound of gain

Gain per bushel of corn

In this trial, through an oversight, the cattle were allowed practically all the clover they would eat, and, a9 a result, the amount of fodder eaten was comparatively small, which, in a measure, vitiates the results. But the striking difference in the gains made, and in the cost of the gains, cannot fail to be impressive, and still further emphasize the superior value of clover and the importance of using this roughness in full feeding.

It will be noted that in this experiment a bushel of corn produced 5 pounds of gain when combined with timothy and 6.75 pounds when fed in connection with clover and corn fodder—a difference of 1.75 pounds, which, at $5 per 100, means 81 cents per bushel of corn.

The first trial with yearlings took place from January 1 to March 15, 1898—74 days, four yearling steers in each lot—no grain :

Timothy lot— Pounds.

Hay eaten 4,736

Gain per lot 123

Average daily gain per steer 42

Digestible matter per pound of gain 18 23

Fodder and clover lot—

Corn fodder eaten.. 2,510

Clover hay eaten 3,288

Total gain per lot 234

Average daily gain per steer 80

Digestible matter per pound of gain 9.26

Thus the combination of fodder and clover hay made almost twice as much gain as did timothy hay. It is true that the steers on clover and fodder ate more than the timothy lot, but the digestible organic matter required to make a pound of gain was with timothy 18.23 pounds, while with corn fodder and clover only 9.26 pounds, or little more than half as much.

The second trial lasted from December 30, 1899, to April 10, 1900—101 days, four yearling steers in each lot—four pounds of shelled corn daily per head :

Timothy lot— Pounds.

Corn eaten 1,612

Hay eaten 6,753

Gain per lot 262

Average daily gain per steer '. 65

Fodder and clover lot—

Corn eaten 1,612

Corn fodder eaten 3,631

Clover hay eaten 3,593

Gain per lot 357

Average daily gain per steer 88

Here the gains were for the timothy lot 262 pounds, and for the fodder and clover lot 357 pounds or 36 per cent, more, although both lots had the same amount of corn.

The third trial lasted from January 29 to April 19, 1901—80 days, four yearling steers in each lot—6 pounds of shelled corn daily per steer :

Timothy lot— Pounds.

Corn eaten 1,920

Hay eaten 4,943

Gain per lot 318

IHB SOUTHERN PLANTER.

I October

Daily gain per steer 1

Fodder and clover lot—

Corn eaten 1,920

Corn fodder eaten 2,288

Clover hay eaten 3,619

Gain per lot 543

Daily gain per steer 1.67

In this trial, the daily allowance of corn per steer was six pounds instead of four, and the gains were proportionately larger. Yet the advantage of a com bination of fodder and clover over timothy is quite as marked as in the preceding experiments. The gain from corn and timothy was 318 pounds and fiom corn, corn fodder and clover hay it was 543 pounds, or 70 per cent. more.

The fourth trial lasted from December 26, 1901, to April 24, 1902—120 days, four yearling steers in each lot—6 pounds of shelled corn daily per head :

Timothy lot— Pounds.

Corn eaten 2,880

Hay eaten 8,152

Gain per lot 658

Daily gain per steer 1.37

Todder and clover lot—

Corn eaten 2,880

Fodder eaten i.. 2,568

Closer eaten 4,958

Gain per lot 744

Daily gain per steer 1.55

Again the results show the superiority of a combination of fodder and clover over timothy. The gain from timothy was 658 pounds, from the fodder and clover 744 pounds.

It will be noted that in every case the amount of roughness consumed by the cattle getting a combination of fodder and clover was larger than by the lot getting timothy, thus confirming the proposition laid down in a former article that the addition of a food rich in protein was accompanied by a larger total food consumption. This has been true with animals on fall feed when the protein was supplied in the grain as well as when supplied in the roughage, and seems to hold true with cattle on half feed and with those on roughage alone. That the better balanced rations were more efficient is clearly shown by the gains. That the larger gains'obtained from the better balanced rations —when clover, cowpeas or alfalfa supplied the protein —were much more economical and profitable is self-evident, since these roughnesses may usually be bought at leas per ton than timothy, and are produced at de cidedly less per ton when the effect upon the fertility of the farm is considered.

Making full allowance for the increased amount of roughness eaten when clover was added to ration, al lowing for the fodder uneaten— i. e., the coarse stalks —the inevitable conclusion from these four years' work is that a combination of corn fodder and clover hay is fully equal to timothy hay, whether fed without grain, with a small allowance of grain, whether on half feed or on full feed, and whether with yearlings or aged cattle, In other words, the farmer can by this means make the whole, coarse fodder serve every purpose, in cattle feeding at least, for which timothy is now used. Under these circumstances, it is fair to say that timo

thy and corn fodder have essentially the same feeding-values.

I

MAKING HOQ MEAT IN THE SOUTH.

Editor Southern Planter:

I read with much interest the enquiry of J. S. Wilson, of "Wilson county, N. C, and your reply in the September issue of the Planter. Tour plan, while good^ may not suit his case, and as I have had some experience along that line I will write it, hoping it may benefit some one if it does not Mr. Wilson.

I wish to see more short letters from the farmers* themselves, giving their experience. Tell what you, have done and not what you expect to do. When questions are asked, don't let the Editor do all the-talking. Let us have more speaking out or writing out from the men who have had experience on that subject. " In a multitude of counselors there is safety."

The principles of agriculture and stock-growing are the same the country over. Surrounding circumstances should be considered and planning done accordingly. The Editor cannot cut and dry a successful' plan for any one except himself. Each one must work out his own plans. It is by reading such papers as the Planter that we are best prepared to do wise planning for ourselves. Eead the advice of all, and then-apply your own judgment and experience to the problem.

I have been farming and studying farming for thirteen years. The first eight years of this time was-spent upon a fifty acre farm of my own. The first three years of this eight I put my attention mostly to the cultivation of cotton. When cotton got down to 6£ cents a pound I affirmed I would not raise any more at that price. I then turned my attention to the raising of vegetables and hogs, and it is my experience with hogs that I now want to give. I bought a pair each of Jersey Reds and Berkshires. I bought full bloods at a high price. I soon found out the Reds were not the hog for me at all. I then bought some Razorback pigs to test with Berkshires of same age. I found the Razorback to be the best hog for my use. The kind of feed I fed required a hog with a large stomach, and as the Razorback had the largest stomach he could eat more than the Berkshire, and in the end would beat him right much. I would add further, that a cross with a Berkshire boar on common stock sows gave me a better hog still, and this is the one I stuck to. I succeeded in marketing between four and five thousand pounds of fresh meat annually-This I did during the months of December to April. I kept a lot of good common stock sows. I killed and cleaned all pigs that would dress out forty pounds and shipped them off by the 1st of April. This cut

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

583

my stock down pretty well to sows only. These with good attention would give me a quantity of pigs ready a. for peas and potatoes in the fall. As the Editor says, we cannot feed as the Western farmer does. There is not so much money in heavy meat; but there is good money in light pigs nicely cleaned and put on the mar ket at any season of the year. My first crop ready for hogs was the refuse from my early cabbage crop. Then followed squash, Irish potatoes and melons in great abundance. These I gathered from the field and hauled to the hogs. I sowed peas in corn at the last plowing, set out a quantity of sweet potatoes, gathered corn as early as it would cure, and turned hogs in the field after putting a ring in each one's nose to keep him from rooting. Peas and potatoes make a complete ra tion for them. With mire to wallow in and plenty of pure water to drink they did well.

Later I had turnips and sweet potatoes to feed in abundance. They then had full run of nearly all the fields and had crimson and red clovers and peas and potatoes still. I fed very little grain, and this mostly to suckling sows. I found pigs, peas and potatoes beat 6J cents cotton a long way. Besides my lands rapidly impioved under this management.

This is already too long, so I will have to close ; later

I will write again and tell you how to clean and dress

a pig, for I know there are some who make a mess of

▼ it. I will also tell how I raised three big crops a year

on same land after I quit cotton.

I wish to say that I am not now on a farm of my own ; but manage one for another man. I have this year 630 acres in corn, 175 in cotton, 80 in rice, 75 was in oats, now in peas, 10 in potatoes.

Washington Co., N. C. W. H. Hopkins.

We shall be delighted if our subscribers will take Mr. Hopkin's advice and write us their experience. We don't know it all " by a long way." We want to learn more, and the experience of practical men will help us and help our readers very much.— Ed.

easily cared for here in our mild winters than in the cold North and West. The ewes are great milkers and very prolific, and thus make for their owners to put on the best early markets both fine lambs and plenty of them. In our advertising colums will be found the advertisements of one or two other breeders of Dorsets in the State, amongst them Mr. Lindenkohl, of Albemarle county, who has some of the finest bred sheep in the country.

THE ANGORA GOAT.

DORSET SHEEP.

Mr. T. O. Sandy, of Nottoway, Va., writes us that he has purchased a number of Dorset sheep and intends to establish a flock of this breed. The sheep he has purchased are pure blooded animals and consist of a buck, an imported animal two and a half years old, weighing 350 pounds, and a number of ewes with their this year lambs. Amongst these lambs are four bucks which were dropped last February, well grown and of fine conformation and type, which he would sell at reasonable prices. The ewe lambs he will keep to breed from. Dorset sheep seem to be coming into favor in the South. The peculiar value of the breed for the South lies in their ready production of winter and early spring lambs, which can be so much more

Experience of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

The first problem we met was suitable fencing. We soon found that \*hile they do not jump they are good climbers and that they will go over any fence the top of which they can reach with the fore feet. The horns on some of the ewes point backward in a V shape. In the case of a woven wire fence with square openings even with four inch mesh they will push their heads through the openings and get hung by their horns. With this kind of a fence it was necessary to visit them two or thee times a day to release the prisoners. The Ellwood poultry fence (not poultry netting) of the American Fence Company with small diamond shaped openings has proven perfectly satisfactory. It costs about a third more than the ordinary woven wire fence of equal height.

In lyOl we gave them too extensive a range and they did but little clearing up. In May 1902 six ewes, one buck and five kids were put in an acre of young woodland of a mixed growth, most of the trees three to six inches in diameter. There was a quite thick growth of underbrush. The small underbrush of birch, maple, hazel bush, etc., have been cleaned up so that where there are no alders or evergreens the ground under the trees is as clean as though it had been burned over. Sweet fern they do not like very well but they have cleaned all of the hardhack out of this piece. Ferns and brakes have been eaten to some extent. They have eaten the leaves and young sprigs of bushes in preference to grass. Birches two inehes or more in diameter they have not injured but they have stripped the bark from every maple. Even maple trees six inches in diameter have been thus killed. We have found them to be fond of the bark of apple trees, even eating the bark from old trees.

To clean up birch or evergreen woodland they have proven very effective. There has been practically no cost for the summer's keeping. The twelve goats have been kept without other food on one acre of young wood land. They have required no care other than an occasional visit to see that they are all right and that they have water. Salt was given occasionally. Chas. D. Woods, Director.

Orono, Sept. 15, 1902.

STOriACH WORHS IN SBEEP.

The exceptionally wet season has produced condi tions very favorable to the development of animal parasites. The eggs of young embryos need moisture

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

for development, and thia year there has been plenty. The effects are now realized in the great loss of lambs, due to twisted stomach worms.

The symptoms of stomach worm disease are not very characteristic, and therefore do not admit of close de scription. They are dullness, loss of appetite, in creased thirst, diarrhea may or may not be present, a part may show an accumulation of fluid between the jaws, grinding of the teeth ; there is a stiffness of the back and hind parts, and a lagging behind the flock. In acute casf s there may be evidence of pain, as colic, eating unusual material, and much bleating. Some die suddenly without showing evidence of the disease. The majority linger for a week or two and then die. Old sheep are not much affected.

The parasite causing the disease is found in the fourth stomach. It is small, being only about one half inch in length, and threadlike. If a lamb be killed, theae worms may be seen to be pinkish from the blood they have abstracted from the stomach wall. If a lamb dies and the stomach be not opened for a couple of hours, the worms will be white, and being matted together, resemble the fibre of the food. The inexperienced will probably fail to recognize them, although thousands may be present.

The treatment is as follows: Take one part of coal tar creosote and one hundred parts of water and mix well. With a two ounce hard rubber syringe having a short bit of rubber tubing on the end, administer one syringeful to each lamb. Use care not to hold the head high or to force the dose too rapidly, so as to cause strangulation. With such an arrangement, a whole flock may be easily treated. One to three treat ments given a few days apart may be necessary.

It is also a good policy to turn the lambs off the reg ular pasture into the cornfield. They will do little damage to the corn, and in eating the lower blades and grass get food free from all contamination. Yard ing and giving dry feed may also be resorted to. The main object is to get the sheep off the infected pas ture.—A. W. Bitting, Veterinarian, in Country Gen. tleman.

grades, some fall bloods are more prepotent than others, and, by means of a pedigree, these best animals may be selected—that is, stock that are descended from the best and have the advantage of heredity. An inferior animal is not made more valuable by having a pedigree, but a good animal, with a good pedigree, is more valuable than a good animal, the descendant of inferior stock. I believe in selecting a good animal with a good pedigree, but would reject an inferior one, no matter how good the pedigree. Judging from their purchases, some people buy for the pedigree alone. This is a mistake. An inferior animal is so much the worse for having a pedigree that may be traced back to a good family of animals. A pedigree is a good thing when we use it as a guide for the purpose of securing the best blcod, but when it is used merely to give stock a good name, without the good qualities of the animal to back it, it is used improperly. It may be used for the purpose of imposing inferior stock upon a purchaser, who relies upon the reputation of the stock, and who often gets deceived. Such stock gives better stock a bad name, and often good stock fails to find a purchaser just because some one has been so deceived. Albion, W. Va. A. J. Legg.

VALUE OF A PEDIGREE.

Editor Southern Planter :

Several years ago I selected the best sow of a litter of half-blood Poland China pigs and bred her to an animal of as good blood as herself. As might reasonably be expected, the result was a litter of pigs much inferior to either parent. While both animals were nice specimens of their kind, the prepotency or power of transmitting their best qualities had been destroyed by the intermixture of the inferior blood. If I had bred the sow to a full blood male, I could have rea sonably expected an improvement over the mother in the offspring, as full blood stock is prepotent over half bloods or grades. A neighbor said a few days ago that he did not care about a full blood male, as his sow was only a grade. This was the best reason for wanting a full blood. We should always grade up instead of down. As full bloods are prepotent over

SALE OF SHORT HORNS AND POLLED ANQUS CATTLE AT RADFORD, VA.

We invite the attention of our readers to the public sale of Short Horn and Polled Angus Cattle, to be held at the Pair of the Southwest Virginia Agricultural and Live Stock Association at Radford, Va., on October 14, particulars of which will be found in our advertising colums. This sale affords an opportunity for farmers to buy some of the choicest bred stock in the country, which should not be missed.

PICTURES OF LIVE STOCK.

It is our intention to make our Special New Year's issue in January next one of great interest to Live Stock owners, and in order to add to its attractiveness we hope to publish pictures of some of the best stock In the South. To enable us to do this, we ask Live Stock owners to send us photographs of some of their animals for selection and reproduction. These should reach us not later than the end of this month, so that we may have time to have the plates produced. Write name and addrsss of owner on back of the photograph. Later we will ask for information as to breeding, &c, of the animals selected for publication.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

585

The Poultry Yard.

COST OF EQQ PRODUCTION.

The Cornell Experiment Station, New York, has conducted a series of co operative experiments in egg production, which have been of so extended a charac ter as to afford some very reliable data of great value to poultry keepers. We abstract the following infor mation from a very exhaustive Bulletin published on the subject:

These experiments were begun in the fall of 1901 and were intended primarily to furnish information as to the cost of the production of eggs during the winter months and incidentally to give such information as it was possible to secure as to the number of eggs laid per fowl and the effect of various systems of care, feeding and management.

Several poultry men who make more or less of a specialty of producing eggs in the winter and who had expresed a willingness to undertake the work, were asked to co operate in the experiment, and several pens of the University flock weie also used. In all cases possible the owners were asked to include tbeir whole flock, and in several cases this was <tone. The smallest flock contained 25 fowls, the largest 600, ex elusive of males In all, 2,133 hens and pullets were included in the experiments. Chose wbo participated were C. G. Brainard, Waterville; O. W. Mapes, Mid dletown ; C. S. Menges, Yorktown ; Mrs. George E. Monroe, Dryden; E. C. Stewart, Ithaca; Henry Van Dreser, Cobleskill, and White and Rice, Yorktown, and to them thanks are due for cordial assistance and painstaking care in keeping the records asked for.

No restrictions were placed upon the owners as to how the fowls were to be fed, cared for or managed. In brief, they were asked to go ahead and produce the greatest possible number of eggs at the lowest possible cost, and to report each week the kind and amount of food consumed and the number of eggs produced. From the reports so received the results in the follow ing pages have been compiled. Frequent visits were made to each of the places, and there is every reason to believe that the experiments were carefully conducted and the reports honestly and accurately made. The responsibility for accuracy must, however, remain with those participating and not with the Experiment Station.

Following is a description of the flocks and the method of feeding each:

Flock A.

This flock was composed entirely of White Leghorns. There were on December 1, 1901, 60 hens hatched in 1899; 340 hens hatched in 1900, and 200 pullets hatched in 1901. With the flock were 22 cocks and cockerels ; 21 hens were sold and 21 died during the course of the experiment. The percentage of mor tality was, therefore, 3.5.

This flock was fed three times a day beginning with the mixed grain of corn, wheat, oats and buckwheat which is scattered in the straw or litter. The noon feed consists of a mash fed hot in winter, made up of boiled and mashed vegetables, corn meal, wheat bran,

wheat middlings, ground oats and animal meal. After this is eaten up clean they are given a ration of either fresh cut bone or sliced vegetables. At night they are fed all the mixed grain they can eat up clean with a little extra scattered in the litter for the early birds in the morning.

Flock B.

This flock was composed of 150 White Leghorn hens hatched in 1900. Three cockerels were added to the flock on January 1st. There were three hens that died or were so sick as to be removed, thus giving a percentage of mortality of 2. They were fed as follows:

In the early part of winter, oats and peas were the first feed in the morning, and after they were gone whole wheat was substituted. This feed was scattered in the litter on the floor and care taken that they did not have all they wanted, so they were hungry for the mash, which was fed about 10 A. M. This was fed in troughs. The mash was mixed with hot water and fed warm, not hot. It contained all the ground grain and the meat scrap. All of this was fed that the hens would eat up clean and quickly. As soon as the mash was eaten they were fed a very light feed of oats or wheat scattered in the litter. At noon they were fed beets, all they would eat up until the next noon, cut in two lengthwise and laid in the troughs. At nieht they were fed all the whole corn they would eat scattered in the litter. The litter was wheat straw, and was changed frequently.

Flock C.

This flock was composed of 150 White Leghorn pullets hatched in 1901. Three cockerels were added on January 1st, and four pullets died or were removed at various times during the experiment. The percentage of mortality was 2 66. This flock was owned by the same party as Flock B, and the food was all weighed together for both flocks, only the eggs being kept separate. The total food consumed was divided pro rata between the flocks according to the number in each.

Flock D.

This flock was composed of 50 White Leghorn hens hatched in 1900 with four cocks; of these, five died at various times during the experiment, giving a mortality of 10 per cent. The daily practice as to feeding is given by the owner as follows:

As soon as the hens leave the roost a very light feed of grain, usually wheat, is given. This is followed with green food, then another light feed of grain. By dividing the morning portion into two feeds the fowls are kept active nearly, all the forenoon. About 11 o'clock the mash feed is given. This is fed warm and the birds are allowed all they will eat. The afternoon feed is largely cracked corn. This is a liberal feed, and is given soon enough to allow the birds to finish before dusk.

Flock E.

This flock contained 150 White Leghorn pullets batched in 1901 with 12 cockerels ; 3 died during the course of the experiment, making a mortality percentage of 2.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEB.

[October

Flocks D and E were also owned by the same per son, and were fed and cared for alike. The feed was all weighed out together, and the amount consumed divided pro rata between the flocks according to the number in each.

Flock F.

In this flock there were 50 White Leghorn pullets hatched m 1901. With them were threi cockerels-two with the flock and one confined in a small pen alternately Thus giving two days with the flock and one of confinement to each cock. During the experiment 5 died giving a mortality of 10 per cent.

lnis flock was fed a mash in the morning, vegeta bles, and after January 11th, whole grain at noon and whole grain again at 4 P. M. The whole grain was always fed in the litter.

Flock G. This flock was composed of 25 Brown Leghorn hens about half hatched in 1899 and half in 1900. With tne flock were two cockerels. Two hens died, giving a mortality of 8 per cent. This flock was fed and cared for like Flock F, and belonged to the same party.

Flock H.

In this flock there were 25 Black Minorca pullets. There were no males in the flock, and as any of the pullets became indisposed they were removed and their places supplied with others, thus keeping the number constantly good. No record was kept of the number removed, but it was not large.

