Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/southernplanterd657sout ■ v . ^ SOUTHERN PLANTER (1882) Vol. 65 July-Dec. 1904 Missing: no. 10, Oct Established 1840. THE Sixty-Fifth Year. Southern Plant er A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Practical and Progressive Agriculture, Horticulture, Trucking, Live Stock and the Fireside. ^OFFICE: 28 NORTH NINTH STREET, RICHHOND, VIRGINIA. THE SOUTHERN PLANTER PUBLISHING COMPANY, J. F. JACKSON, Editor and General Manager. Proprietors. Vol. 65 JULY, 1904. No. 7. CONTENTS. FARM MANAGEMENT: Editorial— Work for the Month 451 Alfalfa 454 Crimson Clover " ' 455 ... " Cultivation as 0. Fertilizer.... ".'.'." 456 Alfalfa in the South and Middle States. ' 457 Can Alfalfa be Made into Good Silage? 459 Alfalfa Growing in Hanover County Va. " ' ' 460 Crimson Clover ' 7™ Crimson Clover *g" Lime and Fertilizers as Improvers of Land.' .' ' ' 461 Curing Clover Hay 463 Enquirers' Column (Detail Index, page '483) '.'. '463 TRUCKING, GARDEN AND ORCHARD: Editorial— Work for the Month 467 _ " A New Strawberry 4fi7 Fruit Prospects in Virginia. . . 4*7 Four Paying Crops Per Annum.....' 4 « The Lettuce Crop ViZ Garden Notes Aa l Velvet Beans ;™ The Market Problem 1™ The California Fruit Crop. . . ^ The Hereford as a Milker. Editorial-More Fine Jerseys for Virginia.' The Farm Horse Duroc Jersey Hogs \ Judging Ages of Animals..." THE POULTRY YARD: Feeding Hens Bowel Trouble Gapes in Chickens . THE HORSE: Notes LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY: !— Dual Purpose Shorthorns... 471 ittle Tick and the *uarantine Line. '.'..'. \ 471 ( MISCELLANEOUS: The Labor Difficulty in the' South-An Open Letter to the Secretary of Agriculture.. Farmers' Co-Operation . . The English Sparrow .... Mr. Clark's Grass Experiments '.'.'.' J he Needs of the Soil Simple Cure for Milk Fever ^ZiTaolts^. i 1 ? G :°: ins Irish ' Pota toe S : Phosphoric Acid for Wheat Hawks and Crows Just One More Time Chicken Chatter . SUBSCRIPTION, 50c. PER YEAR,, IN ADVANCE. 472 472 472 473 473 474 474 474 475 476 478 479 479 480 480 480 481 481 482 482 ) The Most popular Machines in use for Peanut Picking and Grain Threshing are the HEEBNER'S, LITTLE GIANT and PENNSYLVANIA Machines, and they have splendid improvements for 1904. They are built in first-class manner, and are strong and durable. The price is within the reach of all. We guaran- tee them to do the work satisfactory. We will mail cata- H logue and testimonials, and quote" prices on application. RUBBER, LEATHER ^ [f t "little SAMSON" Automatic Engine. AND GANDY BELTING, FRICIVS "ECLIPSE- ENGINES and BOILERS. ERIE ENGINES and BOILERS. THE CELEBRATED "CHASE" SAW MILLS ANDI This cut shows our 5 and 7 h. p. "Little Samson" Vertical, Automatic Engine, for "P)F? | OACH" nACHTNFI?Y running threshers, peanut pickers, cutting feed, sawing wood, etc. Larger size also furnished. STRATTON & BRAGQ CO., 31=33 N. Sycamore St., Petersburg, Va. OUR $50 "KETCHER." This name fits this Virginia Buggy admirably. It is a winner wherever used. Right up-to-the- minute in design, honestly and strong- ly built, very rea- sonable in price. We also build all other styles of light pleasure vehicles. Write for our in- teresting catalog. Having now gained the Leadership in medium-priced work, we propose to give such values as will keep it with RICHMOND. BUGGY AND WAGON CO., 1433 E. Main Street, Richmond, Va. W. G. ADAMS Sales Manager. The Southern Planter. DEVOTED TO PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, TRUCKING, LIVE STOCK AND THE FIRESIDE. Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.==XENOPHON. Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. ==SULLV. 65th Year. Richmond, July, 1904. No. 7. Farm Management. *- WORK FOR THE MONTH. In accordance with what has been our practise for many years we open this issue with a review of the progress and condition of the crops at this time. The abnormal weather which has been characteristic of the present year has greatly interfered with crop prospects throughout the country. The winter not only in the South but over the whole country was a long and trying one and the spring has been equally as ungenial. In the South Atlantic States for the past six months there has been a great deficiency in rainfall, many parts of these States not having had 50 per cent, of the average precipitation, whilst in the most favored sections not more than 75 per cent, has fallen. Accompanying thi3 deficiency in mois- ture there has been also a deficiency in temperature in most of the States. Whilst this deficiency is in the aggregate not large since the crop growing season commenced it has yet been of an unusually trying character on crops. Cold, harsh, dry winds from the north northeast and northwest have prevented crop growth and the warming of the land. As a conse- quence of these abnormal conditions Winter wheat over the whole country is more or less of a failure. Over 5,000,000 acres of the seeded crop has been plowed up or abandoned and as the area seeded was not in excess of that harvested last year there is a serious deficiency in acreage and this is accompanied by a serious deficiency in condition of that standing. The average condition throughout the country on June 1st was 77.7 as compared with 82.2 a year ago and a ten year average of 79.8. This lowered condi- tion taken in conjunction with the reduced acreage would indicate a decrease in total production as com- pared with last year of over 100,000,000 bushels. In the spring wheat sections the area seeded is some- what less than the area harvested last year and the condition is 93 as compared with 95 a year ago. This would indicate a decreased production of spring wheat and the whole wheat crop of the country is therefore likely to be considerably less than the aver- age. . This taken in conjunction with unfavorable reports as to the condition of the crop in England and the continent of Europe leads us to the con- clusion