The fowls were fed three times a day regularly, whole grain in the morning, mash at noon and whole grain at night; green food, including clover, was not fed in the mash, but at some time following the grain food, usually in the morning, occasionally in midafter

noon.

Flock I.

This flock contained 26 Black Minorca females and two males. Tiree of the females, were pullets, the remainder were partly one year old and partly two year old hens. One died, giving a mortality of 4 per cent. This flock was owned by the same party as Flocks F and G, and was fed and cared for like them. Flock J.

On December 1, 1901, this flock contained 458 females and 29 males. They were of various breeds and ages as follows: White Leghorns, 178 hens, 139 pullets and 16 cocks and cockerels; Buff Leghorns, 31 hens, 20 pullets and 2 cocks and cockerels; Black Minorcas, 7 pullets and 1 cockerel • Silver Pencilled Wyandottes, 22 pullets and 4 cockerels; White Wyan-dottes, 52 females, all pullets but 8 or 9, and 3 cocks and cockerels; Barred Plymouth Eocks, 9 hens and 3 cocks. Daring the course of the experiment 7 were sold, 23 were killed and 26 died. The percentage of mortality was therefore 5.7.

This flock was fed whole mixed grain in the morning scattered in the litter, whole grain again at noon, and a mash at 3:30 P. M., with fresh ground meat and bone twice a week. No green food or vegetable food was given.

Flock K. This flock was composed of 96 White Leghorn pul-

lets, hatched in 1901, and one cock, 20 White Wyandotte hens, hatched in 1900,134 White Wyandotte pullets, hatched in 1901, and 13 cocks and cockerels and 100 cross-bred White Wyandotte—White Leghorn cross-bred hens hatched in 1900. There were 14 sold during the course of the experiment and 4 died. The percentage of mortality was 1.1.

This flock was fed about 7.00 A. M., noon, and 5.00-P. M.; the time of the evening feed varies, being ear> lier in winter and later in summer. The morning and evening feeds consist of whole grain, viz., wheat, oats and corn mixed. The noon feed consists of a mash composed of wheat bran, wheat middlings, corn meal, ground oats, meat meal and cut clover moistened to a crumbly consistency with ekim milk or water, always-the former when available. Aside from the clover all green feed is fed about middle of forenoon. Oyster-shells always before them.

Flock L.

In this flock were 100 pullets of mixed breeding. White Leghorn very largely predominating, 2 males-were with the flock, and during the course of the experiment 5 hens died, thus giving a percentage of mortality of 5.

These fowls were about seven to eight months old at the beginning of the test, and up to within a few days of December 1 had always had wheat and corn (cracked or whole) where they could help themselves whenever they felt like eating, with skimmed milk to drink.

The feeds used, except the whole grain, were mixed together, and given as a morning feed in the form of a mash during December and January; the wheat and buckwheat were fed at noon, by scattering in a litter on the floor, and the whole corn was given at night.

During February and March, while Mapes' Balanced Ration was used, it was simply made into a mash by adding either warm water or warmed skimmed milk, and placed in the troughs either two or three times a day. There seemed to be no difference in results secured, whether the feed was given in two feeds or in three feeds,

Food Cost of One Dozen Eggs.

As has been already stated, the primary object of the experiment was to obtain the food cost of one dozen eggs. This varied very much for the different flocks and in the different periods, ranging from something over five dollars to something less than six cents.

The average cost for the whole time, taking each flock as a unit, was 16£ cents per dozen. The range being from 8.7 cents (Flock C) to 33 9 cents (Flock I).

The chief factors in determining the cost of one dozen eggs are the cost of the food and the number of eggs laid. In general the latter was the more important factor. That is. those hens that laid the most, eggs produced them at the least cost per dozen, regardless of the cost of the ration.

Peofit and Loss. By "profit and loss" is simply meant the relation between the cost of the food consumed and the value of the eggs produced at market rates. No account is made of anything else, and it is therefore not really a discussion of profit and loss, but the term is used for want of a better. The discussion is given to bring out some factors of interest that appear by reason of the varying numbers of eggs laid and the fluctuation in

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

587

the market price.

The winter of 1901-2 was remarkable both because of the high price of foods and the high price of eggs, the latter running much farther toward spring than usual. In fact, the highest quotation for the whole winter, namely 36£ cents, was for the week ending February 21.

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In the seventeen weeks, from December to March 29, in twelve flocks, representing eight owners and 2,100 fowls, the average daily production of eggs was 23.2 per 100 fowls.

During the same time the average food cost of one dozen eggs was 16.3 cents. The flocks that laid most eggs during December and January laid most eggs also in March.

The egg production of pullets (hatched in 1901) was notably in excess of that of hens, particularly in the earlier periods when the price of eggs was highest.

The average cost of feeding 100 hens for the seven teen weeks was $32.43

The average excess of production over cost of food for seventeen weeks was $23.93 per 100 fowls.

The outlook is that poultry will be scarce and high next winter. Farmers sold off a year ago when feed was scarce, and the wet summer was unfavorable to young chicks and turkeys.

Mention the Planter to your friends.

SKIH niLK FOR POULTRY.

Another way of disposing of the surplus skim milk with profit is to feed it to the poultry. As a feed for poultry, it famishes the material for making growth in a palatable, easily-digested form. For this reason it is easily valuable as an addition to the grain ration which is liable to lack in thei materials to make growth. The Indiana Experiment Station fed two lots of growing chickens exactly alike, except one lot was given all the skim milk it would eat, in addition to the grain ration. The lot having grain, but no skim milk, made an average gain of 2.62 ounces per week. The lot receiving skim milk made a gain per week of 4.46 ounces. The conclusion of this experiment was as

follows:

"If skim milk be added to the ration fed young chickens, it will increase the consumption of other foods given. The greatest increase in gain was coincident with the period when the greatest amount of skim milk was consumed. Skim milk is especially valuable as a food for young chickens during the hot, dry weather, and becomes of less importance as the chickens grow older and the weather becomes cooler."'

The New York Experiment Station found skim milk a very economical feed for producing growth in chickens. In these experiments the skim milk was valued at 25 cents per hundred pounds, but some careful poultry feeders believe 50 cents per hundred not too high a valuation. Skim milk can be fed sweet or~ after it is quite thick and sour. It is necessary, in feeding it in any form to poultry, to take great care that the troughs or utensils in which it is fed be kept clean. Lack of attention to this point is about the only cause of poor results from feeding skim milk as an addition to the grain ration for poultry.— Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin.

OLD-FASHIONED flETHODS.

While there are many improvements along the line of caring for fowls, some of the older methods are good and cheap. Take lice or bed bugs. What is better, or what living thing can stand a good smoking out of sulphur ? Close up the house, burn five cents' worth of sulphur in an iron pot. If one thinks one smoke is not enough, repeat in two or three days.

An acquaintance ef mine bought a house in which parties moving out said they had fought bed bugs and kept them down, but never were rid of them entirely. This man shut up the house, gave it too good smok-ings, using ten cents' worth of sulphur, and has not seen or found a bug in two years.

I am this season using silicate of soda, water glass, to preserve my eggs for winter. If I had known about it several years ago, I could have laid in a supply, as it was used several years ago in the paper mills quite extensively to make book paper smooth and hard. I should be pleased to know if any experiments have been made to know how loEg this solution holds good; if the water glass I now have eggs in will not be equally good to put in eggs another year.— Morton iNGiXJvS,

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

([October

The Horse.

ELIGIBILITY FOR REGISTRATION.

Will a colt out of a thoroughbred mare by a stand ard bred horse (both registered), be entitled to registration as a "standard bred," without showing a cer tain or required amount; of speed ?

Edgecombe Co., N. C. W. H. M.

The Trotting Standard.

When an animal meets these requirements and is duly registered, it shall be accepted as a standard bred trotter:

1. The progeny of a registered standard trotting horse and a registered standard trotting mare.

2. A stallion sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided his dam and grandam were sired by registered standard trotting horses, and he himself has a trotting record of 2:30 and is the sire of three trotters with records of 2:30, from different mares.

3. A mare whose sire is a registered standard trot ting horse, and whose dam and grandam were sired by registered standard trotting horses, provided she herself has a trotting record of 2:30 or is the dam of one trotter with a record of 2:30.

4. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided she is the dam of two trotters with records of 2:30.

5. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided her first, second and third dams are each sired by a registered standard trotting horse.

The colt not coming within any of these require • ments cannot be registered.— Ed.

NOTES.

Mr. Henry G. Herring, of the Retirement Stud, near Bridge water, Rockingham county, Va., writes as follows concerning the farm horses, of which nearly a hundred head are owned on the place :

''The most highly prized, of course, among our trotting bred matrons is the gray mare Erena, 2:191, by Alcyone, out of Estelle, dam of Rutledge, 2:27}, by Clark Chiei, 89. By Allerton, 2:09}, she has thrown Allercyone, 2:17}, and two other standard performers, while several of her produce by other sires are likely to make records. Her foal of 1902 is a shapely chestnut filly, by Supremacy, 2:29 J, and she was bred back to that son of Bell Boy, 2:19}. Rose Pompon, by Algernon, son of Allie Wilkes, 2:15, and Tuti Peori, by General Hancock, dam Miss Gate, by Restoration, has a large, handsome brosrn filly at her side by Suprem acy and was bred back. Two other trotting bred foals that we think well of are by Restoration, one of them being out of a mare by Algernon and the other from a daughter of Ali Pasha, the son of Almont, 33. Restoration was bred by Major Foxhall A. Daingerfield, while a resident of this county, and sired by Sam Purdy, out of Nellie Buck, grand dam of Mosul, 2:09}; Partiality, 2:24}; Nutwith, 2:29}, etc. Jessie Nelson was barren this season, but the yearling from her by Restoration is one of the best ever seen on the planta-

tion of any breed. The bay gelding, 3, out of her, by Algernon, took first and second prizes in his class at the Harrisonburg Horse Show in August. Jessie Nelson is a daughter of Africa, 11393, and Sister, by Clay-tonian Chief^ second dam by Alburn, son of Almont. We have eight weanlings and one yearling by Chorister, thoroughbred son of Falsetto, all out of good mares, and we look for them to make high class hunters and jumpers. Our collection of half-breds also includes a number of the get of Sam Corey, thoroughbred son of Long Taw. One of our most highly prized youngsters is by Chorister, dam Loving Bell, by imported Aerolite. We had Chorister here for a couple of seasons, bub he is now in the Stud of Dr. James Kerr, Warren-ton, Va., and Loving Bell was bred back to him last spring. I omitted to mention that we have a number of the get of Black Squirrel, Montrose, Woodford's Cripple, Mark Diamond, and other saddle stallions, which are highly finished and more beautiful than any other brad I know of."

William A. Walker has sold to a gentleman in North Carolina for use as a road horse the little bay gelding Dr. Williams, 4, by Egwood, 2:16i, dam Bessie Hunter, by Woodburn Hambletonian. This gelding is handsome and acts well enough to develop speed with handling. Dr. Walker has purchased from parties on the Eastern Shore of Virginia a good looking chestnut stallion, five years old, by a son of Onward, dam by Walker Morrill, the sire of Lamp Girl, 2:09, and regards him as the making of a fast horse.

The second annnal exhibition of the Richmond Horse Association, which begins on October 14th and continues through the week, promises to be a grand affair, both in point of attendance and the class of exhibits. Many of the most noted show horses in the country will be here, and amidst the glare of electric light some dazzling performances may be witnessed over the tan bark in the spacious arena. The new amphitheatre at Reservoir Park is a splendid affair, and will accommodate at least ten thousand people. It was built especially for the Richmond Horse Show Association and is excelled by no building of the kind in the country. The Richmond Horse Show is doubtless a fixture here, and merits the patronage and support of our best people, and that it will be liberally accorded is not to be doubted.

Broadrock.

SADDLE HORSES FOR SALE,

Mr. John P. Lewis, proprietor of Lynnwood Stock Farm, Lynnwood, Va., is disposing : Kentucky

saddle horses, as will be seen by his advertisement elsewhere in this issue. Mr. Lewis is going more extensively into breeding Percherons, Shorthorns and Berkshires, devoting his entire time to them, hence the sale of his Kentucky saddle horses. The stock offered is first class, and ranges from weanlings to seven year-olds.

<i

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

589

niscellaneous.

THE FARMER AND EDUCATION.

Editor Southern Planter:

Education is the great modern fad. A great moral force is found to reside in the alphabet, and that A, B, C, &c, in their many and various combinations, are going to effect a total revolution, and to make men not only intelligent but virtuous, and the decalogue is to become obsolete ; only educate all at public expense, and the reign of righteousness will have come, and come to stay. At least such i3 the necessary inference from the claims of the advocates of public schools.

But it is evident, from the recent biennial report of the State Superintendent of Instruction that the peo pie of Virginia do not take this roseate view of the benefits derivable from free schools ; on the contrary, it would seem from this report that they care little or nothing at all for education, which is extremely unfor tunate, for though education is by no means the pan acea, moral and intellectual, for human depravity and stupidity, it is nevertheless true that the uneducated community is seriously handicapped in the race for wealth and influence, and therefore happiness. Education is power, and it is the powerful, and not the saints, that do and that shall inherit the earth. Hence if Virginians wish to inherit a fair portion of the earth they must improve, vastly improve, their public school system, and become educated, or at least much better educated.

The following epitome of the report shows the wretched and disgraceful condition of public education in our State :

Total school population (white) 426,054

Total enrollment, only (white)- 258,222

Total average attendance, only (white)—..... 156,472 (that is to say, 64 per cent, of the white population not attending public schools.)

Forty-three per cent, of the white schools illegal, or 2,658 schools out of 6,056; and of the 2,658 schools 1,051 have an average attendance of between 14 and 10 pupils, and 146 have an average attendance of less than 10 ; Louisa had only 2 legal schools out of 64, Buckingham only 9 out of 59, Dinwiddle only 6 out of 50, Prince Edward only 5 out of 42, etc.; many schools established to accommodate men who have daughters or some other relative they wish appointed to teach the schools, or to satisfy wild and insane tendencies; school-houses unfit for human habitation; school term so short children forget almost as much during the long vacation as they learn during the short school term; teachers in many instances inadequately pre-

pared, etc., etc., and the superintendent thinks "a rigid investigation would show a worse state of affairs in many sections of the State."

Now, who is to blame ? It would hardly do to lay the blame upon our last Governor and our last Attorney General, now Governor, and the Superintendent, and the Secretary, who composed the Board of Public Instruction, for they are all honorable men, ambition-less, forgetful of self, and with an eye single to duty. The people, then, are to blame, and appeal, therefore, is made to them to begin with the new school year and see that affairs are conducted with an eye single to the cause of good education, for any increase of efficiency of the school system means benefit to them, and benefit proportionate to the efficiency. Let the people demand that there be no longer any illegal schools; that is, schools under twenty average attendance, because to expect good from smaller schools is like expecting a fire from two sticks; and if possible, see that schools do not fall below twenty-fire average attendance, which is the smallest number from which, according to the Superintendent, much good can come. But the people must be earnest and wide awake, and must get behind the State Board, otherwise school affairs will remain in the same disgraceful rut, for political boards, whether school or other are notoriously inefficient, and neglectful if those whom they represent are not constantly behind them.

Probably, however, the people will deny that they are to blame, at least wholly, and will charge that the State Board of Instruction is the chief offender ; that the Board has been entrusted with the duty and the power, and that if after the expenditure of $7,914,872 on public schools in four years the schools are in the condition reported by the Superintendent, then the Board has not only been neglectful, but grossly go, and not only neglectful, but equally incompetent too, for the Secretary says in the press, the Board has made " utmost effort to do its duty," and if four years of "utmost effort" results in present school conditions, then truly the Board is not only incompetent, but very incompetent, but between Board and people I shall not attempt to decide. But one thing I will say that the people of the State must, for their own good, be better educated, and that, to be better educated, they must get behind, stimulate and uphold those charged with the administration of school affairs.

Richmond, Va. L. H. Blaie.

When corresponding with advertisers, kindly men tion the Southern Planter.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[October

PULLING AND TOPPING CORN VERSUS CUTTING BY HAND OR flACHINE.

[Article prepared by Mr. W. S. Mott and read at meeting of Farmers Club of Gloucester county, Va.]

While I promised my brother members at oar last meeting to give them an article on the comparative costs of handling the corn crop, as above mentioned, I fear I will not be able to deal with it as explicitly as I would like, or I think the subject warrants.

To begin with, it is shown by statistics that something like 90,000,000 tons of corn fodder are annually raised on the 80 to 90 million acres normally planted in this country, which fodder is to a great extent wasted, the enormity of this loss will be emphasized when we realize that the normal hay crop of the coun try is about 65,000,000 tons, valued at $500,000,000. Why not save our fodder entire and sell the hay, pro vided it be proven feasible to handle it cheaply enough to make it an object, and it would seem to the writer, after contemplating the value of the hay, almost entirely fed for roughage, it would alone solve the question as to its being worth the expense of saving. But I have wandered in my earnestness to impress upon the mind the value of the crop. As to the cost of handling, I will give the few figures at my command, and will be pleased to have them compared with estimates made by others better informed. I find by in

«quiry that it is the experience of most local farmers, who have kept any strict accounts of cost of handling in the different ways, to be in favor of cutting up, to this extent, that in tests made in this and adjoining counties, where the wage scale is comparatively the same, it has been demonstrated that to top and pull an acre of corn that will yield four barrels per acre, costs 75 cents and board per hand, paying at the rate of 50 cents per day, and that under same conditions it

■ costs 50 cents and board to cut down and shock one acre, throwing the cost .at least 25 cents per acre in favor of cutting down, to say nothing of avoiding the risk of the elements by adopting the latter plan, for it will be seen that the provender cut down was in a sense saved when in shock. Also in a letter received by the writer from Professor Ferguson, Assistant Professor of Agriculture at our Experiment Station at Blacks-burg, where he claims repeated tests have been made in the manner of handling the corn crop, he says, in a very summary way, that as far as handling it in the antiquated and time-worn way of topping and pulling, he can give me no figures, as thev regard it a too wasteful and by-gone practice to follow in these modern days; but farther states that patting the wage scale at what they have to pay day and monthly help, that it costs them 30 cents per acre less to handle the crop with the harvester than by hand, paying 80 cents per day, and $20 per month. They estimate that it costs

them on the college farm 70 cents per acre With harvester and about $1 by hand, so it would seem that all tests made thus far are decidedly in favor of cutting down and more forcibly in connection with a machine against hand. But here, before concluding, let the writer express his humble opinion in regard to the harvester versus hand; he has tried both, and is decidedly in favor of the harvester, where the acreage is large enough for the machine to more than earn the interest on the investment; in other words, if it costs, as the Professor says, 70 cents an acre to handle the crop with it, and the machine costs $125, there must be acreage enough for it to cut yearly to earn the interest on same $125, at the local wage scale rate, that it costs to cut an acre by hand, and also enough extra to keep it in repair for the natural life of the machine, otherwise he thinks he had better cut by hand, provided he can command labor at time needed, the last mentioned having been a strong factor in inducing the writer to buy a harvester. It made him independent and able to harvest his crop at proper time, and at nearly one half the cost of hand labor. For instance, he cut down inli days 15 acres of corn that averaged eight barrels, and two monthly hands shocked and tied tops of same in two days; now, allowing at the rate of day labor, the comparison will be seen as follows : three horses and driver, $3.38; two hands, $3.00; 30 lbs. twine at 11 cents, $3.30 ; total, $9.68; cost per acre, 6U cents, against one dollar, which it always cost me by hand, with one exception, which I find from some old notes made at the time, of lumping the crop that season with parties at a price that brought it down to 71 cents, which, at this low price hand work, is still beaten by the harvester, not to mention the fact that when cut by hand it then has to be bound after shucking, so as to handle to advantage, making another item in favor of the machine.

There are many other points of interest in the matter of the corn and fodder crop, its comparative feeding value with other long food, etc., which I will not attempt, but leave for another time to some of my more competent confreres.

Gloucester Co., Va. W. S. Mott.

WOODS AND HALARIAL DISEASES.

Editor Southern Planter:

A good cause has frequently been injured for a time by the impetuous ardor of its advocates. There are facts about forestry, and the necessity of preserving a certain proportion of woodland where it already exists for fuel and timber, and planting out groves in destitute places, but the main fact has been buried out of sight under a pile of doubtful matter by enthusiastic writers until the subject is not likely to receive

/

*L

THE SOUTHERN PL ANTES.

591

Even

the attention which its importance demands Lieut. M. F. Maury, one of the most learned and astute of modern scientists, had the weakness to assert ■that a few rows of Sunflowers, planted between the Washington Observatory and the marshy banks of the Potomac, had saved the inmates ef that institution from intermittent fevers to which they had been formerly liable.

The Hon. George P. Marsh, in his book, '« The Earth as Modified by Human Action," after discussing the subject cautiously, throws the weight of his influence in favor of Maury's idea, that a few rows of trees, or «ven sunflowers, would protect a farm-house, or a village, against the malarious influence of a stagnant, putrid swamp, where vegetable decomposition was rapidly going on 1

The American Horticultural Society, in 1889, passed a resolution embodying the same principle in a different shape—that the removal of the native forests tends to cause, or increase, malarious diseases.

Now, with all respect for the opinions of these learn ed men and this august society, I would say the truth seems to be exactly the reverse, and that malarial districts of great extent have been rendered healthful and salubrious by cutting down the timber, clearing up the land, letting in the sunlight, and the wind to dry up the stagnant water, purify the air, and destroy the miasmatic germs of malarious diseases.

All Northern Pennsylvania, when first settled by white men, was subject to fever and ague, which at tacked every family, and each member of the family. The strong men shook as well as the weak and the young. Its visits from house to house were not sel ■dom, but frequent, and when once it came it was never in a hurry to go. It was the prevailing epidemic and remained so until much of the country was cleared of its woods and under cultivation, and then it disappeared, except perhaps in the neighborhood of some pond of stagnant water full of decaying logs and leaves. So entirely has fever and ague left this part of the country it would be hard to find a resident under fifty years of age who had ever seen a case unless it was imported, or saw it when abroad.

Mr. J. A. Foote, writing to the Rural New Yorker, says: "I speak as a resident of Indiana for fifty-six years, and assert that I believe there is a vast improvement in the health of the people, and that the mortality from malarious diseases now is not one fourth what it was forty or fifty years ago in proportion to population.

"An old physician tells me that there is no comparison to be made between the past and the present in respect to the general health, and that as to malarial diseases there is not one case now to ten in those days when there was twice or three times the •extent of forest there is now."

About the year 1846, after a hot dry summer, fever and ague broke out among the people living near a large mill pond in Herrick township, Bradford county, Pennsylvania. Nearly every person for miles around was attacked by the disease. The water in the mill-pond (which had nearly become dry) was stagnant and offensive to the smell. There were woods on nearly all sides of the pond, but the trees did not prevent the malaria as Lieut. Maury believed they would After the pond was drained the fever abated, and there have been no cases since. There is no doubt that the shade of woods is favorable for preserving the rain and Bnow water from evaporation, and causes it to sink into the ground for the benefit of springs, wells, and mill streams. Creeks which once supplied an abundance of water for mills at all seasons, after clearing off most of the woods have become nearly dry and the mills are abandoned.

There is no doubt that a forest will break the force of the fierce winter blasts and make it more comfortable for men and animals who live in its midst or on the lee side of it, and that fruit trees will bear better and oftener for its protection. There is no question about the necessity of preserving a certain proportion of woods for growing timber, without which it is hard to see how the business of civilized life could be carried but when people talk about the removal of the

on

forest causing malarial diseases, irregularity and uncertainty of the rain fall, extremes of drouth and flood, extremes of heat and cold, and diminished humidity of the atmosphere, they are going beyond the bounds of truth and reason, and are likely to injure the cause of forestry which they are endeavoring to advocate.

Malaria has mostly disappeared in the few districts of the eastern counties of England and in most parts of Holland, France, Italy, and Algiers by drainage. The certain prevention against malaria is not in planting trees or sunflowers, but in thorough drainage of the marshes and the destruction of garbage and decaying substances which generate the germs.

J. W. Ingham.

MEETING OF THE MUTUAL FARMER'S CLUB OF FREDERICK CO., VA.

The Mutual Farmer's Club met at " Lost Stream," the residence of John L. Bond, August 30th, 1902. The meeting was called to order by President Bees at 10:45. The minutes of last meeting were read and approved.

Carroll C. Clevenger, John L. Bond, and Edward L. Just, were appointed to select and refer questions for the next meeting. A motion was carried that the reading of the "Advertiser" come after the referred questions.

H. S. Lupton, N. W. Solenberger, and J. W. Bran-

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[October

son, were appointed a committee to prepare resolutions upon the death of Samuel L. Pidgeon.

Under the head of referred questions, D. W. Branson answered the following: "Tell us how to make the best butter." Mr. Branson read an essay in which he outlined a method that had been used by him very satisfactorily for a number of years. He especially emphasized the importance of keeping everything in connection with the dairy scrupulously clean. After some discu8?ion on butter making, Mr. Boyer was called upon to answer the question, "The farmer's interest in good seed." Mr. Boyer thought that the farmer should be very careful to sow good seed, and if that of his own raising was not suitable, he should spare no effort to purchase good seed elsewhere.

The question referred to C. M. Solenberger was continued till next meeting. The meeting adjourned a few minutes before noon to enable the committees appointed to perform their work ready for the afternoon session.

The after dinner stroll was taken through the apple orchard, where an abundance of fine apples were seen.

Upon resuming business, Mr. Solenberger read the "Advertiser," after which the committee appointed to prepare resolutions produced the following :

(3) Give your opinion on selecting, planting, and growing fruit trees. Referred to S. L. Lupton.

Under the head of Miscellaneous Business, Dr. Brown read a tribute to Samuel L. Pidgeon. A motion wa? carried that the paper be offered for publication. Mr. P. H. Gold, a visitor, gave a short account of his experience with Soja beans as a forage crop.

Nothing further claiming attention, an invitation was accepted to meet at the residence of S .L. Lupton, September 27th, 1902.

Josiah L. Rees, President.

W. E. Branson, Secretary.

Dr. Brown's Tribute to the Late S, L. Pidgeon.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Mutual Farmer's Club:

Whereas our Heavenly Father, in the dispensation of His providence, has seen fit to remove from our midst one of our much esteemed members, Samuel L. Pidgeon; and

Whereas the Mutual Farmer's Club realizes that it has sustained a great loss in his removal, not only be cause of his rare and commendable qualities, but also because of his connection with the early history of the Club; therefore, be it

Resolved, That we, the Mutual Farmer's Club, extend our heartfelt sympathy to the members of his family in their sore bereavement; and be it further

Resolved, That these resolutions be published, and a copy sent by the Secretarv to the afflicted family.

H. S. Lupton,

N. W. SOLENBERGER,

D. W. Branson,

Committee.

Under the head of New Business, Senator Lupton suggested the feasibility of a circulating library, which resulted in the following committee being appointed without instructions to investigate the matter : S. L. Lupton, L. M. Boyer, and C. C. Clevenger.

The committee appointed to select and refer ques tions for next meeting reported as follows :

(1) Considering the price of feed and the shortness of crops, would it be advisable to feed to stock or sell grain and stock. Referred to Daniel T. Flood.

(2; Considering the labor attached to the making of butter and the price usually obtained for the product, would it not be better to allow calves to do the milking and sell for veal ? Referred to Lewis Pidgeon.

Since our last meeting, another honored gray head has bowed to the conqueror of us all. It is with sympathetic feelings of grief that we now present this brief tribute of respect to the memory of our honored and departed friend. In him our Heavenly Father in his infinite wisdom, has taken from our midst another charter member of our Club. When we take a retrospective view of his long and useful life, we find his reputation without reproach. As he lived, so he died, a follower and devout believer in the religion of Christ. One of the principal characteristics of his life was liberality in judging men and their actions, with charity to all—ever ready to place the best construction on words and actions of men, always disposed to lend a helping hand to promote the welfare and good of others. Truth and manly sweetness dwelling on his tongue, a quiet, unassuming deportment in his social intercourse, made admiring friends of all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Blessed by his Creator with a clear mind and warm heart for the right; a true and loyal friend, and in the Club ever ready to do his whole duty, an indefatigable worker for the advancement of its varied interests.

The Mutual Farmer's Club deeply mourns the loss of so valuable a member, and to the family extend their heartfelt sympathy in this their great affliction. We have the consolation of knowing that so long as memory lasts his good name will be greatly cherished and deeply enshrined in the hearts of his family, relatives and friends.

"Through shining paths where an Almighty Hand, Where love, hope, faith and joy have spanned The gulf between, till full of new might, He turns with sweeter life and warmer glow, And holds his hands to those that climb below." Ah, well, not long till we shall be A silent one of the company.

F. Tardlet Brown.

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTEE

593

THE

Southern Planter

PUBLISHED BY

TflE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COIP'T.

RICHMOND, VA.

Issued on 1st of bach Month.

J. F. JACKSON,

Editor and General Manager.

B. MORGAN SHEPHERD,

Business Manages.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING. Rate card furnished on application.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

The Southern Planter is mailed to subscribers in the United States and Canada at fOc. per annum; all foreign countries and the City of Richmond, 75c.

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Subscribers failing to receive their paper promptly and regularly, will confer a favor by reporting the fact at once.

The Date on yonr Label shows to what time your subscription is paid.

We Invite Farmers to write us on any agricultural topic. We are always pleased to receive practical articles. Criticism of Articles, Suggestions How to Improve The Planteb. Descriptions of New Grains, Roots, or Vegetables not generally known. Particulars of Experiments Tried, or Improved Methods of Cultivation are each and all welcome. Contributions sent us must not be furnished other papers until after they have appeared in our columns. Rejected matter will be returned on receipt of postage.

Ho anonymous communications or enquiries will receive attention.

Address— THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

RICHMOND. VA.

Detail Index to Enquirer's Column.

Eye 572

Rotation of Crops 572

Contract for PurchaEe of Mowing Machine 572

Keeping Winter Apples 572

Spraying Apple Trees 573

Horse Sucking His Tongue 573

Keeping Root Crops in Winter 573

Onion Sets—Fall Setting of Irish Potatoes 573

Fertilizing Orchard with Green Crops —Working Orchard — Spraying— Onion Growing—Whitewash, &c... 573

Insects Affecting Sweet Corn 574

Woodland Pasture—Johnson Grass-Hairy Vetch 574

Sick Hogs 675

Seeding to Grass 575

Hog Moth Caterpillar 575

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

A Liberal Offer.

We will send The Planter from October, 1902, to January, 1904, to any one who is not now a subscriber to the journal who will send us fifty cents, either by money order, in coin, or in postage stamps. We make this offer in order that we may lighten the work of our Subscription Department in the months of December and January, when thousands of new subscribers and renewals usually crowd upon us and overwhelm us with work and result in much delay to subscribers, and not a few mistakes, however careful we may be. This offer makes the price of the journal only about three fourths of a cent per week. A subscriber writes us, in September, that one issue of it is worth $19 to any farmer. We would ask our old subscribers to bring this offer to the notice of their friends and neighbors, and urge them to send in their subscriptions ; or, better still, obtain the money and send it along with their own renewal. We are making arrangements for the issue of a specially attractive number for Jan nary, 1903, which alone will be worth much more to every farmer

than the cost of the whole year's subscription.

Binders for the Planter.

We have received a new supply of binders for the Planter, and shall be glad to send one holding the numbers for a year to any one sending us 25 cents in stamps or coin.

THE SUPERIOR DISC HARROW.

The Superior Drill Company of Springfield, Ohio, is advertising its splendid Disc Harrow in another column. This harrow is something of a novelty in that it is mounted on wheels. The advantage of this arrangement is at once apparent, as it does not have to be hauled around in a wagon, but rides on its own wheels. It is also easy to work in the fields. All you have to do is to hitch up the team, throw over the lever, and put your boy on it, and he will do the work as well as a man. Look up the advertisement.

Wood's Seeds.

Vetches.

The HAIRY WINTER or

SAND VETCH makes a hay or

forage crop superior in feeding and

nutritive qualities to Timothy

Hay. It will also make the largest

yield of dry feed of any crop that

can be sown in the Fall. In this

respect it is superior to Crimson

Clover as it not only makes a larger

yield than that crop, but is very

much superior in feeding qualities.

Wood's Falll Catalogue tells all

about Seeds for Fall Planting,

Seed Wheat, Octs, Rye,

Barley, Vetches, Grass and

Clover Seeds, etc. Write for Catalogue and prices of any Seeds desired.

T. W. WOOD & SONS,

Seedsmen, Richmond, Va.

Wood's Fall Catalogue also tells about Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Strawberry and Vegetable Plants, Lawn

Grass, Hyacinths, Tulips, etc. Catalogue mailed free upon request.

PLANT BED CLOTH,

AND ALL

CANVAS GOODS,

WATERPROOF AND PLAIN

STACK, WAGON,

IMPLEMENT, BINDER, HORSE COVERS, .

HAY CAPS, TENTS, Etc.

Prices low. Send for Circulars and Samples to

HENRY DERBY,

124 Chambers Street, New York City.

WATER CLOSET COMBINATIONS,

Porcelain Bowl. Hardwood Seat and Tank, Nickel Plated flush and supply pipes, com-plete,each $11.00.

Cast Iron Roll Rim Bath Tubs,

length 5 ft. Complete

with full set of nickel

plated fittings, each, TC— 4 I

$11.00. ,

They are new goods,

ask for free catalogue

No. 166 on plumbing

and building material.

Chicago House Wrecking Co., W. 35th and Iren Sts.,Cnlc&p

SWEET POTATOES

DO NOT LET THEM ROT.

EdcIosb fifty cents to Bryan Tyson, Carthage, N. C. and receive, postpaid, a pamphlet containing full and valuable Instructions for preventing. Plan also good for other vegetables.

You will please mention this paper.

Mention the Southern Planter when corresponding with advertisers.

THE SOUTHEBN PLANTER.

[October

DEAFNESS CANNOT BE CURED by local appMcations, as they cannot reach the diseased portion of the ear. There is only one way to cure Deafness, and that is by constitutional remedies. Deafness is caused by an inflamed condition of the mucous lining of the Eustachian Tube. When this tube gets inflamed you have a rumbling sound or imperfect hearing, and when it is entirely closed Deafness is the result, and unless the inflammation can be taken out and this tube restored to its normal condition, hearing will be destroj'ed forever; nine cases out of ten are caused by catarrh, which is nothing but an inflamed condition of the mucous surfaces.

We will give One Hundred Dollars for any case of Deafness (caused by catarrh) that cannot be cured by Hall's Catarrh Cure. Send for circulars, free.

F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, 0. g@-Sold by Druggists, 75c.

Hall's Family Pills are the best.

MAGAZINES.

The Century for October has for its frontispiece the full-length portrait of Andrew Carnegie, recently painted by John W. Alexander, and Mr. Carnegie is the subject of an appreciation by Hamilton W. Mabie.

A subject of wide and growing interest which occupies the leading place in the number is " The New Photography." Mr. Alexander Black, in a paper entitled " The Artist and the Camera," presents an imaginary discussion of the question whether photography is an art, both sides being fully represented, and Alfred Steig-litz, founder of the Society of the Photo-Secessionists, writes of " Modern Pictorial Photography," to the progress of which this society has largely contributed. In proof of this The Century presents seven of the most notable artistic examples taken from the Society's exhibition of 1902.

Two papers are devoted to the subject

novel in magazine literature—of John

Alexander Dowie, Dr. James M. Buckley, well known for his study of similar subjects, writing under the title of "Dowie, Analyzed and Classified," and John Swain contributing a descriptive study at first hand of " the modern Elijah," entitled " The Prophet and his Profits." Both are illustrated by drawings by F. De Forrest Schook, made at Zion City, 111., the present seat of the Dowieites. Mr. Swain's article bears on its face the evidence of authenticity, but, at the same time, it presents, with much anecdote and incident, his own point of view of Dowie's character and pretensions.

The other illustrated articles cover a wide range. A picturesque and novel subject is treated in a paper by Roger Riordan, entitled " The Quest for Cages," in the Collectors Series, with numerous pictures by Alfred Brennan of bird cages of various nations. The Century continues to minister to the general interest in New York this month by two articles on the Subway—one of a picturesque character by Arthur Ruhl, illustrated by Lun-gren and Vanderhoof, and the other on " Difficult Engineering in the Subway," by Frank W. Skinner of the " Engineering Record."

JAMES G. TINSLEY & CO.,

Branch Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co.

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF

/

RICHMOND, VA.

..BRANDS..

Stonewall Tobacco Fertilizer, Stonewall Guano, Powhatan Corn Guano,

Stonewall Acid Phosphate, Wheat and Grass Fertilizer,

Tinsley's Bone and Potash Mixture, Powhatan High-Grade Phosphate.

Call on your Local Dealer, and if he cannot furnish you, write to us.

GREAT JOINT PUBLIC SALE OF

45 HEAD

7m

7m

SHORTHORN AND

ABERDEEN-ANGUS

^_CATTLE.^

At the Annual Fair of the S. W. Va. Ag'I and Live Stock Association at

Radford, Va., October 14th, 1902.

Messrs. W. W. Bentley and J. T. Cowan will contribute about 30 head of Shorthorns. Mr. J. R. K. Bell will offer about 15 Aberdeen-Angus.

The quality of this Stock will be unsurpassed ; all young and splendid individuals, and from the best breeders in S. W. Va. Parties desiring something very choice cannot afford to miss this sale.

Catalogue ready about October 1st. Send your name NOW for it. address W. W. BENTLEY, Pulaski City, Va.

/

THE BOUTHEEN PLANTER

595

■After Being on the Market TEN YEARS,

The ACME Engine Still Leads

For Churning, Cutting & Grinding Feed, Filling Siloes, Sawing Wood, Elevating Water, and all Farm and General Uses where

Small Power is Required.

Fuel, Kerosene Oil.

No Skilled Engineer required.

ROCHESTER MACHINE TOOL WORKS.

No. 17 Frank St. Rochester, N. Y.

T!ie"WeberJun!or" Pumper'

Can b!so be us*'.! for other powei purpO;

Ts all complete, ready to st» to pump. Equals 30 men pump ing water. Uses but little gasoline. Is shipped crated completely _ erected, all connections made. Easy to start, any one can operate It. Every one guaranteed. Other sizes up to 50 H. F. Send for catalog. Weber Gas & Gasoline. Engine Co., Box Wo Kansas City. >*o.

ENGINES, BOILERS AND MACHINERY.

When you want good rebuilt machinery at bargain prices, write for our Catalogue, No. 166 We carry all kinds of engines (gas, gasolene and steam power), boilers, pumps, and mill supplies in general. CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO.

West 35th and Iron Sts» Chicago.

t

BAILEY'S HYDRAULIC RAM

Buns 24 hours a day and 365 days a year 40 years experience. Water for HOUSE; water for STOCK; Water for IRRIGATION. Ono, started costs but one cent pel month. As simple as a wheelbarrow and as efficient as a Corliss Engine. Information and instruction in plain terms. Prices on ram or complete ouv fit by return mall. Address PRYCE W. BAILEY. Expert. Seneca Falls, N. Y

Glass Milk Jars

Best way for marketing milk satisfactory to dealer and customers. Use "Bestov" Class Milk Jars.' They save driver's time and do away with waste in measuring out milk in the wagon. Cheaper in the long run than tin cans. Send for catalogue of "Be.tov" dairy supplies.

Dairymen's Supply Company, Dept. E, Philadelphia, Pa.

IMPERIAL

Pulverizer, Clod Crusher and Roller.

Leads them

all. Send for circulars.

THE PETERSON MFG. CO., Kent, Ohio.

♦ POTATO PLANTER♦

Cheapest Potato Planter on the maket. Send tor circular. Address J. R. 8TEITZ,

Station D. R. No. 1., Milwaukee, Wis.

Sylvester Baxter continues his series on Civic Improvement by a paper on "Ait in Public Works," in which he considers the esthetic possibilities in aqueducts, water-towers, power-houses, reservoirs and bridges, and the pictures by Guerin present successful examples in illustration of the author's argument.

In The Century's " Year of American Humor" there are two diverting stories, "On the Links," a tale of love and golf, by George Hibbard, and "John Henry's Lobster Trust," by Walter Leon Sawyer, both illustrated, and an article by Kathe-rine A. Chandler on " The Sense of Humor in Children," with specifications.

The October-December number of the Forum which, it will be remembered, is now published quarterly, contains arti cles by specialists, reviewing the progress of the last three months in various departments of thought and activity. Henry Litchfield West deals with "American Politics," devoting special attention to the President's speeches and the Congressional campaign, while A. Maurice Low treats of "Foreign Affairs," including the changes in the British administration, the renewal of the Triple Alliance, and the continued unsettlement in China. A. D. Noyes writes on " Finance." Henry Harrison Suplee on "Applied Science," Frank Jewett Mather, Jr., on " Literature," and Henry T. Finck on " Music." Russell Sturgis' paper on " Sculpture" is an exhaustive analysis of recent tendencies in this form of art as practiced in America. The subject of " Education" is divided between Ossian H. Lang and Dr. J. M. Rice, the former discussing the general outlook, and the latter giving an account of 3ome special investigations into the teaching of arithmetic. The concluding articles in this number are a paper on " The Political Situation in Russia," by Isaac A. Hourwich, and a criticism of Herbert Paul's book on Matthew Arnold, by Prof. W. P. Trent.