that wheat is likely to be higher in price through the fall and winter and that farmers need not be in a hurry to market their crops. If there should be unfavorable weather for harvesting the crop we look to see a substantial rise in the price. In any event it will not in our opinion be likely to sell for less money than the present quotation. The oat crop is about the average in acreage and is in average condition. In the South the Winter Oat crop is largely a failure and Spring Oats are not promising except in some sections of the mountains. Much of the crop will be cut for hay. Corn planting has been so much delayed by the cold dry weather that it is difficult as yet to say any- thing with definiteness as to the outlook. We hear much complaint as to poor stands and slow growth and are afraid that the prospect for a big crop is not of the best. Of course there is still time for much 452 THE SOUTHEBN PLANTER July, change in this crop and with warm showery weather for a week or two it may not fail to make an aver- age yield. Still when corn fails to grow right off from the start we have always misgiving as to the outcome. The cotton crop promises to be a large one as the area planted is nearly 3,000,000 acres in excess of that planted a year ago. The condition is nearly up to the 10 year average. In some of the Texas coun- ties the Boll weevill is again doing much damage. There appears, however, a prospect of circumventing this pest. The officials of the Department of Agri- culture who are looking for a remedy have come across an ant in Central America which in that coun- try wages war on the weevils and cleans them out quickly. This ant is to be introduced into Texas and it is to be hoped will in future years save the cotton crop. This year the only hope is in the early ma- turity of the crop. Late maturing cotton is that which suffers most and to meet this planters have largely used earlier maturing varieties. Tobacco is late starting as plants were small and scarce generally. In the dark shipping section there is a considerable reduction in the area planted — pos- sibly 20 per cent, and this also is the case in part of the bright section in Southern Virginia and North Carolina where cotton is taking the place of tobacco. In the sun cured section the crop planted is in excess of the average but is late. The hay crop is not promising to be a heavy one generally, the cold dry weather having checked growth materially. Forage crops have been more generally planted than in the past though the scarcity of Cow pea seed has no doubt considerably curtailed the area that would have been planted in this crop. Sorghum has largely taken the place of the peas and Soy beans have been used in many places where they have not before been tried. We trust that growers of the crop will not be discouraged if it does not make a heavy growth the first year tried as until the soil becomes thoroughly infected with the specific microbe of the plant it is not apt to do itself justice. It should be grown two or three times in succession on the same land and will then, we are satisfied, prove that it is a valuable addition to our forage crops. to improve this outlook by planting crops to increase the yield of stock food and there is every encourage- ment to do this as there is an excellent demand on the markets for beef, mutton and hog products. All these have advanced materially in value within the past 30 days and beef is now selling at wholesale higher than at any time since the war. It is useless for us to advise the planting of Cow peas as they are practically unobtainable, but Millet, Sorghum and Corn for the silo and for a forage crop can yet be sowed and planted and will make good any defi- ciency in the* hay and fodder crops. Either the Ger- man or Hungarian Millet should be sown. For low grounds the Hungarian is the best, for high lands sow German. Prepare the land well making a fine seed bed and sow at the rate of one bushel to the acre. Harrow in lightly and roll if the land is dry enough. Many of our subscribers are seeding Crimson clover with Millet at this season of the year. The Millet shades the clover and often prevents it from being destroyed by the sun. After the Millet is cut for hay the Crimson clover makes its growth and covers the land all winter. Millet should be cut for hay when or just before it comes into bloom. It does not then make a strong draft on the land and the hay is safe to feed to stock of all kinds. If seed is allowed to form the hay is not safe to feed to horses contin- uously. In our last issue we wrote at length on Sor- ghum as a forage crop and refer our readers thereto. The cultivation of the Corn, Tobacco and Cotton crops should have close attention so that the crops may be encouraged to make rapid growth. Cultivate shallow and frequently and keep the soil level. When it is not possible to run the cultivator through the crop without breaking the plants then it is time to cease cultivating but not until then. Before the last working sow Cow peas (if you have them), Crimson clover or Sapling clover in the corn and cotton fields and cover with the cultivator. These will make fall and winter grazing and will help the land materially by conserving the fertility not called for by the main crop. At this season of the year nitrification is very active in the soil and the growing of the leguminous crops conserves this nitrogen and adds largely to it. From the foregoing it will be seen that we do not anticipate more than a bare average crop year from crops already planted. There is, however, yet time After the wheat and oat crops have been cut, if grass or clover was not seeded in them, break the stub- ble with a disc harrow or cultivator and sow a mix- ture of Crimson clover, oats, wheat and rye broadcast, say 10 pounds of Crimson clover and three quarters of a bushel of the mixed grain. A couple of pounds ' 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 453 *- Where