The October St. Nicholas presents " Slushy the Roustabout," by Howard E. Ames, as the long story. It is the fascinating record of a real boy who served in the United States Navy. In this same number appears a couple of capital articles on home amusements and an unusually long list of good stories and pictures.

The long story appearing in the October St. Nicholas is the true story of a poor lad in the United States Navy. " Slushy the Roustabout," by Howard E. Ames, U. S. N., got his name from his unkempt appearance and hang-dog manner. The author, who is a surgeon, found that the boy was suffering from a disease that rendered him temporarily unfit for work. He put " Slushy" on the sick list, cured him, and made him his protege\ The story has to do with the boy's really remarkable career ; and now, year's later, he called on his benefactor, in frock coat and high hat, the picture of a well groomed man.

Every lad, with an ounce of ambition, will be interested in "Slushy," and all the more because his is the record of a real career.

Handy Farm Wagons

make the work easier for both the man and team. The tires being wide they do notcut into the ground; the labor of loading is reduced many times,because of the short lift. They are equipped with our famous Electric Steel Wheels, eitherstraightorstag-ger spokes. Wheels any height from 24 to 60 inches. White hickory axles, steel hounds. Guaranteed to carry 401)0 lbs. Why not get started right by putting in one of these wagons. We make our steel wheels to nt any wagon. Write for the catalog. It is free.

ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 146. QUINCY, ILL.

WE'LL PAY THE FREIGHT

and send 4 Buggy Wheel., Steal Tim on, ■ * i .25 With Rubber '1'lrei, $16.00. I mfg. wheels H to 4 in. tread. Top Bugglei, $28.75; Harness, $3.60. Write for catalogue. Learn how lo buy vehicles and parts dlreot. Wagon Umbrella FREE. W. V. BOOB, Cincinnati, O.

"ELI" BALING PRESSES

They are Balers, not mere bundlers of hay. The bales are even in size and so compact that they put full weights In car. That Saves Freight. That is like "finding money." Largest feed opening. Require less power than any similar machine of same capacity. Made In 88 styles and sizes for horse or steam power. Illustrated catalogue mailed free. COLLINS PLOW CO., 1185 Hampshire St., QUINCY, ILL.

Lippincott's Magazine for October con-

nCnCDIft|r , 'C Columbian Improved

UtUtKIUIv 5 box press.

This press meets therequirements of those who desire to use a deep Box Press, and it is adapted to bale all kinds of material balable. Easy to feed same, and economical. Leaves material in the best form, and makes compact bales to load cars to maximum. We make all styles of Upright as well as Horizontal presses. Send for our catalogue, giving full description, prices, etc.

P. K. Dederlck's Sons, 59 Tivoti St., Albany, N.Y.

RED RIPPER

HAY.. PRESS

Full circle. Double stroke. Light draught. Very simple and durable. Will make 20 neat and compact bales per hour. Recommended by Georgia State Farm.

Price, $60 cash on cars at factory. Write to-day to SIKES BROS. A CO., Manufa., Helena, Ga.

PALMOREB

Law and Collection Association,

Established 1884. Claims collected in all parts of the United 8tatee. No collection—no charge.

P. 0. Box 503. 905# East Main Street, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[ October

26 Bu. Baskets

iN HOUR with our Wolverine Geored Ball

Bearing Mill. Grinds ear corn, rye, wheat, shelled corn, etc., fine or coarse to a very onl* -form feed, because burrs are brought together very true. The only Sweep Mill that grinds all grain, equal to a burr stone mill* Ain A PI TV ' s larpe because the mill la UArAUl I I Triple Geared Our * 17 In. burrs on this mill revolve three times to each turn I of the team, making them equal to 51 In. burn on most single geared mills. Therefore, we give you the largest capacity and most uniform feed possible to produce on a sweep mill* DIIUG CACY Decause a " friction is relieved by our im* KlUriO CAal proved Ball Bearing*. Ib the largest andeasiestrunning geared mill made( Wt.675 lbs). Ourpricesarelow because we have no agen t s. We have eight sizes of sweep mills $14.25 and up. Thiity other styles of grinders for all purposes. Free catalogue of 40,000 articles. Write for It. UiDUlll OUITU 0(1 55*59 N. Jefferson Street*

WIAnVIN olillln UU. chicago, jxi*

Ground Feed

saves corn and grows and fattens taster. The best mill for corn, with or without shucks, and all grains, is the

KELLY

Duplex GiindingMill.

Crushes and grinds to any

fineness,always uniform. Has

il gTeat capacity. Easy running.

meal. Uses minimum power, any kind. Double breakers,

, force feed and regulating device. 4 sizes. Catalog FREE.

THE 0. S. KELLY CO., Dent. T SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.

HEEBNER'S FEED CUTTERS.

Feed all your fodder, shredder attachment the crushed and shredded, Animals eat it greedily and th model ensilage cutter. Al a o rr. Giant and Penna. Threshers,

HEEBNER «fc SON S,

By using Heebner's cutters with whole of the nutritious stock is cut, and rendered edible. No waste.

rive. Shredder attachment COBta S5.00. The ialce Tread Powers. Lever Powers, Little Wood Saws, Feed Mills, etc. Catalog free.

, 25 Broad St., Lanedale, Pa.

Monarch Mill

for grinding ear corn into feed and for grinding all grains, is Guaruuteed to

andbetterworkinagiventime than any other mill of same size. Best for farmers' uae.

15 DAYS' TRIAL

' toprove It. If you are not convinced, no sale and no pay. Standard French BurrandAttritionMHlB.Shellers.Crush-ere, etc.,for many farm purposes. Send for free catalogue and price list.

3PROTJT, tVAXDRON <fe CO. Box 80 Muney, Pa.

STEEL ROOFING

FREIGHT CHARGES PAID BY US

Strictly new, perfect, Semi - Hardened Steel Sheets, 2 feet wide, 6 feet long. The best Roofing, Siding or Ceiling you can use. No experience necessary to iay it. An ordinary hammer or hatchet the only tools you need. We furnish nails free and paint roofing two sides. Comes either flat, corrugated or *'V" crimped. Delivered free of all charges to all points In the TJ. S-, east of the Mississippi River and North of the Ohio River

AT $2.25 PER SQUARE

PriceB to other points on application* A square means 100 square feet. Write for free Catalogue No. Irifj CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., W. 35th and Iron Sis., Chicago

MuTE

GREENSBORO, N.C.

For the treatment of THE LIQUOR, OPIUM, MORPHINE .nd other Drug Addictions. The Tobbacco Habit, Nerve Exhaustion

tains a complete novel and many short stories. The novel, by Mary Ajobs, is entitled " Fruit Out of Season." It is fresb, clever and witty, and the reader is bound to ask himself, " Should Virginia Dry den, of thirty, have acted differently ?" or "Did Jack McCall. of twenty one, make a fool of himself?" Some of us have known similar cases, and can draw inferences. Miss Moss has a happy way of plunging into the story she has to tell at the first page, without a tiresome introduction, and the interest thus caught is held unbroken to the last word.

Marie Van Voist's stories run in the order of good, better, best. This, her latest, called "The Primrose Way," in the October Lippincott, excels anything she has yet published, which is praise indeed. The quaint humor of Josiah Allen's Wife is abundantly demonstrated in her tale called " Dr. Marsh's Fortunate Call." It is both pathetic and amusing, dealing with the sex which is "weak and easily flattered." A sharp contrast is presented in the story contributed by Cy Warman, entitled " The Persecution of a Pup," which is a powerful animal story. Alfred Stoddart's hunting tales have won him many friends. This, entitled " The Witch of the Hunt," is about a daring girl, a race, and what came of it, " Passing the Love of Woman," by Cryus Townsend Brady, is the story of a temptation such as seldom falls to man's lot. It is a fine example of Mr. Brady's master-hand. Clinton Dangerfield's "The Master of Fate," is distinctly original in scheme. The sole survivor of a shipwreck, cast upon an island, finds a dozen friends who had met the same fate one year before. Their touching eagerness for news of family and friends at home makes him reluctant to pass along bald facts, and he is assailed with a desire to tell each suppliant what he would like to hear rather than ugly truths.

From no other periodical can so sane and accurate a view of current politics be gained as from the Review of Reviews. The October number of that publication is noteworthy for its very clear and full editorial exposition of the iesues involved in this fall's campaign, the effect of Speaker Henderson's retirement, the meaning of the tariff agitation in the Middle West, and President Roosevelt's attitude on the. trust question. The President's remarkable speaking tours through New England, in the South, and to the West a3 far as Indianapolis—where an abrupt ending was necessitated by the abscess on the President's leg— are described and pictured for the reader more comprehensively than in most daily or weekly journals. In fact, this record of the year's campaigning up to date is something unique in our periodical literature. It includes a survey of State political activities, East, West, North, and South. Neither Josiah Quincy's conservative leadership of the Massachusetts Democrats nor Tom Johnson's capture of the Ohio Democratic organization, on be half of the pro-Bryan radicals, is ignored. The editor of the Review has added an other chapter to the unequaled " History of Our Own Times" that he is writing month by month.

by using sufficient

YOUR FULL

EWARD

ir<^sa

POTASH

in your fertilizer.

'' Potash in Agriculture," "Farmers' Guide," "Tobacco Culture," " Cotton Culture"—are books which we mail free to farmers.

Address

GERMAN KALI WORKS 93 Nassau St., New York

THE IMPROVED

SCREW STOMP POLLER

Write to Price*

Chamberlin Hfg, Co., Mean, N. 1., U. S. A.

STUMP PULLER

Most Powerful, Handiest

and Strongest Built in

the World.

We make 4 kinds in sizes

to suit all needs and of any

desired strength. Saves time

and does the work right. The

operation of palling

stumps and trees by our

methods in simple and

easy. Send for Free

Catalogue*

CHICAGO STUMP MACHINE MTG* CO.,

226 La Salle Street, Chicago, III.

HERCUL S STUMP PULLER

Clears an acre of heavy timber land each day. Clears all stumps in a circle of 150 ft. without moving or changing machine. Strongest, most rapid working and best made.

Hercules Mfg. Co-, 413 17th St., Centrevllle, Iowa.

A

TEH SOUrMERN PLANTER

597

M ;MW^-fKMW

ORNAMENTAL LAWN FENCE

Buy from manufacturers direct a ml save the Dealer 1 * Profit of 20 to 25 percent. We

make many designs, and sell more Ornamental Fence than any other two Arms in the business. Why? Be* cause we use nothing but the bet>t material money can bur,

>j«."C _ ^5. -— ■ sell direct to the uaor at

FACTORY PRICES and guarantee anyone can erect •oar fence. We make special prices to Churches. Cemeteries and large Parks. Send us your address. We will take pleasure in mailing you our large 32 page catalog ■on Ornamental Fencing, free. If you are interested in .Form Fencing send for our H page Catalogue. Address Kmv n COILED SPRING FENCE CO. ±$ox C£ Winchester, Ind. U- S. A.

ij| IW'MM^iJKoJtjBj

wire: fence

Heavy lateral wires, heavy hard steel stays, ©oiled spring wire, Sure Grip lock. In strength, appearance, and durability, the Hard Steel cannot be excelled. Write for catalogue and prices. THE HARD STEEL WIRE FENCE CO .

Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

SO MANY

farmers have finally adopted the PAGE FENCE, we wonder why you haven't. It's a good one. PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., ADRIAN. MICH.

FARM FENCE

\ PRICE AND QUALITY E&. WILL PLEASE YOU — S=^ WRITE US NOW.

-DOW WIRE WORKS-Louis villeKy,

FENCE!

STRONGEST MADE. Ball, strong. Chicken-tight. Sold to the Farmer at « bolesals Prices. Polly Warranted. Catalog Free.

COILED SPRING PENCE CO., Bei 6a Winchester, Indiana, U. S. A.

to

'WROUGHT IRON PIPE'

Good condition, used short time onlyi new threads

nd COUDlinCTS: for Stfnm Ana nr. 'OTata-J-i . ITT7

and couplings; for Steam, Gas or Wateri sizes from U 12 inch diameter. Our price per foot —

— —---—~-~--v=». v^uv unci per loot on JClnchaS

■0 | on 1 inch 3«c. Write for free catalogue No. ■ m CHICACO HOUSE WRECKING CO- *

W. 33 th and Iron 8U., CHICAGO.

LIME

AGRICULTURAL and BUILDERS'

Send for Circulars and Price-List.

FELLSWORTH LIME WORKS

REEVES CATT, Agent,

Bodley, Augusta County, Va.

CAU MOT CPU C and other insects car Oan uUOC OUOLL be controlled by using

Good's Canstic Potash Wtaalf Oil Soap, No. S.

It also prevents Curl Leaf. Endorsed by en tomologi8ts. This soap Is a fertilizer as wel as Insecticide. 50 lb. kegs, 82.50; 100 lb. keg* *4.50. Half barrels, 270 lbs., at 3%c. per lb. barrels, 425 lbs., at S^ic. Large quantities •pecial rates. Send for circular.

-939-41 N Front St JAMES GOOD.

"WW-ilJN. front St., Philadelphia. Pi

THE TIME FOR PAINTING.

The best time for t ainting is pre-eminently during the fall months, after the weather has become settled. Dampness, either on the surface to be painted or in the atmosphere surrounding it, is fatal to durable work, no matter what kind of paint be used. To obtain the best results from painting, the hygrometer, which tells the proportion of moisture in the air, would be quite as important as the barometer.

However, without getting the matter down to so scientific a basis as that involves, it is quite possible to avoid moist, "clammy" weather and pick out clear, dry days for doing the work. Such days are at no season more frequent than during the fall, after the " equinoctial storm" has cleared the sky of the surplus mois ture left over from the reign of "general humidity."

This point is insisted upon here because the kind of paint recommended in these articles—zinc white combinations—is as impervious to moisture from one side as from the other, consequently moisture can be sealed into the surface behind it as well as kept out from in front of it Take this as an axiom—a paint that will not blister or crack in time when applied to a moist surface will not protect anv sur face from atmospheric moisture. Hence we see the great importance of painting only on dry surfaces and in dry weather. There are paints which can be used on moist surfaces or in moist weather, but the reason is that they allow the imprisoned moisture to escape through them, and paints which permit the escape of moisture will also permit it-3 entrance. Stanton Dudley.

Your money back if you are not satisfied. Do you supDOse that a Company, with a capital of $500,000 paid up and the proud reputation of 36 years of continuous success, would make such an offer and not carry it out to the letter? Do you suppose we would jeopardize our standing with the public and our chances of still greater success by failing to fulfill any promise we make? Do vou suppose we would make such an offer if we did not have the utmost confidence in the satisfying quality of our goods? "We know we can please you and save you money, for Hayner Whiskey goes directly from our distillery to you, carries a United States Registered Distiller's Guarantee of purity and age and saves you the bin profits of the dealers. Read our offer elsewhere in this journal. The Hayner Distilling Co.

Perhaps the most interesting character in the story of the American Revolution is Alexander Hamilton. A study of the man, his characteristics and guiding motives, was prepared by John Fiske before his death, and appears as the leading ar tide in the October Cosmopolitan. No p -per could illustrate more clearly the difficulties through which the American Union had to pass on its way to the excellence already attained and the perfection which it must ultimately reach.

Horse Owners! Use

GOMBAULT'S

Caustic

Balsam

1 Safe Speedy tod Positive Car*

The Safest, Beat BLISTER ever used. Tskes

the place or all liniments for mild or severe action.

Removes Bunches or Blemishes from Horses

K12 £?r£fi, e A S T JPERS , E P ES J AL, • CAUTERY OR FIRING- Impossible to produce scar or blemish.

Every bottle sold is warranted to give satisfaction Price $1.50 per bottle. Sold by druggists, or Bent by express, charges paid, with full directions for its use. Send for descriptive circulars. EHB LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS CO.. Cleveland Q»

Newton's Heave, Cough, Dta-tcinperand Indigestion Core* A veterinary speubo for wind, throat and stomach troubles. Strong recommends. $1 pel cat). Deulers, mail or Ex.paid. Aewton Horse iWmedy Co. (T > Toledo. Ohio.

Situation as farm manager bv middle aged man of experience and education. Has had much experience in use of commercial fertilizers and in improving land. Is thoroughly familiar in use and handling improved farm implements and machinery. Competent in keeping accounts. Capable of managing large farm. References given, and correspondence solicited. Small family. Address

W. F LEWIS,

Tempest, Lunenburg Co., Va.

VVVVVV V VV V V V V VV V>Ar>pVW^»VB

FRAZER

y*lx.e Grease t^w^Sa. wearing qualities are unsurpassed, ac-,lly outlasting 3 bxs. any other brand, taffected by heat. ' «*-Get the Genuine. FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS.

S.B.ADKINS&CO.

$

4- and 6 Governor Street, RICHMOND, VA.

EXPERT BOOKBINDERS

and Commercial Printers.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

(State Agricultural and Mechanical

College), at Blacksburg, Va. A Southern Institute of Technology. Thirty Instructors. Thoroughly equipped Shops, Laboratories and Infirmary. Farm of four hundred acres. Steam heating and electric lights in dormitories. Degree courses in Agriculture, Horticulture. Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Applied Chemistry and General Science. Shorter courses in in Practical Agriculture and Piactlcal Mechanics.

Tot<il cost of Session of Nine Monlhs, including Tu'tion and other fees. Board, Washing, TextrBooks. Medical Attendance, etc., about 8210. Cost to state students, about 8180. NextSession begins September 22,1902. For catalogue and other information, apply to

J. M McBRYDE. Ph. D , LL D . President.

IIIPflDl PnATC are handsome, hardy and QNUUtlfl UUAlO profitable. For large circular address E. W. COLE 4 CO , Kenton, Ohio.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

[October

A Generation Ago

coffee could only be bought in bulk. The 20th century way is the

LION COFFEE

way—sealed packages, always clean, fresh and retaining its rich flavor.

..ELMWOOD NURSERIES..

ASPARAGUS

100,000 2-yr.-old Asparagus roots, 6 varieties A special rate of $3.50 per 1000 for 2 mos. for BARR'S, PALMETTO, CONOVER.

APPLES

A large general assortment, including WINESAPS and YORK IMPERIALS.

Splendid Assortment of

Ornamental, Shade

and Fruit Trees.

EGGS

from B. P. Rocks, Light Brahmas, Brown Leghorns, at $1.00 per 13.

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGUE.

J. B. WATK1NS & BRO., Hallsboro, Va.

TREES, TREES

I offer a fine lot of whole root trees.

APPLES, PEARS, PEACHES, CHERRIES, PLUMS, GRAPE VINE, RASPBERRIES, Etc.

Save agent's commission by sending your ord-r to the nursery. CATALOGUE FREE. All Stock Inspected -^» and Fumigated.

WERTZ'S NURSERY, Salem, Va. GENUINE

APPLBR OATS

FOR SALE

Br C. A. D00LITTLE & SON, - Augusta, Ga.

DORSETS AT THE GROVE STOCK

FARM. In addition to Holstein-Friesian cattle and Berkshire hogs, Mr. T. O. Sandv, of Burkeville, Va., will hereafter breed Dorset sheep. He has just brought in from the North a car-load of splendid individuals, some imported and others by and out of imported animals. Look up his advertisement elsewhere in this issue.

One of the old reliable manufacturing institutions at Albany, New York, is the firm of P. K. Dederick's Sons, manufacturers of hay baling presses. Ever since 1860 their shops have been pointed out as one of the permanent industries of the city. They have been enlarged from time to time to keep pace with the demand for their celebrated presses. We believe that the Dederick's are the original hay press makers, but it cannot be said that the Dederick presses are so widely known merely because they have been longest in use. Their superior worth has always distinguished them. The firm has always been alert to catch and appropriate new ideas, making improvements and seeking not only to maintain the name of being the original and leading hay press makers, but actually to make the best presses at all times on the market. Their efforts are each year rewarded with most pronounced success. The Dederick line of presses which comprehends many styles are prime favorites evervwhere. Our illustration shows the Dederick,

a press which embodies all the latest improved devices and is singled out by balers as being everything a hay press should be. Any one interested in the hay pressing business should not think of placing an order until he has sent for the Dederick catalogue and acquainted himself with the various presses in the Dederick line: The Dederick advertising is to be found elsewhere in this paper. Look it up and write for the catalogue, which is mailed free.

The California method of combating an early or late frost is effected by heating the lower stratum of air, thus diminishing radiation. Iron pots, each of which has a cover, and which are somewhat like those for burning charcoal, are used. Thirty-five are required for an acre, and this number will raise the temperature near the surface eight or ten degrees. Seventeen and one-half gallons of crude oil are required. With each gallon of oil one-fifth of a pound of cotton waste, costing about eight cents a pound, is used. Each pot usually burns steadily for about six hours. An electrical thermometer is arranged to alarm the foreman as soon as the temperature falls to thirty-four degrees Fahrenheit, when the fires are at once lighted.