clover or grass was seeded with the wheat or oats see that the stand is not lost by allowing the weeds to grow up and ran to seed after the grain is cut. We have seen many a fine stand of clover and grass lost in a few weeks after harvest by the weeds growing up and taking all the moisture and fertility out of the soil. Run the mower over the fields as soon as the weeds begin to shoot up and repeat the work as needed. The cuttings will mulch the clover and help it. of rape seed may also be added to the mixture with If you have not a silo on the farm now is the time advantage or Hairy vetch may be substituted for the ; to build one ready to hold the forage crops as they Crimson clover. This mixed seeding will make good are cut. In our last issue an article on "Forage fall and winter grazing and will be far better for the Crops for Fodder and Silage" showed how much land than growing a crop of weeds which only serve more feeding value could be obtained out of corn to deplete fertility and make work for another year, fodder and sorghum by preserving these crops in the silo rather than as dry fodder. A silo is the cheap- est barn a farmer can build, and enables him to save his crop in the cheapest and easiest way and irre- spective of the weather. Here in the South the building of a silo is a simple matter, as no precautions are necessary to exclude frost. All that is needed is to make a tight receptacle for the crop. This may be either in the form of a big tank or tub, or it may be built like a frame building. Tub silos are in use on many farms in the South, and are a perfect suc- cess. We have given full descriptions of the method of building both the tub and frame silos several times in The Planter. In our issue of July, 1903, will be found full instructions. ■ The great point to be observed is to build with the greatest depth pos- sible, so that the natural weight of the silage will compress the contents solidly and drive out and ex- clude the air. To arrive at the size of silo required Dwarf Essex rape may be seeded this month and in August for fall and winter pasture for sheep, hogs and young cattle. It may be sown either broad- cast or in drills. It makes the best crop sown in drills 2 feet 6 inches apart and thinly in the drills. About 2 or 3 pounds of seed will sow an acre in I est i mate t h e consumption of silage at 40 pounds per drill whilst 4 or 5 pounds will be needed if sown broadcast. As a green feed for hogs and sheep it is most valuable and can be grazed until winter and will then spring up again in spring unless the winter be a very severe one. Prepare the land for Rutabagas and turnips. Break the land deeply and make it fine by repeated harrowing and rolling. The land should be made rich if a heavy crop is to be grown. Farm yard ma- nure and acid phosphate and potash are suitable ma- nures for these crops and should be applied liberally — 500 or 600 pounds of acid phosphate to the acre is none too much to apply. They make the best yield sown in drills 2 feet 6 inches apart and the plants ghould be thinned out with the hoe to stand 10 inches apart in the rows. Sown in drills two pounds of seed per acre is sufficient. Sown broadcast will require four pounds. Rutabagas should be sown this month, turnips may be sown in August. All who keep cat- tle, sheep and hogs should grow these root crops. They provide succulent feed to be fed to the stock in winter and will enable young cattle to be carried through winter in a constantly improving condition on fodder or straw. For sheep keepers they are al- most indispensable if the best results are to be at- tained. head of cattle to be fed per day. Multiply this by the number of days required to be fed, and you have the quantity of pounds for which storage is required. A cubic foot of silage will weigh on the average 40 pounds, so that each animal will consume a cubic foot of the feed per day. The silo must be large enough to hold this quantity when settled, and to provide for the settling add one-fourth to the number of cubic feet of silage called for. A round silo is the most economical, as the settling is most perfect, there being no corners to hold the feed and let it spoil. ESTIMATES FOE SILOS. Estimated size of silo needed, and number of acres required for a given number of cows, for a feeding season of 180 days: No. Cows. Estimated Consumption ofSilage. Tons Size of .Silo Needed. Diam. Ht. Average Acres Corn Needed. 6 20 9x20 1 to 2 9 30 10x22 2 to 3 13 45 11x25 3 to 4 21 74 13x29 5 to 6 25 90 14x30 6 to 7 When corresponding with advertisers, kindly men- tion the SOTTTHEBN PlANTEB. 454 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, ALFALFA. Eor several years we have been pressing on the at- tention of Southern farmers the importance of alfalfa as a crop for production in the South. Until within the past two or three years our efforts seem to have been rewarded with but little success. As with alfalfa so with the grasses and clovers, it has been difficult to convince Southern planters that there was anything in these crops worthy of their attention. And yet if tbey will give heed to what has been the result of growing alfalfa in the West, they will realize that it has been worth more to the farmers of that section than all the wheat and corn raised there, for it has not only directly brought them money by enabling them to feed large herds of cattle, sheep and hogs to be sold at profitable prices, but it has enabled them to maintain and increase the fertility of their lands, and thus permit of the continued production of large crops of corn and wheat. It has also directly brought them thousands of dollars as a sale crop for the feed- ing of horses in the large cities. What it has done for the farmers of the West it is already also doing for many farmers in one of the Southern States. In On our soils, with ordinary seasons for growing and harvesting, we get three to five cuttings, averaging from one-half to a ton of