THE WEDDING

OF

SARSAPARILLA

AND CELERY.

A NOTABLE MEDICAL DISCOVERY.

No event in the history of medical science is fraught with more importance than the discover} of the ideal combina-tion of sarsaparilla with celery; that is, if the greatest good to the greatest number is the standard of compatison. There are millions of people to day suffering from ailments which sarfaparilla and celery will cure. There are thousands of people in every country who could be saved from future sickness to-day by its-prompt use.

Ninety per ceDt. of the diseases which afflict mankind come through impure-blood or disordered nerves. For the former, sarsaparilla has been the ideal cure for centuries. For the latter, celery in its concentrated form is the proved, corrective.

The ideal combination of both these^ drugs was discovered after years of experiment. It was produced under the-name of YAGER'S SARSAPARILLA WITH CELERY. It is to day proving-its worth by effecting wonderful cures in. the manifold disorders which arise from, impure blood and weak nerves. Wonderful cures are reported in cases of rheumatism, scrofula, catarrh, malaria, loss of appetite, biliousness, nervousness,, female diseases, etc.

YAGER'S SARSAPARILLA WITH CELERY is sold by all druggists at 60c. a bottle. It is made by Gilbert Bros &. Co., Baltimore. Md.

CLEASON'S |

HORSE and CATTLE { POWDER

If used according to directions will keep your HORSES and CA.TTLE in perfect condition; will enable them to do more work and better withstand the severe changes in the weather; and their general condition will be improved in every way. No stable should be without this valuable Po wder. It Is sold by all dealers, and prepared by

GILBERT BROS. & CO., Proprietors, Baltimore, Md.

H0NEY-T0LU

CURES

Coughs, Golds and Hoarseness.

BUY IT FROM YOUR DIALER. 25 CTS.

THE SOUTHEKN PLANTEB.

599

HOMES

AND THE PLACE TO FIND THEM._^>

No place in the United States can a man do so well at farming, for the money invested, as in Virginia. Lands are cheap ; climate good, and the best of markets close at hand. It is the State of all others, for a comfortable all the year round home. The James River Valley Colonization and Improvement Company offer superior advantage's to land purchasers. For free 36 page land pamphlet, address

W. A. PARSONS, Vinita, Va.

To HOMESEEKERS.

"THE BUSINESS OF FARMING IN VIRGINIA"

Is the title of a new pamphlet Issued by the Norfolk and Western Railway Company. We will gladly mall you a copy.

W. BBEVILL, PAULSCHERER.Agt ,

G. P. A , Lands and Immigration,

Roanoke, Va.

..Magnificent Estate..

Known as the Hampstead Farm, situated ' on the Pamunkey river, for Bale. Contains nearly 1600 acres, 800 of which is river bottom land, the remainder being upland and timber. Large deposits of green sand marl; brick barn with wood stable attached; also houses for sheep, etc. Splendid dwelling said to have cost $60,000. Property now owned by stock company. Price, $20 per acre, on easy terms. For further particulars, address

"PAMUNKEY." ore Southern Planter.

WE HAVE A LARGE LIST OF

FRUIT, POULTRY and TRUCK FARMS.

Ten, Fifty and One Hundred Acres each, with good buildings, close to steam and trolley

lines, easy access to the city. Also

GRAIN AND STOCK FARMS

From 100 to 1.000 acres at low prices, all the

way from $5 to 850 per acre. Write for

Catalogue.

THE VIRGINIA LAND AGENCY. Richmond, a.

J. R. Hockadat, Manager.

IN 63 ACRES ...OF LAND

A BARGAIN

In sight of Richmond. Va. Fine large house with modern improvements; fine large barn and other Improvements; large orohard; society the best. Will be sold cheap with stook and crops. Would make a fine dahy farm. Address Oak Shade, care Southern Planter.

"PIEDMONT

And all that it Implies."

Good land, climate, markets, shipping facilities, churches, schools, good health, moderate prices, easy terms.

MACON & CO., - Orange, Va.

WANTED!

By a practical Pennsylvania farmer, to rent and buy a good Virginia farm. Best reference. Address FARMER, - NEW BERR Y, RA.

VIRGINIA FARMS

$3 PER ACRE AND UPWARDS. Easy Payments. Catalogue Free.

6E0. E. CRAWFORD & CO.. Richmond, Va.

Established 1875.

REPORTS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin 20. Manufacture of Semolina and Maccaroni. Section of Foreign Markets. Bulletin 26. Agricultural Imports of the United Kingdom, 1896-1900. Section of Foreign Markets. Bulletin 28. Sources of the Agricultural Imports of the United States, 1897-1901. Farmers' Bulletin 160. Game Laws for

1902. Biologioal Survey Circular 38. Interstate Commerce in Birds and Game. Crop Reporter, September 1902.

Cornell Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. Bulletin 204. Co-operative Experiments on the Cost of Egg Production.

Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga. Bulletin 57. Cantaloupe Culture in Georgia.

Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, 111. Bulletin 76. Alfalfa on Illinois Soils.

Michigan Experiment Station, Agricultural College, Mich. Bulletin 201. Aeration of Milk. Bulletin 202. Fertilizer Analyses.

Missouri Experiment Station, Columbia,

Mo. Bulletin 52. Influence of

Height of Wheel on the Draft of

Farm Wagons.

Bulletin 53. Breeding Experiments with

Sheep. Bulletin 57. Raising Calves with Skim Milk.

New Mexico Experiment Station, Mesilla Park, N. M. Bulletin 41. Spraying Orchards for the Coddling Moth.

Virginia (Hampton Institute) Agricultural Leaflet, No. 1. Notes on Plants. No. 2. Notes on Soils. No. 3. Notes on Farm Manures.

Virginia Weather Service, Richmond,Va. Report for August, 1902.

Wyoming Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyo. Bulletin 54. The Shrubs of Wyoming.

Agricultural News, Barbados, West Indies. August 16 and August 30, 1902.

BOOKS. .

Poultry Appliances and Handicraft. By G. B. Fiske. Illustrated. 5x7 inches, 130 pages, cloth. Orange Judd Company, price postpaid, 50 cents.

This neat booklet is intended to facilitate and ease the management of poultry on a large or small scale, and this in tr e most economical manner. By concise descriptions and clear illustrations, it presents many styles and kinds of the best contrivances in the line of nests, roosts, windows, doors, ventilators, home-made incubators, and broodeis, traps for vermin, feeding appliances, fountains and water system, food machines, heating apparatus, besides scores of miscellaneous labor saving devices. No one who keeps or intends to keep poultry can peruse these pages without advantage.

The Southwestern Poland-China Record, Vol. 1, 1901. Published by the

/ Can Sell Your Farm

no matter where it is. Send description, state price ana learn how. Est. '96. Highest references. Offices In 14 cities.

W. M. Ostraudor, iss,3N. A. Sldg., Philadelphia

Virginia Farms

All prices and sizes. Free list on application. WM. B. PIZZINI CO., Richmond, Va.

rilir TADMC in the great fruit grain and Milt rflnlllO stock section of VIRGINIA. Best climate and water in the U. S. Near great markets, with best educational advantages. For further information, address

ALBEMARLE IMMIGRATION CO., Sam'l B. Woods, Pres. Charlottesville, Va.

S. C. WHITE LEGHORNS

Young males which will improve your stock in utility and standard showroom points for sale. Write for prices. C G M. FINK, 1409 W. Leigh St., Richmond, Va. 2nd V.-Pres. Va. Pigeon, Poultry and Pet Stock Association.

From Pure-Bred Fowls, Cheap.

The Imperial Fruit, and Poultry Farm is in a position to offer Eggs from pure bred B. P. Rocks and S. C. B. Leghorns at 50c. setting of 15. Reference furnished.

P. H. HEYPE NREICH, Prop., Stannton, Va.

WANTED

200 Early Hatched

W. P. ROCK PULLETS

Or Yearling Hens for breeding purposes. Address with description and prices.

WALTER P. LAIRD,

Spray, Rockingham, Co., N. C.

PIT GAMES

BLACK DEVILS and RATTLESNAKES.

These cocks always win the odd fight, also the mair, wherever fought. Eggs in season and stock for sale.

TH0S. W. JARMAN, - Yancey Mills, Va.

BROWN LEGHORNS

(Single Comb.)

Well-bred and good layers. Fine farm-raised young stock for sale. Prices reasonable. Buy now and get the pick.

R. W. HAW, Jr., • Centralis, Va. FOR SALE!

Pure MAMMOTH BRONZE TURKEYE, TOULOUSE GEESE, BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK CHICKENS, GUINEAS AND PEA FOWLS; Eggs in season except from Pea Fowls and Geese. Enclose stamp for reply.

Mrs W. F JACKSON. Olga, Amelia Co., Va.

FOR SALE.

6 S.C.B. LEGHORN ROOSTERS

$1.00 Each. Address

Miss CLARA L. SMITH, Croxton C roline, Co., Va.

Mention the Southtrn Planter when writing advertisers.

THE SOUTHERN PLAETEE.

I October.

FOR SALE

Owing to my other stock interests and the over-crowded state of my stables, I have concluded to offer all of my

REGISTERED

SADDLE STOCK

Consisting of

One Mare, Four Fillies and Two Colts,

all good colors, browns, bays, one chestnut and one black; no markings except stars in forehead, and two have one white hind foot; they range in age from weanlings to seven years old. A bargain if bought in a bunch, or any one buying the seven head can get a " Big Cut."

JNO. F. LEWIS,

Lynnwood, Va.

ANGORA GOATS

For Sele—From 1 to carload lots, from

$4 to 830 per head. Write for

particulars.

i wwm Baa JEREMY IMPROVEM ENT CO. Saxe. CharlotteCo..Va.

COLLIE PUPS!

By prize-winning imported sires and trained dams. Eligible. Fit for bench, ranch or farm. Price, $10, either sex. Also a book on the care and training of the Collie for all practical uses. Price, 50c. Copy of book free to purchaser ot Collie.

Stock Farm, "MAPLEMONT," Albany, Ver.

FOR SALE!

4 MALE BEAGLE PUPS

Of excellent huntir g stocn and

prettily marked.

Dr. C. T. SMITH, - Croxton. Va.

a

9>

GET A DANDY

and double your egg yield. The fastest and easiest \ bone cutter made. Sold on 15 llnjn' Trial. 15.00 up. Catalogue and special proposition free*" 8TRATTON MF'G. CO.,Box 76,Erle,Pa.

Southwestern Poland-China Record Association, Gadsden, Tenn. This is a very praiseworthy attempt to do for Southern Poland China hog-breeders what is done for Western and Northern breeders by the old established Registries, viz., provide a reliable local record and regis ry. H. P. Wilson, of Gadsden, Tenn., is secretary.

Catalogue of Registered Jersey Cattle for public sale at Clarksville, Ohio, October 4, 1902. John A. and Frank Kelley, Clarksville, Ohio.

Wertz's Nursery Catalogue. James G. Wertz, Salem, Va.

The Royal Orchard, Afton, Va Circular to Horticulturists and Apple-Growers as to the making of cider.

The Bible Society of Virginia. Eighteenth Annual Report for the year ending March, 1902. Office 1001, East Main street, Richmond, Va.

CENSUS BULLETINS.

239. Manufactures. Typewriters.

240. Manufactures. Sewing Machines.

241. Manufactures. Carriages and Wag-

ons.

242. Patents in Relation to Manufac-

tures.

243. Manufactures. Locomotives.

HEEBNER'S POWER AND DRY FODDER CUTTERS.

When feeders are considering the re sources at their command with which to get through the winter, they should not overlook the virtue which lies wrapped up in the common corn fodder of which they have such an abundance. Time was when the corn stalk went to the manure pile, or was gathe ed up and burned in the spring. That was before practical feeders and the Experiment Stations had demonstrated its great value, and while the farmer was without adequate machinery to prepare it for the animal's use. Knowing now the high percentage of sustaining power in the dry stalk, and with such an outfit as the Heebner Dry Fodder and Ensilage Cutter, advertised in our journal, to reduce it to palatable condition, there is no longer any excuse for this waste. All kinds of provender-eating stock, especially cattle, greatly relish it, and are not only sustained, but thrive upon it. The Heebner Cutters are most excellently adapted to its preparation. It is not only a cutting process, but the machines crush and shred as well. One has only to see cattle eating it to be convinced both of the worth of (he food arid the thoroughness of its preparation. Heebner's cutters and the convenient tread-powers they make for their economical operation, have done much to make dry fodder feeding profitable and popular. They should have a still wider—in fact, a very general use— among farmers and feeders wherever the corn crop is a factor. If the advertisement has escaped your notice, look it up. Write to the Company for their catalogue, and see whether fodder feeding, prepared as the Heebner machinery prepares it, does not suggest something of value to you. In writing, kindly mention our journal.

® FILSTON FARM. ®

SECOND LARGEST

JERSEY HERD

IN AMERICA. FOUNDED 1882.

BULL CALVES, and for the first time. Heifers bred to Imported Golden Peter, and Heifer Calves and a few aged Cows.

BERKSHIRES, all ages, sired by Imported Storm King, or Imported Esau 2nd, Size, good shape and large litters.

Visitors welcome. Address for Book of The Farm, or prices

E. M.GILLET, Clerk, Glencoe, Md. ASA B. GARDINER, Jr., Manager

Swift Creek Stock and Dairy Farm

Has for sale a large number of nice young registered A. J. C. C.

JERSEY BULLS AND HEIFERS.

None better bred in the South. Combining closely the most noted and up-to-date blood in America. Bulls 10 to 12 months old, $25.00. Heifers, same age, $35.00. POLAND-CHINA PIGS, $5.00.each. Send check and get what you want.

T. P. BRASWELL, Prop., Battleboro, N. C.

..OAK HILL FARM..

Holsfein and Jersey Cattle, Biltmore Berkshires.

Wishing to reduce my stock, will sell cheap. Every thing from Oak Hill Farm Is guaranteed first-class, and as represented. Address • Oak HIM Station SAM'L HAIRSTON,

en the Farm. Wenonda, Va.

9 DAIRY COWS,

FOR SALE.

Some fresh to pail, others soon will be. I also offer a

LARCE PAIR OF MUL?S.

A. DILLS,- - BURKEVILLE, VA.

WANTED!

We Vlsh to buy

20 YOUNG JERSEY COWS.

MINIBORYA FARM, Box 901. • Richmond, Va.

WANTED TO BUY

A car-load of calves. Grade Shorthorns, or or other large breeds. Give description, number and price. Address yy, c. W., This Office.

->v.p..i.*-

Farm Bulletin

Nice BERKSHIRE PIGS for sale now. Alao a few DORSET RAM LAMBS left.

D. 0. NOURSE, Prof, of Agr. Blacksburg, Va.

c'

i

THE SOUTHEEN PLANTEE

601

FINE STOGK AT A BARGAIN.

One trotting bred brown geldine, coming 4 yrs. old, 15% hands, weight 1000. Trim as a fawn, and dashing in style and action. Can negotiate a mile in 3 minutes under the lines withoot effort. His future is big with promise. Sinewy, hardy and tough. With just a bit more of age and service will make a model family horse. On any city market he would go "like hot cakes" at 8200. To sell at once we will take 8150.

One reg. Aberdeen-Angus Heifer coming 3 yrs. old, bred to our Imported herd bull, Rubicon Migno 2nd, No 4121. Price, 8125.

One superb, reg. Aberdeen-Angus bull calf

One extra fine bull calf, seven-eighths Angus and one-eighth Shorthorn. Price, 850.

One finp, three-year-old family milch cow. Gentle and fresh 1o pail. Price, 830.

On« fine Shropshire-Southdown (cross) Ram Lamb. Price. 85.

Nine head beautiful, reg. Angora Ooats; One Buck; Price,820. Six Does; Price,812each. Two Buck Kids; Price, 810 each. Lump price of nine goats, 8100.

Five aged reg. Dorset Ewes, bred to fine, reg. Dorset Buck. Price, 88. Address W. M. WATKINS & SONS, Cottage Valley Stock Farm,

Randolph, Charlotte Co., Va.

For Sale CHEAR

One No. 2 Kemp Latest Improve Manure Spreader, parctically new, and with drill attachment. Price, 885.

Address W. M. WATKINS fe SONS,

Randolph, Charlotte Co., Va.

For SiMHEAP!

To prevent in-breeding. That grand Berkshire Boar, "Black Knight." registered, No. 60349. Weighs over 300 lbs., twenty two months old. Biltmoie stock.

DALKEITH STOCK FARM, Wolf Trap.Va. FOR SALE.

* fi»e POLAND-CHINA BOAR

Sixteen months old. Eligible to registry. Price, 815.00. want to sell him to avoid in-breediDg.

F C. LOUHOFF, Yancey mils, Va.

FOR SALE,

BRED-IN-THE-PURPLE,

BERKSHIRE PICS,

Eight weeks old. Dam, best breeding in America by imported sire. Only five left. Address DUNTREATH FARMS* P. 0 Box 666 Richmond, Va.

WANTED...

A registered BERKSHIRE BOAR about a year old. Must be all right in every way. H. T. PANCOAST, Purcellville, Va.

WITH THE ADVERTISERS.

Miniborya Farm wants 20 Jersey heifers. Who ean supply them? See advertisement.

"Farmer" is advertising to rent or buy a farm. Good chance for some one.

The Stratton Manufacturing Company is advertising the " Dandy" Bone Cutter. Useful machine for little money.

Half Shorthorn and half Red Poll bull calf offered for sale by W. S. Southall, Elkton, Va.

Berkshire Pigs, 8 weeks old, " bred in the purple," is the way the Duntreath Farms advertisement reads.

Forest Home Farm is advertising some splendid A. J. C. C. Jerseys and thoroughbred Berkshires of the Hood and Bilt-more Farms strains. A new advertiser with us, and we bespeak for them the liberal patronage of our readers.

Wertz Nursery makes its usual Fall Announcement in this issue. Healthy and reliable stock is guaranteed.

The Lehman Heater, advertised elsewhere in this issue, will make driving pleas-ant and comfortable this winter if you will take the precaution to provide yourself with one. Look up the advertisement.

The Marvin-Smith Company, of Chicago, are with us ag*in this season. Many o! our readers have dealt with them, but to those who have not we would say, get their catalogue and prices before purchasing any implement elsewhere.

The Hercules Stump Puller is offered our readers in another column.

A Berkshire Boar is wanted by Mr. H T. Pancoast, of Purcellville, Va.

Yager's Liniment—for man and beast —is advertised ia another column. It is for sale by all general stores and druggists. «F. C. Louhoff desires to dispose of a fiue Poland China Boar to prevent in-bresding.

Gleason's Horse and Cattle Powder is guaranteed by its makers to keep stock in perfect condition if used according to directions. Look up the advertisement.

Hollybrook Farm is advertising some nice Berkshire pigs of both sexas.

Beagle Pups can be had of Dr. C. T. Smith, Jr., of Croxton, Va.

To those inquiring for Angora Goats, we refer to the advertisements of Jos. M. Neil, Jeremy Improvement Company, and E. W. Cole & Co., all in this number. There is also a brief bit of information regarding the Angora in another column.

Mr. W. P. Laird wishes to purchase 200 White Plymouth Rock chickens for breeding purposes. Refer to his advertisement.

W. C. W. is advertising for a car-load of calves. How many can you sell him?

Groceries and Feed at lowest possible prices at D. O'Sullivan's. He says that &3 cash at hi3 store is equivalent to $5 spent elsewhere.

To make cows pay. use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book "Business Dairying " <St Cat. 805 free. W Chester, Pa.

HEREFORDS,

High-Class

Animals

Ready fo Service.

BERKSHIRES.

Young stock for sale at all times. Information and terms upon application.

EDW. G. BUTLER, ANNEFIELD FARMS, BRIGGS, CLARKE CO., VA.

POLAND-OHINA

Pigs, eligible to registratic n, 8 weeks old, $5.00.

HEREFORDS,

Grade calves, either sex, 825 00.

J. C. GRAVES, Barboursville,

Orange County, Va.

FOR SALE.

TWO Very Choice

Six months old.

Sired by " Lustre Topper III, dam " Horlene," Imported.

MINIBORYA FARM. Box 901. Riehmond,Va.

Berkshire Pigs

Thoroughbred stock, eligible to registry, six w*ehs old. Boar pigs, 87.60 each; Sow pigs. 86.00. Crated and delivered to express or freigt t depot.

HENRY W. WOOD, Hollybrook Farm, Richmond, Va.

~ REGISTERED STOCK.

POLAND-CHINA Hogs;

A lot of extra good boars ready for service; gilts bred, sows and pigs. Also

SHROPSHIRE Rams and SHORTHORN Bull Calves

Prices right, and stock guaranteed as

represented.

J. F. DURRETTe. - Birdwood, Albemarle Co.. Va-

Some extra fine pigs, 8 to 10 weeks old. 810 per pair, All stock offered Is eligible to registry. Southdown sheep, spring lambs and ytarling ewes for sale. Prices on application.