cured hay per cutting, and bringing in our market at Shreveport from $8 to $15 per ton. The cost of handling varies, of course, with the seasons. It costs just as much to cut and rake one-half ton per acre as it does to cut and rake a ton per acre. From my experience, and my alfalfa ac- count, it costs an average of $1.25 to $2 per ton to put in shape for the market. An intelligent negro near our plantation, who works twenty mules raising cot- ton, told me he had sold $500 worth of surplus hay per year off twenty acres. For the last two years off sixty acres he has sold enough to very nearly make his cotton crop clear. I think a very conservative estimate would be $15 to $30 per acre net per year, not counting the pasturage in fall, winter and spring My advice to every one who works land would be to plant a small patch of alfalfa for trial. If he suc- ceeded with it he would have the most valuable crop that grows ; if he failed it would be the most laudable failure he ever made. In 1900 my overseer made with wage hands 253 bales of cotton, costing in money outlay $4,500 and bringing on the market $10,575. In 1901 the same man Avith the same labor, on poorer Louisiana one of these farmers, Mr. Foster, who has f land, harvested 1,100 tons of alfalfa, selling in car 400 acres planted, says: It seems to me that this queen of all hay and for- age plants is too little understood, otherwise there would not be a ton of hay shipped into Louisiana. On the contrary, there would be thousands of tons shipped out of the State at a better profit than is made on cotton, even at present high prices. I am not chemist or botanist enough to say on what lands in the State it will groAv profitably, but believe that with proper expenditure of time in preparation, ma- nuring and nursing it can be made to grow anywhere in the State. I have seen it growing luxuriously on the poor and worn hill land of the Experiment Sta- tion in North Louisiana, but much time and expense was required. On the river lands between Baton Rouge and New Orleans it seems to thrive well, and on the Red river it seems to be perfectly at home. I may say that I use it as a profit crop on our low, stiff, red lands that will not produce profitably any other crop. Its value as a feed for horses, mules, cows and hogs is unequalled by any other food. Hogs will make splendid growth on it and fatten readily without any other feed, and that, too, with twenty or twenty-five to the acre, where it grows well. Again, it is a fine fertilizer crop. Your land is improving each year it grows on it, and when you wish to get rid of it (which will be never unless you want to plant it somewhere else), it is as easily killed as oats or corn. * * * I am free to say that if alfalfa hay is worth as many dollars per ton as cotton is worth cents per pounds, I would prefer to raise the alfalfa. load lots for $15 per ton, or a total valuation of $16,- 500, with a money outlay for labor and machinery repairs of $1,500. In one case it required about 45 per cent, of the gross value of the cotton to get it ready for the market ; in the other it required only 10 per cent, of the gross value of the alfalfa to put it on the market. What this and other Louisiana farmers are doing some few of our farmers in this State and North and South Carolina are also doing. Alfalfa grows just as freely in the Eastern, Middle and Piedmont sec- tions of these States as in Louisiana or the West when the proper means are taken to secure a stand. It will also grow in the mountain sections of the West of these States in the valleys, and where the elevation is not too great and too exposed, but in those sections should be seeded in spring and not in the fall, as is best in the Middle and Eastern sec- tions. We import into this State thousands of tons of hay every year from the West, and this also is the case in the other South Atlantic States. Every ton of this hay can be grown at home, and of a much finer quality than that bought from the West, if only our farmers will sow alfalfa. There are, however, certain conditions which must be observed in growing the crop if success is to be achieved, and it is with the object of stating these that we write this article. Alfalfa thrives best in a warm, friable soil with a porous subsoil, into which its long tap roots can read- 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 455 ily penetrate. More than any tyther plant, it depends " on a subterraneous supply of water rather than on a surface supply. To reach this the roots have been known to go down 20 or 30 feet. The land must be in a good state of fertility and free from weeds. Al- falfa will not grow in poor land nor will it fight suc- cessfully a battle with weeds. Although it makes a wonderful growth of feed every year after it is well established on the land, often producing four or five crops in the year of from one and one-half to two tons of hay to the acre at each cutting, yet it makes but a slender growth the first year, except on very rich land, and weeds easily overcome it at that time and smother it out. The land must be finely broken and well prepared, and should have a dressing of from 20 to 25 bushels of lime to the acre applied previous to seeding the crop, and this should be well worked into the soil. If the land is not in good fertility it should have a dressing of 400 or 500 pounds to the acre of bone meal or acid phosphate or have a good coat- ing of well rotted farmyard manure free from weed seeds applied, and these be well worked into the soil. The next and most important condi- m. tion is that the soil should be inoculated with the specific bacteria of the alfalfa plant. With- out this there can be no certainty of a permanent stand. The seed may germinate and grow for a time, but until the soil is fully infected with the bacteria no success can be relied on. This specific bacteria can be got in several ways. It can be had from the Department of Agriculture at