L. G. JO NES, BETHANI* N C.

" THOROUGHBRED

O I. CL PIGS

FOR SALE. Prices Right.

F. S. MICHIE, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

ELLERSLIE FARM^*, Thoroughbred Horses

AND SHQRTHOHN CATTLE,

Pure Southdown Sheep and Berkshire Pigs.

For Sale. R. J. HANCOCK & SON,

Charlottesville, Va

EAST RIVER SIDE

SHORTHORNS.

Choice bull and heifer calves for sale. Will make price very low for next 60 days.

JAMES P. CLEMMER, Snmmerdean, Va.

DORSET SHEEP,

FOR SALE,

1 Ram, 2 years old; 4 Ewes, 18 months old; thoroughbred, eligible to registry. Also 16 good Southdown Ewes. A bargain to a quick buyer.

H. E. JOHNSON, 603 W. MAIN ST. - RICHMOND, VA.

WOODLAND FaRM DOSSER

Virginia has a good many of our Dorsets, and we note our old customers writing for more. That's because we send out only eood ones. * "

Joseph E. and Willis 0. Wing,

Mechanicsburg, Ohio.

300 HIGH-GRADE EWES

Bred to PURE SHROPSHIRE BUCKS. For D«.fo i ?.?R t . s .to suit Purchasers, also 30

ctct B o 0 c UILLE J EV X ES and 40 SHORTHORN STEERS coming 2 years old. Call on or address

JNO. MATHEWS, East Richmond, Va.

THOROUGHBRED

SHROPSHIRE BOCKS

For Sale ONE IMPORTED BUCK,

? FUbS lA .', YEARLlISQ and several LiAMBS at farmers' prices.

Apply to MANAGER,

ANTRIM STOCK FARM, Warrenton, Va.

ANG0S BOLL CALVES

Registered and unrecorded. Stock first-class, and breeding the best.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP

First class yearling rams, and ewes ol all ages. Several FINE FARMS for sale.

WARREN RICE, - Winchester, V»

J3

JACKS

FOR SALE.

lto6yrs. old. Fine Jacks a specialty. Write for what you want. W E. KNIGHT & CO.,

Nashville, Tenn.

DeLOACH LOSES BUT LITTLE TIME.

Within two Weeks After Fire Destroys Entire Plant Whistle Blows Again.

With a commendable energy, inspired by a book full of orders, the DeLoach Mill Manufacturing Company of Atlanta, Ga., have lost but little time by the fire that destroyed their entire plant. Within two weeks to the day after the fire the whistle blew in the foundry and the manufacture of saw-mills was begun with but little loss in daily capacity. The fire occurred on Friday, June 13, and to the superstitious that might have meant a bad omen, but to the DeLoach men it meant a little inconvenience, some machinery orders by telegraph, and a plant of increased capacity.

The day after the fire work was begun on a temporary shed 60x400 feet, and as fast as the wood-working machines and machine shop tools ordered by wire began to arrive they were put in place. Within two or three days after the fire the Company had completed arrangements with three machine shops in the city that would enable them to put all their men to work. They employ over two hundred men. Though the fire came in the dull season, they had about seventy- five per cent, more business on hand than ever before in the history of the Company, and in July they shipped about as much as they had ever shipped in the same month.

Their new plant will be another feather in the cap of Atlanta. Their capacity will be increased about one hundred per cent. Every tool placed in the new plant will be the most modern that can be secured, and electrically driven. The main building will be 400x80, and around it will be grouped a power-house 34 x 137, a pattern storage-room 30 x 70, office building 31x80.

The new plant will have a capacity of 200 saw mills a month, besides the products of the departments manufacturing planers, shingle- mills, lath-mills, edgers, trimmers, grinding-mills, and water wheels.

Who said the South was slow?— The Southern Lumberman.

INTERNATIONAL LIVE STOCK EXPOSITION.

Union Stock Yards, Chicago.

November 29lh to December 6th, 1902. At the Exposition this year the colleges will be more fully represented by their students. The stock judging contests promise to be more lively than any yet held. The management of the Exposition will make this a more attractive feature than it has been heretofore. In addition to the $750 Spoor trophy, the beautiful " Bonheur" modeled bull, the Breeders' Gazette and John Clay, Jr., of Chicago, offer a special purse of $250 each for the students' contests. Nothing can encourage the youn^ men more than these contests when friendly rivalry of the true sportsman character prevails. As an educational feature, this contest possibly has no equal in regular school work.

A FREE TRIAL PROPOSITION.

We desire to call our readers' attention to the free trial offer made in another column by the Stratton Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa, on the Dandy Bone Cutter. This standard machine has been before the public for nine years, and many of our subscribers have used it with perfect satisfaction; such as have not, have now the opportunity of trying one for fifteen days before they pay for it. The Company requires no deposit in advance. All you have to do is to try the Dandy, and then decide whether you want to keep it or not. We need not urge upon poultry-raisers the importance-of cut green bone as a poultry food; it has the advantage of costing almost nothing, and certainly it is one of the greatest egg producers in the world. It will pay you to " get a Dandy."

Of what trade is the sun ?—He is a tanner.

For full particulars-

write A. JEPPERS,

Norfolk, Va.

ARCADIA FARM.

COLLIE PUPS, BERKSHIRE PIGS and INDIAN GAME FOWLS.

FOR SALE.

E. M. BALL, - • EMORY,VA.

RED POLL BOLL CALF

FOR SALE!

One six months old grade Red Poll Bull Calf. Full half Red Poll and one-half Shorthorn. A pe'feet picture; dark red color, and. as fine calf and form as I ever saw or raised. At a bargain.

W. S. SOUTHAL.L, ELKTON, VA.

a

Feeds ^Feeding

v

Prof. Henry's Great Book for Farmers and Stockmen.

Delivered anywhere for - - $2.00 With the SOUTHERN PLANTER, 2.25

"Crop Growing

&

Crop Feeding"

BY PROF. W. F. MASSEY. 383 Pp. Cloth, $1.00; Paper, 60c.

We offer this splendid work in connection with the Southern Planter at the folllowing prices:

Southern Planter and Cloth

Bound Volume, $1.26

Southern Planter and Paper

Bound Volume, 90c.

Old or new subscriptions.

THE BOUTHJfiJBN PLAKTTEB.

603

BILTMORE FARMS. - Biltmore, N. C.

Headquarters for GOLDEN LAD JERSEYS,

Also get of TREVARTH and GEN. MARIGOLD. * j* *

GOLDEN LAD'S SUCCESSOR, First and sweepstakes over all at the Pan American Exposition, the champion JERSEY BULL OF AMERICA, and out of Golden Ora, our great prize-winning cow, both born and developed on these Farms, is among our service bulls.

Biltmore Jerseys are a combination of large and persistent milking qualities with an individuality that wins in the show ring.

SPECIALTY. Write for descriptive circular of the best lot of young bull calves ever offered, both for breeding and individuality. They are by noted sires and out of large and tested selected dams. Many of these calves are fit to show and win in any company.

BILTMORE POULTRY YARDS.

SPECIALTY. Write for descriptive circular of eggs from our prize-winning pens. Over 50 yards to select from, made up of the winners at the leading shows for the last two seasons. If you want winners you must breed from winners.

Headquarters for the best IMPORTED ENGLISH BERKSHIRES.

apply to BILTMORE FARMS, BILTMORE. N. O.

ANGORA

They are the most profitable stock that can be handled on the farm. They are

'he only animals on which the fleece, flesh and work are all valuable. They are

profitable alone in their work on clearing land, and in addition to their value as

land clearers, their fleece is worth more than that of the sheep, and their mutton I is now selling on the leading markets fully equal to, and in some instances at an L advance over sheep mutton. They are easily managed, very hardy, and any ordinary I plank, wire, hedge or eight rail fence will turn them.

jj THEY ARE THE COHING STOCK IN THE UNITED STATES. THEY THRIVE AND STAY FAT

jj WHERE OTHER ANIMALS WOULD STARVE. YOU CAN RAISE QOATS CHEAPER THAN CHICKENS.

J EVE^Y FARMER HAVING BRUSH LAND Cannot afford to clear it in any way than by the ANGORA

i COAT. Utilize the brush and weeds, convert them into valuable fleeces of Mohair, mutton and the other

^ products. Write to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C , and ask them to send you Farmers' Bulle.

J tin No. 137, and see what the Agricultural Department has to say about the industry. Try a flock of these animals

i and learn their value. I can furnish you registered and non registered stock, pairs, trios, or car lots. I have just

i arranged for the sale of some 3,000 head, and in order to dispose of them quickly will give you a bargain. If

) interested, write or call on me.

\ JOS. M. NEIL, Office No. 16, Arcade Building, CHARLESTON, W. VA.

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THE 80UTHEEK PLANTER

[October

ABOUT ANGORAS.

Probably the average price paid for mohair during the past season was 25 cents per pouno". The product of the lower crosses, which contain a large percentage of kemp, brings a low price (10 or 15 cents), while there were some fleeces that brought 40 cents. There is not a large q lantity of this latter quality of hair produced in this country, for the reason that the breeders have not given the matter proper attention. There is a great demand for the better hair, while the lower grades, which enter into the manufacture of carpets and horse blankets, find direct competition in wool.

Prices for good does range from $10 to $26 at this time. One breeder in the East sold fifty head at $25 each. Twenty-four sold at auction at Kansas City in Oc toberlast year at $17 each. Bucks, like the males of all domestic animals, bring varying prices, which have ranged during the past year from $20 for a fairly good kid to $100 for animals two or three years old. It is not a rare occurrence, however, for a buck to sell for several hundred dollars. For instance, the sweepstakes prize buck at the Kansas City show sold for $1,050, and the buck who took second prize in that contest brought $150.

It is impossible to go into the Southwest, the principal source of present sup 1 ply, and purchase goats at lower figures than those named, but maoy of them are not high grades. Those which are high grade become expensive when expressage or freight is paid to distant points.

BURNING OUR PURSE-STRING AT BOTH ENDS.

This Is True op the Entire Sodth.

The little town of Pawtucket, in Rhode Island, has one hundred and thirty-one inventors—one hundred and thirty-one men and boys who have patented that number of useful articles and appliances, says the North Mississippi Herald.

Rhode Island has a compulsory school law. A man is compelled by that law to •educate his children.

In raw material and natural resources, Rhode Island is poor beyond compare with Mipsissippi. Yet with her manner of education her people have turned to manufacture and invention, and that section is now the richest spot on the continent. Mississippi spends quite as much of her comparative wealth on education as Rhode Island, yet I doubt whether there are one hundred and thirty-one inventors in the whole State. Every town and city in the State, however, has an over-supply of brainy young fellows who have been crowded into the professions—law, dentistry, the ministry, etc. Only a very small per cent, of these have their heads above the level. Many of them will live and die failures. It is not their fault. They have the brains, the energy, the muscle and the determination to do, but there is little left when his brother lawyers or doctors get their share. So in the end he become* listless and contented with a bare livelihood— a victim of misapplied education

Our lawmakers are largely to blame for this state of affairs. They refused to

Registered Herefords

YOUNG BULLS AND HEIFERS NOT AKIN FOR SALE BY

STONEHURST FRUIT & STOCK FARM, Onion Mills, Virginia.

CASTALIA HEREFORDS...

The breeding cows and herd bulls at " Castalia" have been selected with one aim; Trie BEST, REGARDLESS TO COST. Herd headed by Ihe $3,000 00 Imported SALISBURY, assisted by LARS, JR. I have now for sale a very fine bunch of bull calves by these bulls, also a few females. Visitors are welcome and met at station.

Write your needs.

MURRAY BOOCOCK,

Keswick, Va.

BACON HALL FARM.

OBD BBISTEBED (jflTTLE

"TOP" BREEDING, CALVES NOT AKIN. MOTTO—Satisfaction or no Sale.

E. M. GILLET & SON, Verona, Balto. Co., Md.

HEKEFrtKK TATTIJE.—Calves, entitled to registration, $75 to $100. Grade Calves by "Sir Edward " $25 to $40.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP Bucks, one year old and over, $15 to $20. Buck Lambs, July delivery, $10. and $12. Ewe Lambs, July delivery, $8. and $10.

POEAND-CHINA HO«S.—Pigs, six weeks old, $5. Pigs, two or three months old, $7.50, Pigs, five months and over, $15 to $20.

M. ltH«»i«ZE TPBKETS.-Toms, $4. Hens, $3. Eggs, per sitting of 12, when In season, $4.

BICSCOVT l»UCKS—Pure White Drakes, $1.25. Pure White Ducks, $1. Pairs, $2.25; trios, $8.

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS.

ROUEN UEENE Ganders, $2.60. Geese, $2.50. Eggs, per sitting, $3.00

WILLIAM L, Jr.. No. 21058. half brother of Axtell, will serve a limited number of maree tor

$25 th« Beauon. Mares boarded at low«st fierures per month.

Prolongs the wear of HARNESS, SHOES, Etc., fully 100 per cent. Save half the yearly Shoe and Harness expense. Guaranteed to do all we claim or money refunded. Write

JOHN MFG. CO., Box IS, Hurricane, W. Va.

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1902. J

THE SOUTHED PI AJiTTEfc.

605

see and are still blind to future possibilities. And parents are to blame, too, for not taking up arms against the system, when each year has but a-'ded to their further discontent. The Fame train that carried their boy to New York or Chicago for the completion of his education as a professional man, carried also an order for a wagon from Ohio, a buggy from Indiana, a dress from New York, or a watch from Connecticut, thus lighting both ends of the purse-string at the same time.

Why not teach a boy to make the things that we buy elsewhere?

A DIVIDEND IN PLEASURE.

The primary idea of a greenhouse is simply a building or room where summer can be kept prisoner over winter. It need not be elaborate in any sense. The plainest structure that is "uilt sufficiently snug to keep heat in and cold out, and affords free entrance to light and sunshine, will grow plants just as well as the most ornate building—better, perhaps, for many greenhouses defeat some of the objects aimed at in their construction by excess of ornament, which interferes with light and ease of management. I know of one amateur's greenhouse which is really nothing more than a shed whose board roof has been removed and one of glass substituted, but this plain little building has in it plants which would do credit to the most elaborate conservatory equipped with every modern convenience. The owner of this cheap building picked up here and there some of the material from which he constructed it, buying it as he could afford to do so, and storing it away until he had enough to warrant him in beginning his house. He built it himself, working "between whiles." It is not ornamental from without, but those who go into it forget all about the building in their admiration for the beautiful plants it contains. You could not make its owner believe that the money that went into the house could have been invested in any other way that would have " paid " half so well. No dividends of dollars and cents have been declared on his investment, but he has realized as much pleasure from it as, I presume, his millions ever afforded Andrew Carnegie'.— Eben E. Rexfoed, in October Lippincott's.

The Santa Fe "New Mexican" says: "The skin of the Angora goat is now coming into use also as a fur robe. When the hair is of one month's growth it can hardly be distinguished from the astrakhan if dyed black. Nearly all the buggy robes that are now sold as wild animal fur are goatskins dyed, and the so-called monkeyskin muffs and cloaks are only straight-haired goatskins properly prepared. One of the most profitable uses that the skin of the Angora goat is put to is that of making trimming, which commands a price a yard equivalent to fifteen dollars for a single hide."

RIPTIIDP CURED, TRUSS FREE* ** ■ ■ ** ■» t yon pay $4 when cured. No cure, no pay. AliEX. SPEIRS, Box 844, Westbroob, Maine.

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THE SOTJTHEKN PLANTER.

[October

SOME CHOICE PICKLE RECEIPTS.

Chopped Pickle. 2 gallons of green tomatoes. 1 large head of cabbage, cut up as if for slaw.

1 dozen large onions.

1 dozen large cucumbers.

2 dozen green peppers.

Chop up the tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and peppers, and mix them with the cabbage, adding two teacupfuls of salt to them. Put these ingredients in a bag, and let them hang all night with a vesst 1 underneath to catch the drippings. By the next day, these ingredients will be drained dry and ready for pickling. Put them in a kettle, and cover them with strong cider vinegar. Flavor with half pound of white mustard seed, a small box of mustard, 1 ounce of turme ric, 2 ounces celery seed, a coffee-cup full of garlic, 3 pounds of brown sugar. Boil till the ingredients become soft, and the vinegar imbued with the flavof of the spices. Mrs. C. T. P.

Green Tomato Soy. (An Old Virginia Receipt.) ' H gallons green tomatoes. . 1 gallon cabbage. 1 quart of onions.

1 pint of green peppers. 1\ gallons of vinegar.

3 pounds brown sugar.

3 tablespoonfuls ground allspice.

2 tablespoonfuls ground cloves.

4 tablespoonfuls of ground cinnamon. 4 tablespoonfuls celery seed.

£ box of mustard. £ pound white mustard seed. \ pound turmeric in muslin bag. 1 pint salad oil.

1 pint French mustard.

2 tablespoonfuls of ground black pepper. Slice tomatoes, cabbage, onions and peppers, sprinkle with salt, and drain off the juice before pickling. Boil them in the vinegar, with the spices, till thoroughly done. Do not add the French mustard or salad oil till the pickle is cold.

Sweet Peach Pickle. Cling-stone peaches are best for pickling, and they should be used before they are fully ripe. Allow 3 pounds of white sugar to 5 pounds of peaches. Peel them and sprinkle the sugar in layers. Put them on in a porcelain kettle as soon as you have finished peeling them, as they will turn dark if they stand. Add a quart of strong vinegar, an ounce of mace, and an ounce of ground cinnamon. Let them come elowly to a boil. Then take out the peaches with a perforated skimmer, and spread them on flat dishes. Let the syrup continue to boil till it thickens. Then put the peaches in jars and cover well with the syrup.

Damson Pickle. Damsons also should be pickled before they are fully ripe. Prick each one with a coarse needle, so the vinegar can penetrate it. Allow 4 pounds of sugar to 7 pounds of damsons, sprinkling the sugar in layers. Add a quart of vinegar, 1 ounce of mace, and one of cloves. Boil for five minutes, then lay the damsons on

YOUR CARRIAGE OR WAGON IS INCOMPLETE

WITHOUT A CELEBRATED

LEHMAN.. HEATER.

Cost for Heating, Two Cents Per Day. ...Sold by...

Over 175.000 in Actual Use. AH Carriage, Harness and Hardware Dealers.

SALES ANNUALLY OVER 10,000.

For booklet or other information address

LEHMAN BROTHERS, Mfrs ,

10'BOND ST., NEW YORK.

"When writing please mention this paper.

JAMES W. ERRINGER,

Gen'l Western Sales Agt., 297 Wabash Ave., - CHICAGO, ILL

HOLSTEINS and DORSETS.

Two young cows, one to be fresh in December, other in the spring. Two heifers, one year old. One bull calf, four months old.

FOUR DORSET RAMS—■.

Rams sired by an Imported Buck. Address

T. O. SANDY, Burkeville, Virginia.

Norfolk and Western and Southern R. R.

POLAND-CHINAS.

TECUMSEH G, 49283.

I have a limited number of pigs by my fine boars, " TECUMSEH G," 49283, and "MONARCH," 48705, and can furnish pairs not akin or related to those previously purchased. Young boars and sows of all ages. Send to headquarters and get the best from the oldest and largest herd of Poland-Chinas in tnis State at one-half Western prices. Address J. B. OB AY, Fredericksburg, Ta.

SALE OF

HORSES and JERSEY CATTLE.

The 29th Annual Sale at Ewell Farm, Spring Hill, Tenn.,

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3lst, I902.

The Day Following the Close of the Trots at Memphis.

50 HEAD OF HORSES, including drafts from the studs at Ewell Farm, Cle" burne Farm tM. C Campbell, Prop.), the Hermitage Stud, iWm. Geret Prop.), and others, yearlings, 2 yr.-olds, 3-yr.-olds and over, representing the get of Brown Hal, 2:12J; McEwen, 2:18t; Acton ward, 2:15f; Constantine, 2:12£, from Tennessee Wilkes, 2:27, etc., both trotters and pacers. Also two handsome saddle stallions.

30 HEAD OF JERSEYS of the best strains of imp. and Tennessee-bred cattle.

Catalogue ready October 10th, 1902.

Apply to GEO. CAMPBELL BROWN or M. C. CAMPBELL, Spring Hill, Tenn.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

607

dishes, and boil the syrup till thick. The same directions will answer for apple or pear pickle.

Cucumber Catsup. Cucumber catsup is more easily made than any other, inasmuch as it does not require cooking. Peel and grate up the cucumbers, put them in a bag and squeeze out the juice thoroughly. Then flavor with strong vinegar, salt and black pepper, in the grain, and put in bottles. This is a peculiarly nice condiment to use with fish.