Washington, or, better still, can be supplied in larger quantity by the sprink- ling of 100 pounds to the acre of soil from a field upon which alfalfa is already growing luxuriantly. There are a number of parties advertising this soil for sale, and if there be no alfalfa field in your sec- tion it will be advisable to secure the soil from them. If you reside in a section where the Mellilotus Alba ( commonly called Sweet Clover) grows, and this is found more or less all over the South, soil from around where this plant is growing will infect the soil with the proper bacteria for the alfalfa, and Pro- fessor Kilgore, of the North Carolina Experiment Station, says that he finds that soil from a Bur clover field will also give the proper infection. In whichever way is most convenient to you, secure the bacteria and apply it to the field before sowing the j. alfalfa seed. Sow the alfalfa seed in August or the first half of September, at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds to the acre broadcast, harrow in lightly and roll if the land is dry, following the roller again with a weedet or light harrow to break the surface compact- ness and make a soil mulch to conserve the moisture. A good place to experiment in growing alfalfa is a cow pea field with a heavy crop of peas on it, which have smothered down the weeds. Cut the peas for hay. Spread 25 bushels of lime per acre on the stubble, and then break shallow, not going over three inches deep, with a disc harrow or cultivator. This will not bring to the surface fresh weed seeds to smother the crop. Sow the alfalfa seed and roll and harrow as above directed. When the alfalfa has made a growth of six or eight inches run over it with the mowing machine, just clipping off about half the growth and leave the cutting for a mulch. This may be repeated again if the growth becomes sufficiently tall before the middle of October. This clipping causes the plant to tiller out and cover the ground more completely, and thus protects the roots during the winter. This clipping of the crop should be con- tinued through the first summer's growth, though if a g-ood and thick stand be obtained before the first winter the crop may be allowed to grow a foot or fifteen inches tall in the spring before cutting, and this and the later cuttings should be cured into hay and be removed from the field. After the first year cut the crop for hay every time it gets fifteen or eighteen inches high, just when coming into bloom, and take care to give it a good, heavy dressing of acid phosphate or bone meal, 400 or 500 pounds to the acre, each year in the fall or early spring. So treat- ed the stand should last for ten or fifteen years at least, giving from five to ten tons of hay each year per acre. In this issue we publish communications from a number of our readers, giving their experience with this crop. CRIMSON CLOVER. Although Crimson clover (often called German clover and in some sections in this country and in Europe Trifolium) has been grown successfully here in some sections for many years, yet it is a crop that has not yet had half the attention given to it that it deserves. In all sections of this country land left bare at any season of the year is apt to lose much fertility by the washing out of plant food accumu- lated in the soil, and especially is this true of land in the warmer sections like the South. Whilst crops are growing on the land they appropriate and conserve this fertility, and in sections too cold for winter growth of crops the covering of the ground with snow and the freezing of the land serve to retain this un- used plant food. In the South climatic conditions are 456 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, such that we can rarely expect to have the land either hard frozen or covered -with snow for more than a very brief period, if at all, in any year. Science and sound policy therefore require that we shall avail ourselves of some crop to cover the soil during the winter season. In selecting the crop to be used for this purpose it is the part of wisdom to choose one, if such be available, that will not only conserve the plant food in the soil, but which will in its growth add to the fertility of the soil and make it better fitted for the production of the next crop. If in addition to this we can grow a Ci'op which will give some win- ter and spring grazing and make a good early forage and hay crop we ought to do so. In the South we can do this with several crops which show them- selves admirably adapted to our climatic conditions. Crimson clover, Hairy Vetch and English Vetch al] meet the requirements specified, and amongst these Crimson clover perhaps more fully meets all the re- quirements than any other in that it makes better winter and spring grazing than the others and a better sod to turn under for the feeding of the following crops. Whilst it does not gather from the atmos- phere and fix in the soil quite as large a quantity of nitrogen as the Hairy Vetch, it is more certain to make a growth on all our lands than the Vetch at the first sowing, as nearly all our land is already inocu- lated with the clover microbe, whilst much of it re- quires to be inoculated with the Vetch microbe be- fore it will make the best yield of this crop. A good crop of Crimson clover will gather and store in its roots, stubble and forage about 150 pounds of nitro- gen per acre, all or nearly all taken from the atmos- phere. At a low valuation, this nitrogen is worth at least $20 simply as a manure. This quantity of nitrogen is more than is called for by a 75 bushel to the acre crop of corn. As a preparation for the corn crop this crop is therefore of great value, as it en- ables the farmer to grow the crop without any outlay for nitrogenous fertilizers. In the same way it ad- mirably prepares the land for an Irish potato crop, which almost invariably does well on a clover sod. The only drawback which affects the Crimson clover crop is that it is rather uncertain in making a stand. This arises from the fact that it is very quick of ger- mination, and when first sprouted is easily killed by the hot sun. This difficulty may be largely obviated by seeding the clover in a growing crop, say of corn or cotton, which will shade it or by seeding with a mix- ture of wheat, oats and rye, which will serve the same purpose. In all cases we would advise the seeding of some small grain with Crimson clover, as this adds to the value of the winter grazing, and to the weight of the hay crop and ensures a certainty ofa crop on the ground if the winter should be so severe as to freeze out the clover, or it should happen to be killed in the late summer or early fall by the hot sun or a drouth. This month of July is the time to com- mence sowing Crimson clover and the work may be continued at intervals as the land becomes available until the end of September, or even the middle of October. If sown alone seed 15 pounds to the acre. If sown with small grain, sow 10 or 12 pounds of the clover seed with half or three-quarters of a bushel of wheat, winter oats and rye mixed in equal parts. Do not plow the land where it was deeply broken for the previous crop but break the surface with a disc harrow or cultivator, and cover with the culti- vator or a harrow. If the land is dry roll after cov- ering the seed. CULTIVATION AS A FERTILIZER. Editor Southern Planter: The spring of 1903 I ploughed a field of five and one-half acres, intending to set the entire piece in to- matoes, but owing to the scarcity of plants I only put out four acres, leaving one and one-half acres, which grew up in crab grass. I marked off the whole piece, 4x4 feet, and applied a 2-8-2 fertilizer in the cross, at the rate of 400 pounds to the acre. After the toma- toes were sold I fallowed the whole five and one-half acres, after mowing and removing the crab grass from the one and one-half acres. I disced the whole piece three times and ran a smoothing board over it, and then sowed it in wheat, using 500 pounds of a 2-8-2 fertilizer per acre. There was no apparent differ- ence in the fertility of the entire piece, and the same amount of fertilizer was applied all over. At this writing, June 10th, the wheat on the one and one-half acres will hardly be worth cutting, while the wheat on the four acres is tip to the average. Now, what makes the difference in the wheat crop ? Is it due to raising tomatoes as a helpful crop to the land, or crab grass as a robber of the soil, or did the thorough prep- aration and working of the land in tomatoes have anything to do with it? Richmond Co., Va. M. C. Lewis. As neither tomatoes nor crab grass are recupera- tive crops, but both, and especially the tomatoes, are crops which require and take from the soil consider- able plant food, the only explanation of the difference in the condition of the wheat crop on the two plots must be referable to the working of the land. The difference forcibly illustrates the point we have so often made that one of the things our Southern lands 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 457 * *- most need to make them profitable in production is better and deeper cultivation. ''Tillage is manure," as old Jethro Tull so loudly proclaimed in tbe begin- ning of the era of modern farming. The constant stirring of the land during the working of the toma- to crop aerated it and allowed the benign influence of the sun and the moisture of the atmosphere to per- meate the soil and make available for the wheat the plant food existing therein in an inert condition. The plot in crab grass lacked this, and hence the plant food was and is still largely unavailable for the wheat. Numbers of experiments have been made in various sections which illustrate the value of culti- vation in making available inert fertility. Prof. Hunnicutt once selected one acre in a 20 acre field, an average spot, and plowed and harrowed this acre fourteen time3 right along before quitting. He then planted and cultivated this acre just as he did the rest of the field, running the rows right along through it. The yield of the extra worked acre was mucb more than double any other acre in the field. This continued to be true with every crop grown on it for five years afterwards. All through the growing sea; son this acre could be distinguished as far as you could see the field. In an experiment made in Georgia a piece of land that was planted in cabbages, which were got in in a hurry on a piece of land in bad phy- sical condition ran together and became tough during the wet weather that followed. Fertilizer at the rate of a ton to the acre was applied, but the cabbages did not thrive, although frequently cultivated. The 15th of July saw the last of the cabbages cut, and the land was then deeply plowed with a two-horse plow. The weather was dry and the field turned up cloddy. Without allowing the clods to become dry the cuta- way harrow was put in the field and the clods were worked down, following with the smoothing harrow and roller. The following week the fif Id was cut up again, harrowed and rolled down as before. The next week the land was plowed again, after which it was again harrowed and rolled. The fourth week the cutaway harrow was put on it for the last time, and when finished the field was like an ash bank. Rows were laid off two feet apart and stable manure applied in the drill to all the rows, with the exception of ten rows, which had no manure or fertilizer. The field was then planted in snap beans. It was wonder- ful tbe way the beans grew. The weather was dry, but they did not suffer. They just outgrew anything on the place — producing over 200 bushels of snap beans per acre. The strangest part of the experi- ment, however, was that the ten rows which received no manure could not be distinguished from the rest of the field, they produced equally as large a crop, showing that the plants had all the plant food they re- quired. The