Green Tomato Sauce. In the late autumn, when you find your tomatoes are threatened with frost, it is a good plan to utilize the green ones in making tomato sauce. I have already given a receipt (obtained from a noted housekeeper), for an elaborate and expensive green tomato soy, but I will now give a cheap and simple one: Cut up your green tomatoes, sprinkle them with salt, let them stand in a bag and drain all night. Make them up with a sauce the next day, with strong vinegar, flavored with both black and red pepper and a little cinnamon and ginger and sugar to the taste. If you have any horse-radish, it will improve the sauce.

Maey Washington.

SHELBURNE'S WAREHOUSE.

In calling attention to the advertisement of Silas Shelburne & Son, we would say that Richmond has such advantages that they cannot be ignored by farmers who wish the best prices for their tobacco.

The large stemmeries of the American Tobacco Company, the extensive buildings recently acquired by the Imperial Company, the buyers for the Italian, Austrian, Spanish and French Governments, the representatives of the American Snuff Company, and 35 buyers for independent factories and brokers, certainly gives Richmond the strongest and largest number of buyers to be found on any tobacco market in the world.

Richmond offers such facilities as cheap freight rate3, low rate money and insurance, and a large supply of skilled labor, as to enable buyers to give the advantage to Richmond on their purchases. Look up the advertisement of the above firm, and correspond with them before shipping yo ir tobacco.

Mr. W. J. Brogden, well known to shippers, is with this firm.

WASHINGTON POULTRY, PIGEON AND PET STOCK SHOW. Mr. Geo. E. Howard, Secretary of the above Association, advises us that they will hold their Annual Show at Washington, D. C, on December 9th-13th inclusive.

The management is putting forth its best efforts to make this exhibition the best one ever held, and the indications are that they will succeed. Mr. Howard's address is Box 54, Station A, Washington, D. C.

A J. G. G. JERSEYS. BERKSHIRE SWINE.

A FEW BULL OALVES FOR SALE

From cows making 300 to 360 pounds butter-fat each milking period. Milk is weighed EVERY milking and tested frequently, so we KNOW what we say.

BERKSHIRES^*

Of the best Hood Farm and Biltmore strains. Southern R. R. Two especially fine boar pigs for sale at present.

FOREST HOME FARM. Purcellville. Va.

A Neat BINDER for your back numbers can be had for 25 cente. Address the Business Office.

DEVON COWS....

Ten young DEVON COWS, thoroughbreds and high-grades with Calves by their sides. Want to sell them during this month. Can be seen if day's notice is given. Also JERSEY CATTLE and several YOUNG GUERNSEY BULLS. BERKSHIRE PIGS not akin. Several young BOARS service.

M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksbi

THE SOUTHEKN PLAKTEK.

October

HIS " KNITTIN' WORK.

Aunt Alvira Fifer was what her neigh-bore called a "regular driver." Possessed of untiring energy and unfailing strength herself, she made little allowance for idleness on the part of any one, and she declared that she could " put up with a mean man easier than with a lazy one."

Aunt Alvira's husband, Uncle Ethan, was a small, wizened, weak-looking man, whom Aunt Alvira declared to be " mighty wiry if he did look so spind-lin'."

One day a summer boarder, who chanced to be sojourning in a farmhouse near the Fifer farm, wandered over to the little brown farmhouse and engaged Aunt Alvira in conversation. The visitor sat on the kitchen doorstep and took note of the enormous quantity of stove-wood piled up in the back yard and overflowing from the great wood-shed. The whole yard was strewn with stovewood, and the caller estimated that there were not less than twenty-five cords of it.

" What an enormous quantity of stove-wood you have," he said to Aunt Fifer.

" Yes, there is considerable of it," she replied. " I cal'late on sellin' most of it in the fall."

"Who cut all of it?"

" Oh, Ethan did it as sort o' knittin'-work. I think it a good thing for a man to have some sort o' knittin' work to do when he's sort o' restin', an' that woodpile has been Ethan's knittin'-work.— Morris Wade, in October LippincoWs Magazine.

BOWMONT FARMS.

We invite the attention of our readers to the advertisement of The Bowmont Farms, Salem, Va., elsewhere in this issue. Their offering this month consists of "gilt-edged" family cows from high-testing St. Lamberts, Indian Game,White Wyandotte, and White Leghorn fowls. There is one fact in connection with Bowmont Farm—of which Virginians should be proud—and that is, these farms are regarded as the home of St. Lamberts in America- More high-testing cows of this strain can be found here than anywhere else on the continent.

EWELL FARM PACERS AND TROTTERS.

Mr. George Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill Farm, the owner of this farm, advertises in this issue a sale of fifty head of horses consisting of Trotters, Pacers, and Saddle Stallions, and thirty head of Jerseys, both imported and Tennessee bred, to be held at Ewell Farm on the 31st of October. This sale will afford an opportunity to lovers of horses to obtain some as finely bred horses as are to be found in the South. The stallions in use at the farm are all out of great brood mares, and of the 18 mares the dams of 12 are in the great brood mare table.

Send to Mr. Brown for catalogue and further information.

Mention ths Southern Planter when writing advertisers.

GILT-EDGED FAMILY COWS

Bred from high-testing Jersey Cows a specialty.

We have more high-testing St. Lambert CoWs than can be found in any herd in America.

INDIAN GAMES— The king of table fowls.

WHITE WYANDOTTES— The best general-purpose fowl.

WHITE LEGHORNS —The greatest of all egg producers. Address

CISMONT DORSETS..

CISMONT STOCK FARM offers well developed young Dorsets of the best blood of England and America.

Prices reasonable.

G. S. UNDEHKOHL, Keswick, Albemarle Co., Va

S/R JOHN BULLS P/GS.

All testify to his prepotency, nor is

'

UNCLE SAM.

Unlike him in strong points of transmission or reproduction

Every pig I ship has individual merit, aside from the purest English strain of LARGE BERKSHIRES that I could import from the most famous breeder in England.

LET HE HAVE YOUR ORDERS

PROnPTLY FOR FALL.SHIPflENT,

at Farmers' Prices.

HUNTING DOGS and PUPS FOR SALE. THOS. S. WHITE, Fassifern Stock Farm, Lexington, Va.

VHRGr-HSri-A. DIVISION.

•*

Farmers Mutual Benefit Association.

A Fire Insurance Association, chartered by the State for the farmers of Virginia, under an amended and well protected plan.

Insures, against Fire and Lightning, only country property—no stores or unsafe risks. Average cost per year for three years has been $3.66$ per $1000, including dwellings, barns, produce, &c,—about one-third the usual cost of insurance to farmers. Amount of property insured $326,000. Estimated security in real and other estate, $600,000.

For further information, address, , CHAS. H. FRIEND, General Agent,

MENTION THIS JOURNAL. CHESTER, VIRGINIA*

URY FARM

BREEDER OF

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN Cattle.

Royally Bred and Individually as Good as their Breeding.

OFFERINGS FOR THIS MONTH —15 yonng bulls, from 1 to 18 mos. old. Service bulls, Ury Alwlna Count Paul DeKol 23206, Count DeKol Mechthilde 22942, DeKol 2d Butter Boy 3d, No, 2, 29299, Parties desiring fine, young bulls by above sires and from elegantly bred dams, would do well to write us.

Twos. Fassitt <£. Sows, SYLMAR. Md.

Tfrfi SOUTHEEN PLANTER.

609

A POINT IN FAITH-HEALING.

Looking broadly at this vogue of healing faiths and healing individuals, one cannot help being affected by a sense of pathos. It is the old cry of humanity for an escape from physical ills; for, as Bagehot says, and many a philosopher and poet has had occasion to say the came, " though the costume and circumstances of life change, the human heart does not." Dr. Buckley gives certain reasons for the apparent, and possibly actual, success of some of the curers. There is another reason, hovrever.and that is that people always recover from every attack of illness—except the last. Suppose a man has ten illnesses, and dies, as he surely will, with this last one, he has then been "cured," either by doctoring or by " faith-cure" or " mind cure" or no "cure," just nine times. The failure is then only one in ten! As for the final, fatal illness, that always is accounted for satisfactorily to those who are the faithful of the faithful.—The Century for October (editorial).

Editor Southern Planter :

Our State Fair is over, splendid weather, good crowds, &c.

Filston Farm Jerseys won 2d in bull, 1st and 2d in cows, 1st and 2d in young bulls, 2d in 2 year cow, 1st in "American Speciai."

In Berkshires, we won 6 Firsts and 2 seconds. Never had better specimens of the large Berkshire at the Fairs. Imported " Storm King " easily weighed 750 pounds, and with "Stratton Lizzie" and "Highclere X," both over 500 pounds each, our show attracted much attention.

Can report a very pleasant sale of Jer seys in Virginia. W. McC Ramsey buys one bull and teix females; also sold G. W. Linite, of New Jersey, 1st prize bull.

Berkshire sales continue good,

W. McC Ramsey—1 boar, 15 sows.

W. F. Jackson, of Maryland—1 bred sow.

John Link, of Maryland—1 boar, 1 sow.

Patrick Rodgers, of Maryland—1 boar, 5 sows.

T. M. Carr jll, of Maryland-1 boar, 3 sows.

Chas. H. Price, of Maryland—"Lady Leeduke "

E. K. McConkey, of Pennsylvania"-" King Lee VI."

Yours truly,

E. M. Gillet,

Glencoe, Md. Sales Department.

SEIZING THE OPPORTUNITY.

"Always," advises the pompous person who has accumulated several millions, " always say, ' I will.' Never allow yourself to be dismayed by the outlook. Overcome the outlook. That's the way to succeed."

" One, then," comments the poor person to whom he addresses this homily, "should always say, 'I will?"

"Yes, sir."

"And you always say it ?"

•' I do."

•' Will you lend me half a million to get my airship in running order ?"—W. D. Nesbit, in October IAppincoti's Maga-

GAUTION!

YOU ARE HEREBY NOTIFIED that after October ist we are expecting a drop in the thermometer, and it will continue to drop until we get cold weather followed by snow storms. IT WILL, THEREFORE, BE WISE if you prepare yourself with the

necessary articles for comfort. ONE OF OUR HEATERS will protect you during the intense cold

days, and the cost of it is not much. WE HAVE THEM from $i.oo up, and if you will write us we will

be will be pleased to send you cuts of them. We also sell the "CELEBRATED FITZ LEE" stove at factory

prices. Our line of FURNITURE for this season is complete in every way, and prices positively the lowest.

M. R0SENBL00M & SON, The Mail Order House,

1536 E. Main Street, Adjoining New Main Street Depot, RICHMOND, VA.

Your mail orders will receive prompt attention.

All goods properly packed for shipment.

Farmers' $125 Saw Mill.

Cats 2000 ft. lumber a day with only A h. p.

Our large, handsome catalogue tells all about the famous DeLoach Variable Friction Feed Saw Mills, 4 to 100 h. p., $125 up. DeLoach Saw Mill Machinery. Planers, Shingle, Lath and Corn Mills, Water Wheels, etc. Write for catalogue and price f. o. b. your depot. DeLoach Mill Mfg. Co., Box 600, Atlanta, Ga. (Branch, 120 Liberty St., New York.)

IT STANDS FOR BIG CROPS.

I For uniform drilling of grains, any kind and any amount ■ per acre for grass seed sowing and even distribution of l ump y, damp or dry fert ilize rs, nothing equals the

SPANGLERcrainTn'd F^^er Drill Positive force feed for fertilizer, grain and grass seed. Drills any depth, perfect regulation, low steel or wood frame, high wheels with broad tires. Easy to nil and operate. Light draft. Investigate before buying. Write for free catalogue.

SPANGLER MANFG. CO.. 501 qiTEEK STREET, YORK, PA.

STANDARD EVERYWHERE.

THE OAKS.

6 SHORTHORN BULL GALVES,

(Eligible to registry) FOR SALE; Also 4 Grades.

100 high-grade SHROPSHIRE EWES; good ones, and some of them bred.

offered a better lot of stock.

I never

B. B. BUCHANAN, Bedford City, Va.

BALE YOUR OWN HAY,

Little Giant Hay Press Co., Dallas, Tex

Finishes a perfect bale of standard size, either light or heavy. Write for descriptive circulars.

Millet, Sorghum, PeaVines, etc., with a LITTLE GIANT, the only perfected high capacity hand power PRESS on the market.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

FUNNY ADVERTISEMENTS.

Curiously worded advertisements,which are funny without intent, are common in the London papers it would seem. A contemporary recently offered a prize, says the Manchest r Guardian, for the best collection of such announcements, and the following is the result:

"Annual sale now on. Don't go elsewhere to be cheated—come in here."

"A lady wants to sell her piano, as she is going abroad in a strong iron frame."

" For sale—A piano iorte, the property of a musician with carved legs."

" Wanted—A room by two gentlemen about 30 feet long and 20 feet broad."

" Wanted—By a respectable girl, her passage to New York; willing to take care of two children and a good sailor."

" Mr. Brown, furrier, begs to announce that he will make up gowns, capes, etc., for ladies out of their own skins."

" Bull dogs for sale; will eat anything; very fond of children."

" Wanted—A boy to be partly outside and partly behind the counter."

" Wanted—For summer, a cottage for a small family with good drainage."

"Lost—Near Highgate Archway, an umbrella belonging to a gentleman with a bent rib and a bone handle."

" Widow in comfortable circumstances wishes to marry two sons."

" To be disposed of, a mail phaeton, the property of a gentleman with a moveable headpiece as good as new."

The last is a copy of an inscription painted on aboard which adorned a fence in Kent:

" Notis—If any man's or woman's cows gets into these here otes, his or her tail will be cut off as the case may be."

There was a king once who upbraided his couriers for paying excessive attention to ceremony. " Your Majesty," re plied a courier, forgets that you yourself are only a ceremony." This is practically the text of the article which W. T. Stead contributes to the Cosmopolitan for October on the real significance of the Coronation. Mr. Stead throws an interesting light on the King's habits of life and mental attitude toward his subjects, and compares the state of democracy in Great Britain with the democracy of the United States. Even those who do not altogether agree with Mr Stead's conclusions always find him interesting as a writer, and " The Coronation and its Sig nificance " is no exception to the rule.

" What a Father Can Do for His Son " is the title of one of the most instructive articles which has ever appeared in a magazine. Prof. Harry Thurston Pe^k discusses this subject in the October Cosmopolitan in a way to be entertaining to fathers, mothers and sons. The essay will have a wide range of readers.

BERKSHIRE PIGS..

I have for sale 40 thoroughbred Berkshire Pigs, from 4 to 6 weeks old. These are fine pigs; will stll in lots to suit. Prices cheap. Address

H. SWINEFORD, - Richmond, Va.

Uncle Sam says it's all right

Uncle Sam, in the person of ten of his government officials, is always in charge of every department of our distillery. During the entire process of distillation, after the whiskey is stored in barrels in our warehouses, during the seven years it remains there, from the very grain we buy to the whiskey you get, Uncle Sam is constantly on the watch, We dare not take a gallon of our own whiskey from our own warehouse unless he says it's all right. And when he does say so, that whiskey goes direct to you, with all its original strength, richness and flavor, carrying a UNITED STATES REGISTERED DISTILLER'S GUARANTEE of PURITY and AGE, and saving the dealers' endPmous profits. That's why HAYNER WHISKEY is the best for medicinal purposes. That's why it is preferred for other uses. That's why we have over a quarter of a million satisfied customers. That's why YOU should try it. Your money back if you're not satisfied.

Direct from our distillery to YOU

Saves Dealers' Profits! Prevents Adulteration I"

HAYNER WHISKEY

PURE SEVEN-YEAR-OLD RYE

4 FULL $Q^0 EXPRESS QUARTS d PREPAID

We will send you FOUR FULL QUART BOTTLES of HAYNER'S SEVEN-YEAR-OLD RYE for $3.20, and we will pay the express charges. Try it and if you don't find it all right and as good as you ever used or can buy from anybody else at any price, send it back at our expense, and your $3.20 will be returned to you by next mail. Just think that offer over. How could it be fairer? If you are not perfectly satisfied, you are not out a cent. Better let us send you a trial order. If you don't want four quarts yourself, get a friend to join you. We ship in a plain sealed case, no marks to show what's inside.

Orders for Arte., Cal., Col., Idaho, Mont., Nev„ N.Mex., Ore., Utah, Wash. or Wyo. must be on the basis of 4 Quarts for S4.00 by Expirees Prepaid or SO Quarts for SIG.OO by Freight Prepaid.

Write our nearest office and do it NOW.

THE HAYNER DISTILLING COMPANY

DAYTON, OHIO ST. LOUIS, MO. ST. PAUL, Mil IN.

33 Distillery, Troy, O. Established 1866

K

Japan Plums

And all other desirable standard and new varieties of PLUMS, APPLE, PEACH, PEAR and O R NAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, Etc

HEADQUARTERS FOR TENNESSEE PROLIFIC STRAWBERRY.

The Most Reliable Variety Ever Grown in the South.

Three bund red and fifty acres under cultivation. Write us if you contemplate planting. Catalogue free.

AGENTS WANTED. WHITE FOB TERMS.

/

W. T\ HOOD

OLD DOMINION NURSERY.

<5c CO.

RICHMOND, VA.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER

611

The most popular Machine in use for Peanut Picking and Grain Threshing arc the

HEEBNERS. LITTLE GIANT and PENNSYLVANIA

Machines, and they have splendid improvements for 1902. They are built in first-class manner, and are strong and durable. The price is within the reach of all. We guarantee them to do the work satisfactorily. We will mail catalogue and testimonials, and quote prices on application.

RUBBER, LEATHER

and

G&NDY BELTING.

FRICK'S " ECLIPSE" ENGINES and BOILERS.

"LITTLE

SAMPSON"

Automatic

Engine.

ERIE ENGINES and BOILERS.

THE CELEBRATED

«'CHASE" SAW MILLS

and

This cut shows our 5 and 7 h.-p, "Little Sampsom " Vertical Automatic Engine, for

" 81F IflAPM" MAPUIIIFRY mnnirl & threshers, peanut pickers,"cutting

feed, sawing wood, etc. Larger size also furnished.

STRATTON & BRAGG, 20 and 22 N. Sycamore St., Petersburg,Va.

»wvww^^^^^^^ w www^^^w^*^^s

WAGONS and BUGGIES

MADE

RIGHT HERE

AT HOME

The BARBOUR BUGGY CO., The HUGHES BUGGY CO., The VIRGINIA WAGON CO.

These vehicles are guaranteed to be as good as can be bought elsewhere ; material and workmanship unsurpassed ; all sizes and styles, prices low. We can save you time, money and freight by purchasing our vehicles. Send for our illustrated catalogues. Drop in our warehouse and inspect our stock. Inquiries cheerfully answered.

WE ARE ALSO AGENTS FOR THE DBBRING CORN BINDER.

RICHMOND BUGGY & WAGON CO., 1433 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VA.

J. T. DUNN, Manager.

All of Virginia.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

[October

MEASURING HAY IN THE STACK.

There has been considerable inquiry in your columns for a method of measuring hay in the stack. I enclose copy of a bill recently introduced by myself and passed in the Legislature of New Mexico:

Section 1. The following rule and method of measuring loose hay in the stack, and specifying the cubical contents of a ton of loose hay, is hereby established:

Sec. 2. Measure the stack for length, width, and the " over." To get the " over," throw a tape line over the stack at an average place, from ground to ground, drawing it tightly. Multiply the width by the over, and divide this result by four, multiply result of division by the length for approximate cubical contents of stack. To reduce to tons, for hay that has stood in stack less than 20 days, divide cubical contents by 512; for more than 20 and less than 60 days, divide cubical contents by 422; for more than 60 days, divide cubical contents by 380. Example : Stack measures 17 feet wide, 58 feet long, and 36 feet over. Stack has stood 15 days. Multiply 17 by 36, equals 612. Divide 612 by 4, equals 153. Multiply 153 by length 58, equals 8,874, which gives the cubical contents in feet. Divide 8,874 by 512, equals 17.3 tons in a stack.

I have carefully tested this rule on several different stacks and kinds of hay. Hay measured in the stack under this rule will bale out in weight to within 5 per cent, of its measurement, which is far closer than any other rule of measurement I have ever been able to get hold of, and in drawing up this law, and the investigation preceding it, I secured over fifty different systems of measurement from almost every part of the United States.

I believe this rule will prove as nearly correct as is possible to be figured out, and hope it may prove of interest to your readers.— Wm. C. Barnes, Colfax Co., N. M., in Breeder's Gazette.

A tramp rapped at a door the other day, and asked the woman if she could spare him a piece of bread. "No, I can't," replied the woman. "I am a policeman's wife, and if my husband were in, he would take you." " Well," said the tramp, " if he'd take you, he'd take anybody." (Collapse of woman.)

A colored girl happened to meet a gentleman going dowu a street in New Orleans, and nearly came in collision with him. Then both made for the other side of the path, and another collision was imminent. They then danced back, and dodged again, when the girl suddenly stopped and said, "See heah, mister, what am dis gwine to be—a schottische or a waltz ?"

One of those women who have an antipathy for tobacco entered a street-car the other day, and inquired of the man sitting next to her, " Do you chew tobacco, sir?"

" No, madam, I do not," was the reply, " but I can get you a chew if you want one."— October Lippincolt's Magazine.

Mention the Southern Planter when corresponding with advertisers.

1§^1M^^^M^^MM§1M^M^MM^M^MMM^M1

LEE'S

^

AGRICULTURAL

LIME

The Old Reliable for WHEAT, OATS, CLOVER and OTHER GRASSES; has stood the test for twenty-five years, being composed principally of Hydrate of Lime, Sulphate of Lime and Potash.

If you wish to IMPROVE your land, use a ton to four acres for WHEAT and CLOVER, or if you wish to seed it for other GRASSES where the land is in good condition, nse the same quantity and it will give you a good STAND and GROWTH of GRASS. For reclaiming POOR land, where there is little or no VEGETATION, COVER naked places witi li ter from the barnyard or forest, using the same quantity, and sow winter OATS and CLOVER.

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I WHEAT FERTILIZER.

[3]

[jn We put this brand on the market only a few years ago, and have had

tn very nattering results. The best farmers say that they get better

S STAND and GROWTH of GRASS and CLOVER from it than

=] from other fertilizers. This we can confidently recommend for

IHJ CORN-LAND or any other land of fair fertility.

5

a a a a

FRUIT TREES.

Maj. G. A. Barksdale of Richmond, Va., has used our PREPARED LIME on his fruit trees, and says it has made wonderful improvement, both in the condition of the trees and quality of the fruit.

OUR SPECIAL

PLAIN SHELL LIME

Constantly on hand at lowest prices.

No. 1 WOOD-BURNT LIME

In car lots at lowest market price from kilns. Send for Circular and Prices.

A. S. LEE & SON, 102 S. 13th Street, Richmond, Va.

151

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CHARTERED 1870.

Merchants National Bank

OF RICHMOND, VA.

Designated Depository of the United States, City of Richmond and Commonwealth of Virginia. Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore and New Orleans, this Bank offers superior facilities for direct and quick collections.

Capital Stock, $aco,oo«.eo

Surplus and Profit*, $531,000,00

JNO.

P. BRANCH,

President.

JNO.

JOHN F. GLENN,

Cashier.

K. BRANCH. Vice-President.

Dibbotobs.— John P. Branch, B. B. Munford, Chas. S. Strlngfellow, Thos. B. Scott, B. W. Branch, Fred. W. Scott, Jas. H. Dooley, Jno. K. Branch, A. S. Boford, R. O. Morton. Andrew PtaEinl, Jr., J. P. George, Alex. Hamilton, Sam'l. T. Morgan.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

613

SHELBURNES

Is the BEST WAREHOUSE.

in Richmond, the BEST MARKET for all grades of Tobacco. It is the home of sun and air cured Tobacco and headquarters for flue-cured and shipping types. Here are located the head offices and stemmeries of all the large corporations, Regie representatives and the largest number of independent factories and buyers in the United States.

SHELBURNES WAREHOUSE

Has the largest lighted space, insuring equal attention to every pile. Ample accommodations in every way for all our customers. Correspondence solicited.

SILAS SHELBURNE & SON, Props., 12th and Canal Sts., RICHMOND, VA.

Pedigrees traced and tabulated. Catalogues compiled and circulars prepared. Special attention given registration matters pertaining to thoroughbred and trotting horses

..BY..

W. J. CARTER (Broad Rock),

P. O. Box 929, RICHHONO, VA.

Correspondent of

Richmond Ttmks, Richmond, Va.

Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.

Spirit of the Times, New York.

Kentucky Stock Farm, Lexington, Ky, REFERENCES.—Mr. A. B. Gwathmey, Cotton Exohange, New York: Mr. W. N. Winner, of Wilmer & Canfleld, Lawyers, 49 Wall St., New York; Col. K. M. Murchison, Banker, Wilmington, N. C; Mr. L Banks Holt, Proprietor Oneida Cotton Mills and Alamance Farm, Graham, N. C; Col. B. Cameron, Fairntosh Stud Farm, Stag ville, N. C; MaJ. P. P. Johnson, President National Trotting Association. Lexington, Ky.; Mr. Thos. N. Carter, President Metropolitan Bank, Richmond, Va.; Mr. Jas. Cox, Belgravia Stock Farm, Mt. Jackson, Va.; Capt. John L. Roper, Foxhall Stock Farm, Norfolk, Va.: Capt. R. J. Hancock, Ellerslie Stud Farm, Charlottesville, Va.; Sam'i Walton, Walton Farm. Falls Mills, Va.

1902.

IN THE STUD AT

1902.

KELLY, 22283. Record, 2:27.

Bay Horse; Foaled 1859.

(See American Erotting Eegistry, Vol; XV.) Sired by Electioneer 125. First dam, Esther, dam of Expressive 3, 2:12$; Express, 2:21, etc.; by Express. Second dam, Colisseum, by Colossus. (For further extension of pedigree, see Stud Book ) Note— Kelly is not only richly bred, but he represents the highest type of a trotter, having grand size and the form and finish of a thoroughbred. He is the sire of McChesney, 2:16f

FEE, $25 the season, with usual return privilege. Address JAIVIES COX, Belgravia Farm, Pit. Jackson, Shenandoah, Co., Va.

FOR SALE ATA BARGAIN

The fine Hackney Stallion,

HEIDRIOK,

Bay horse, 16 hands high, 4 years old.

Bred by A. J. Drexel, Philadelphia. Sired by imp. Danegelt, dam imp. Heroine.

This horse has great natural action, and is capable of getting the highest class harness horses.

His colts are most promising. B. Mountain, out of Heroin, has won numerous prizes at New York and Boston.

ADDRESS

W. J. CARTER, Box 929. Richmond, Va

THE SOUTHERN PLAJffTEB.

[October

The following list of papers and periodicals are the most popular ones In this section. We can SAVE YOU MONEY on whatever Journal you wish.

DAILIES. PRICE WITH

ALONE. PLANTER.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 8 3 00 8 3 00

The Times, " " 3 00 3 00

The Post, Washington, D. C 6 00

SEMI-WEEKIilES.

The Dispatch, Richmond, Va 1 00

The World (thrlce-a-week), N. Y 1 00

WEEKLIES.

Harper's Weekly 4 00

" Bazaar 1 00

Montgomery Advertiser 1 00

Nashville American 50

The Baltimore Sun 1 00

Breeder's Gazette 2 00

Hoard's Dairyman 1 00

Country Gentleman 1 50

The Times, Richmond, Va 50

Religious Herald, Richmond, Va.... 2 00 Central Presbyterian, " " ... 2 00

Christian Advocate, " " - 150

Turf, Field and Farm 4 00

Spirit of the Times 4 00

Horseman 3 00

SEMI-MONTHLIES.

Wool Markets and Sheep 80

Dairy and Creamery 50

Commercial Poultry 50

All three 1 50

MONTHLIES.

North American Review 5 00

The Century Magazine 4 00

600

1 26 125

400 I 40 100

75 135 175 135 175

65 225 250 175 400 400 S00

75

75

75

1 15

300 .... 2 50 .... 4 00 .... 3 00 .... 3 00 .... 1 00 .... 1 00 .... 1 00 .... 100 .... 1 25 .... 1 00 ... 1 00

Review of Reviews 2 50

Leisure Hours.- 1 00

Blooded Stock 50

St. Nicholas

Llppincott's

Harper's

Forum

Bcribner's

Frank Leslies

Cosmopolitan

Everybody's

Munsey

Strand

McClure's

Puritan

500 425 325 250 400 325 325 135 135 135 135 165 135

1 35

2 76 1 26

60

Where you desire to subscribe to two or more of the publications named, you can arrive at the net subscription price by deducting 50 cents from "our price with the Planter." If you desire to subscribe to any other publications not listed here, write us and we will cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription rates.

Subscribers whose time does not expire until later can take advantage of our club rates, and have their subscription advanced one year from date of expiration of their subscription to either the Planter or any of the other publications mentioned.

Don't hesitate to write us for any information desired; we will cheerfully answer any correspondence.

We furnish no sample copies of other peri-odloala.

Seed House of the South.

RED

CLOVER.

MAMMOTH

CLOVER.

ORIM*ON

CLOVER.

WHITE

CLOVER.

LUCERNE

CLOVER.

ALSTKE

CLOVER.

BOKHARA

GLOVER.

JAPAN

CLOVER.

BUR

CLOVER.

TIMOTHY.

ORCHARD

GRASS.

RED TOP or

HERDS ORABS.

KENTUCKY

BLUE GRABS.

RANDALL

GRASS.

TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS.

JOHNSON

GRASS.

GERMAN

BULLET,

BUCKWHEAT.

OATS and

CANE SEED.

"Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap."

We sell strictly reliable FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS of

every variety at !Lowest Market rates, included in which

are RACtLAND'S PEDIGREE TORACCO SEEDS.

_W£ ALSO SELL

Our Own Brands of Fertilizers

For Tobacco, Corn. Wheat. Potatoes, &c.

Pare Raw-Rone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and

Fertilizing Materials generally.

Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods. Samples sent by mail when desired.

Wm. A. Miller & Son, 0

IOI6 Main Street LYNCHBURG, VA.

Headquarters for Nursery Stock.

We make a specialty of handling dealers' orders.

ALL STOCK TRUE TO NAME.

Apples,

Pears,

Peach,

Plum,

Apricots,

Nectarines, Pecans, Ornamental and

Cherry, Chestnuts, Shade Trees,

Quinces, Walnuts, Evergreens,

Almonds, Small Fruits, Roses, Etc.

CALIFORNIA PRIVET, for Hedging.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.

® ..AGENTS WANTED..

I FRANKLIN DAVIS NURSERY Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

THE SO TJTHEBN PLANTER.

615

OHIO FEED AND ENSILAGE CUTTER.

For hand or power. The strongest, simplest and BEST MADE. Write for prices, catalogues and testimonials.

CANE MILLS

AND

EVAPORATORS

We are agents for the celebrated "Kentucky" Mill and "Cook's Improved Evaporator." At least the equal of any made, and far superior to most.

PEA HULLER S .—K will pay to inspect the " STAR." Will hull and clean from 10 to 15 bushels of peas every hour.

DISC H ARR OWS» _ Send for special catalogue of the "THOMAS," lightest draft and strongest harrow made.

OWECO AND PENNSYLVANIA DISC GRAIN DRILLS

With or without fertilizer attachment.

THE IDEAL FEED MILL AND POWER COMBINED

Has no equal for grinding shelled grain, corn and cob into excellent feed. The Horse-Power is very useful for running other machinery as well. A full line of mills for horse and steam power.

THE No. 19 IDEAL MILL.

For one horse. A. very useful size for small farms. Price, $15.00.

PLOWS.

Try an " Imperial" and you will not want any other. It is admitted by all who have used it to be the best in the world.

WAGONS, BUGGIES, CARRIAGS, HARRNESS AND SADDLES.

The most complete line in the State. Write for special catalogue.

r AlllilllU IVII LLS* —We can strongly recommend the " Lyons " for cleaning any kind of grain or grass seed. Does its work clean, and praised by every one who has used it.

■*** l». I W Va r fC EL bS EL S.—For a serviceable press at a low price we think the " Lyle" is the best on the market. Supplied with or without power attacbmenl. Write for descriptive circulars.

EVERYTHING THE FARM NEEDS WE CAN SUPPLY, AND THAT AT A CLOSE PRICE.

THE IMPLEMENT COMPANY, 1302 and 1304 E. Main St, Richmond, Va,

The manager of the Fresno, California, Fruit Canning Company has invented a plan for the removal of the skins of peaches by means of a solution which has been analyzed by Professor Hilgard, of the State University, and pronounced by him to be harmless. A series of revolving brushes removes the skins, and the rinsing process prepares the peaches for pitting and canning. It is stated that by this process four tons of peaches will produce as much canned fruit as five tons by the old method.

When corresponding with advertisers, kindly mention that you saw their advertisement in the Southern Planter.

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway

EXTENDING FROM CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE, AND THROUGH ITS CONNECTIONS —.

THE BIG FOUR SYSTEM, from Chicago, St. Louis, Peoria, Indianapolis, Sandusky and Cleveland;

THE OHIO CENTRAL LINES, from Toledo and Columbus; THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON A DAYTON, from Detroit, Toledo, Lim« and Dayton—

FORMS THE MOST DIRECT ^XSTi£ , «fcEff** ROUTE.

To STAUNTON, LYNCHBURG, CHARLOTTESVILLE, RICHMOND, PETERSBURG, NORFOLK, And Principal Virginia Points.

H. W. FULLER, Ota. Pass. Agt 0. * 0. Ry., Washington, D. 0.

RURAL BOOKS w* *# .*

Keep abreast of the times by reading the latest works pertaining to rural affairs. We can supply almost any book you want, but name here only a few:

ii

FEEDS AND FEEDING, by Henry - $2.00, delivered, FERTILITY OF THE LAND, by Roberts, 1.25, ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, by McDryde, 75,

Every farmer should have these books, as they contain much valuable information and are well worth the price charged.

POULTRY BOOKS .* *

We mention below three Poultry Books which ehould be in the hands of every poultry raiser in the country:

STANDARD PERFECTION POULTRY BOOK, by shoemaker, 50c. POULTRY APPLIANCES and HANDICRAFT, by Fiske, 50c. POULTRY ARCHITECTURE, by Fiske, 50c

These books contain valuable information in regard to Breeding, Hatching and Marketing Poultry, together with hundreds of suggestions as to labor-saving devices, pens, coops, houses, etc.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER, - Richmond, Va.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE.

&i

^ -

~

THE RICHMOND PLUMBING AND MANTEL CO.,

26 N. Ninth Street, RICHMOND, VA.,

Has just received an entirely new Stock and complete line of

STOVES, RANGES, FURNACES,

MANTELS, GAS and ELECTRIC

FIXTURES, FILTERS, TILING and

FIRE-PLACE TRIMMINGS.

We are contractors for

PLUMBING, TINNING, SHEET-METAL WORK and ELEGTRIG WIRING.

Correspondence Solicited. CALL AND INSPECT OUR SHOW-ROOMS.

Y! BUSY!

THAT'S NO NAME FOR IT; THAT'S WHY OUR AD IS NO LARGER THIS ISSUE--WE ARE TOO BUSY TO GET UP ONE.

Look Over This in a Hurry and You Will Surely "REGRET IT,"

Best Family Flour, bbl $4 25

Granulated Sugar 4£

Rock Candy Syrup, gallon 40

- Something fine, regular price, 60 cents.

Pure Lard, any quantity '. 12

2,000 bushels Clover Seed 2 90

10,000 bushels Choice Seed Wheat

40,000 bushels Winter Seed Oats

Arbuckle's Coflee 11

Golden Rio Coffee 10

Country Cured Side Bacon 12£

10 000 bales Choice Timothy Hay 70

New Cut Herrings, dozen 12

McDermott's Fine Malt Whiskey, sure cure for chills and fever, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, consumption, sleeplessness, enriches the blood and builds up the system. No family should be without a

bottle 85

$9 00 per dozen. Juniper Gin, for kidney and bladder troubles. Cures

weak and lame back, per gallon 2 00

Old Northampton Apple Brandy, per gallon 2 00

Clemmer Whiskey, per gallon 2 00

Will sell any quantity of these medicines at same

price.

New Large, Fat Mackerel in 15-lb. buckets 98

The regular price is 81.50, we are overstocked and want to move them.

New Prunes * 5

Octagon Soap, 100 cakes? 4 00

Finest English Breakfast Tea 45

Carolina Rice 6

Home-Made Blackberry Brandy, per gal., including jug.. 75

SEND FOR OUR PRICE-LIST,

Send me your orders, and if I don't save you big money on your

Groceries, Seeds, Feed and Medicines I will be

very much disappointed.

D. 0'SULLI VAN, Eighteenth and Main Streets, Richmond, Va.

THE SOUTfliaar PLAfflWk

i JBWWBBaca*- -t^.-<— ?v»

[October 1

Milwaukee Corn Dusker and Fodder Shredder

With Blower or Carrier. Mauufactuied in four sizes: Large machines for thresherrnen, and small machines for farmers' own use.

Read list of only a few of the many using the MILWAUKEE Husker.

R. L. Bruce, Medlock, Va., J. C. ^egar, Lewlston, Va., J. A. Graham, Hanover, Va., L E. Williams, Enfield, Va., Julian Ruffln, Old Church, Va., Edmund Ruffin, Old Church, Va., A. T. Broaddus, Old Church, Va., H. S. Saunders, Shirley, Va., C. C. Branch, Toano, Va.,

M. L. Norvell, Island, Va., S. H. Ivey, Petersburg, Va., J. A. Maddox, Triangle, Va., W. H. Walton, Rice Depot, Va., T. S Wilson, News Kerry, Va., Geo. R. Land, Boydton, Va., C. C. Moore, Charlotte, N. C, R. F. Broaddus, New Berne, N. C, Col. B. Cameron, Stagvllle, N. C.

The above parties will cheerfully give you testimonials as to the merits of the MILWAUKEE. We are ready al all times to go in the field with any oher husker made, and will guarantee the MILWAUKEE to be the best made; and will also guarantee it to do more work than any other made, and shell less corn, and cost less for repairs and last longer. Write the parties that are using them; also write for special circulars and testimonials we have, which will be sent with pleasure.

Chattanooga Cane Mills and Evaporators.

DON'T FORGET!

All the merchants in town who claim to sell Oliver Plows and Repairs only sell the Imitation, Bogus, Cheap Goods. The only place in Richmond, Va., to buy Genuine Oliver Plows and Repairs is at 1436 and 1438 East Main Street, from

Steel Lever Harrows.

Spring-tooth Harrows, all sizes, plain and with levers; Smoothing Harrows, and anything in the Harrow line always on hand at bottom prices.

Tiger Disc Harrows.

The Scientific Grinding Mills.

Are unequalled for grinding Ear Corn, shucks on or off Corn, Oats, Wheat and all other grains singly or mixed.

Power mils in five sizes; 2 to 30 horse-power.

Sweep Mills in two styles.

Geared Mills in four styles.

Special prices given on Studebaker

and Brown Wagons, Buggies

and Carts.

Wheelbarrow Seeders, Cahoon Seeders.

Hutchinson One-Tub Cider Mills, made In two sizes.

Write for special catalogue and

price on any implement

wanted.

Superior Grain Drills.

Plain and Fertilizer Hoe and Disc Drills—All sizes.

Wood Saws for Long or Short Wood. Wood or Steel Frame.

R0S5

Fodder Cutters, Fodder Shredders, Cutters for all purposes, Corn Shelters, Grinding Mills, Horse Powers and Wood Saws.

HENING & NUGKOLS, ciSraSk. 1436-38 E. Main Street, RICHMOND, VI.

Agricultural Implements and Machinery

Cider Mills

The Hocking Valley Cider and Wine Mills

Have crushing rollers made of wood, which impart no taste or discoloration to the juice.

Buckeye Grain and Fertilizer Drill

With hoes or disc. Drills grain of all kinds, corn, peas, grass seed and fertilizers.

Our Five-Hoe Drill

For seeding between rows of slanding corn is a great success.

Continental Disc Harrows,

Changed to straight or slanting tooth without stopping team.

Ensilage and Feed Cutters-Capacities from 600 to 16,000 pounds per hour.

The Union Cutter.

Crushes the stalk after it leaves the knives-far superior to shredding.

The Combined Feed Mill and Horse Power

Is indispensable to every farmer, grinds corn, shelled or on cob, grain of all kinds -with wooden crushing rollers. and is a fl rtl t-class horse-power for any purpose. Three machines in one.

The McCormick Corn Binder

Works like a grain binder, cutting and tieing the corn and delivering in bundles.

The McCormick Husker and Shredder

The most complete machine of its class made The very low price brings it within the means of all.

Corn Shellers

For hand or power, separating corn from cob.

Ch u rns— Improved Buckeye Rocker.

Unequalled for cheapness, with simplicity, strength, durability and perfect work.

Cane Mills and Evaporators.

Turned rollers, steel shafts, brass boxes, enclosed gearing. Made of special iron of great strength.

Portable Evaporators

With furnace. Pans of galvanized steel or copper.

Cucumber Wood Pumps

With porcelain-lined cylinder, for wells up to 45 feet in depth.

The Hancock Disc Plow,

Improved for 1902. Will work in any land, and with less draft than any other disc plow.

CYCLONE Feed and Ensilage Cutters.

All Sizes.

Cane Mill.

Belt Power Press.

1j su - r.U.

Fee i Mil una PfW^r

Hand Power Press.

Full Circle Horse-Power Press.

THE WATT PLOW CO.,

Franklin and 15th Streets,

RICHMOND, VA.