cultivation of the land had made the inert plant food available to the extent required by the crop, and the manure applied to the rest of the field was thus proved to have been unneeded. On an adjoining field, which did not receive any extra til- lage, the portion manured was three times as large as the part left unmanured, and produced three times as many beans per row as the part left unmanured. This clearly demonstrates that the factor dominating the production was the cultivation and not the ma- nure. In an experiment made in New Hampshire certain corn plats were given no cultivation, other plats were cultivated five times, and other fourteen times. On the plats not cultivated the yield was 17 bushels to the acre, whilst the plats cultivated four- teen times yielded at the rate of 80 bushels to the acre. In New York State Irish potatoes have been grown five years in succession with no aid given but frequent cultivation of the land and the turning down of vegetable matter grown on the land in the fall and early spring, and have made a successful yield each year. "We think the foregoing experiments will sat- isfy our correspondent that not the crop grown on the land, but the way in which the land was treated, causes the difference in the appearance and prospect of his wheat crop. — Ed. ALFALFA IN THE SOUTH AND MIDDLE STATES. In response to our request for reports on experi- ments in alfalfa growing in the South we have re- ceived the following: Alfalfa in Dinwiddie County, Va. Editor Southern Planter: Responding to your request in the June issue, I would say that we have now about four acres in al- falfa, sowing about one acre each year. The first was sowed in 1900, in the spring. We cut it every time it was about ten inches high. It was very dis- couraging the first year, it looked yellow and spind- ling. When we sowed it we put 300 pounds of acid phosphate on the land; the next spring we applied 300 pounds of lime per acre, and in the winter top dressed and sprinkled with liquid manure, and still the next year it did not do much, but the following year we cut it every four or five weeks and had a heavy growth. This was in 1902. After this we got our courage up and sowed another plat in the 458 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTEK. July, early fall (1902). Erom this we had the first cut- ting June 4th, this year. The third plot we sowed last fall in the same way, with phosphate, and limed it this spring. At this date it looks poor, but we anticipate for next year a fair return after cutting it, when it grows 10 or 12 inches. We intend to perse- vere on these lines until we find a better method. Dinwiddie Co., Va. J. H. Werres. Alfalfa in Lawrence County, Ky. Editor Southern Planter: There has never been any alfalfa sown in this sec- tion to amount to anything, except twelve acres that I sowed on April 12th last on a piece of medium sandy loam, a portion of it slightly rolling, but most level land. The ground was plowed last November; disced thoroughly on April 1st, harrowed with a straight tooth harrow on April 10 th, and the seed sown on the 12th and rolled in lightly. I send you a sample of a few of the best stalks, with roots attached; also a couple of stalks of red clover sown in a field beside the alfalfa, for com- parison. The alfalfa will average 15 inches in height, and is growing at least one-half inch per day ; the seed was treated with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture's inoculating material, and 25 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre sown with the seed. Why is August and September sowing preferable to April ? I cannot imagine how any better growth than this can be obtained. Please give me some ad- vice with reference to its treatment from this time on. When shall I mow it, if at all, this year ? Jay H. JSTorthtjp. The sample is a fine one for so recent a seeding. The crop should be cut at once, and the cutting be repeated two or three times during the summer. This repeated cutting causes the plants to tiller and cover the land with a thick sod. Fall seeding of all grasses and clover is advisable in the South except in moun- tain sections. A better root growth is secured. — Ed. Alfalfa in Indiana. Editor Southern Planter: Thinking that perhaps your readers might be in- terested in raising alfalfa and pure blooded cattle, I have concluded to send you a short article, giving my experience with alfalfa and recorded Herefords. About nine years ago I bought two recorded Here- ford heifer calves ; and my neighbors made fun of me for paying $50 apiece for them. I now have about fifty head of recorded Herefords, and have sold calves to several in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kentucky, North Dakota, etc., and the buyers have invariably written for more cattle. I have sold cat- tle here in my own county, too, and now we have ten Hereford breeders in Boone county alone. Good cat- tle eat no more than "scrubs," and they bring more per pound, and weigh more. I want to tell you how I keep the 50 head of cattle on 100 acres of land. About eight years ago I sowed one and a half acres in alfalfa on ground on which wheat had winter killed. I sowed a little red clover also, thinking I could make hay of the red clover if the alfalfa failed. The alfalfa did very little good for two or three years, or until the little red clover was all gone. I did not inoculate the land for alfalfa, and it takes alfalfa two or three years to inoculate itself. If I had not sown the red clover I am satisfied I would have plowed the alfalfa up, like nine-tenths of the farmers do who do not inoculate it. As it was, by the time the red clover was gone the alfalfa began to do pretty well, and I let it stand. This old patch is fine now, and I have been cutting four crops of hay each year from it for several years. The first crop last year made about two tons of nice hay per acre. The year after sowing the first piece I sowed three acres in alfalfa and red clover on upturned blue grass sod that I had had harrowed thoroughly. 'A'his proved a great discovery for me. The blue grass came right up with the alfalfa, and I have fine blue grass and alfalfa both on the same ground at the same time. Alfalfa roots so deeply (ten feet or more), and blue grass feeds on the surface, so one does not bother the other. Both require to be cut early for hay — say, last of May or first of June, and both make good hay if cut before they ripen; and nothing that I have ever tried equals this mixture for pasture. I have this spring sowed eight acres more in alfalfa on fine blue grass sod, and the alfalfa is coming up now, although only sowed five days ago. Two years ago I sowed about 20 acres of alfalfa in corn just before the last cultivation, plowing it in shallow. I got a fine stand and cut a nice crop of hay in eleven months. Just about the time the sec- ond crop ought to have been ready to cut I noticed that the alfalfa was turning yellow, and that the leaves were spotted, and were falling badly. T thought I was going to loose my alfalfa; so I cut it again as soon as possible, although it was only about a foot high. As soon as I could get it in to shock I took several wagon loads of soil from my oldest al- falfa patch and scattered it here and there over this field. The result was wonderful. In a few days the alfalfa changed to a deep green color, and I got two 1904.] THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER 459 more cuttings of nice hay the first year. This proved to me that inoculation is necessary for prompt suc- cess with alfalfa. A friend of mine, at my sugges- tion, sowed about seven acres in alfalfa in corn in June in 1902, and he got as fine a stand as I ever saw. He cut it four times last year for hay, and was well pleased with it in every way, except that it turned yellow from some cause last fall. He did not inoculate it. This spring he has not more than half a stand, and his disced and resowed part of it. Peo- ple made fun of me again for sowing alfalfa, and especially so when they saw me scattering a few hand- fuls of earth per square rod over the field. They said : 'Alfalfa would do in the West, but that it was not adapted to this climate." When I began to ship soil to others to inoculate with they thought me stranger than ever. Last week one man came to us while we were packing soil in barrels for shipment and asked : "What are you doing ?" I told him, and he said : "Aren't there lots of d fools ?" I said : "Yes, and plenty of them close around here." He said no more, but went off. I have shipped soil all over the Eastern and Central States, to New York, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, etc. I ship- ped last summer one ton to one man in Pennsylvania. This spring one ton to Michigan to one man, and one ton to a man at Liberty, Ind. I mean to sown ten or twelve acres more of alfalfa each year on blue grass sod until I get my whole farm into alfalfa and blue grass mixed. I now have 58 acres of alfalfa. I don't need much grain to keep pure bred Hereford s in good condition. I buy a little grain to feed to the cows in February and March. Of course I feed young, growing calves a little grain all the time, but I can sell a calf occasionally for $100 and buy corn or oats from my neighbors, who think they must raise corn and pasture their stock on the public high- way. Eaise a patch of alfalfa and blue grass for your hogs. Set some locust trees out in it for shade and posts, they will not hurt the pasture. Boone Co. , Ind. J. 1ST. Shirley. CAN ALFALFA BE MADE INTO GOOD SILAGE? Editor Southern Planter: If alfalfa could be utilized in the form of silage it would be another way of using one of the most valu- able of farm crops. As a soiling crop it is pro- DOnneed of the best, all animals are exceedingly fond of it, and will get fat on it without the assistance of grain, but few are ready or care to adopt the soiling system. Alfalfa makes first class hay. Haymaking it precarious, much often gets spoiled in the making. and alfalfa spoils quickly, and as the crop is cut some four or five times, during the season of its growth it would be a constant anxiety all the summer. Now, if it could be cut and carried whilst green and de- posited in a silo all trouble from rain would be elimi- nated and the expense would be no more than making it into hay. The green alfalfa can be stored in much less space than it could be in the form of hay, prob- ably it would be well to allow a wilting to take place before ensiloing. The silage could be used at once, or it could be kept till wanted. I believe the most econominal way to secure the crop would be to ensilo it even for use in summer. Can it be made into palatable and good silage ? Any one who has had experience would confer a favor by giving his knowl- edge to the public, and Mr. Editor, your views would be highly appreciated. On many soils there is found difficulty in getting alfalfa to grow well. Not that the land is not good enough, but because sufficient attention is not given to the preparation of the land before seeding, and because the bacteria necessary to its production is not present, but this trouble can now be overcome by inoculating the soil with dirt from lands which have grown alfalfa, and in which the nodules on the roots caused by the bacteria are plen- tiful, or on application to the Secretary of Africul- ture the bacteria in concentrated form will be fur- nished at slight expense, with full instructions for its use. It would be foolish to try to establish alfalfa without taking all known means to get a good stand for remember the sowing is not for a short crop like clover, but one that may be expected to remain good for many years, particularly if liberal dressings of phosphate and potash are applied yearly, and with a crop of this character one can afford to be generous with mineral fertilizers. The feeding value of al- falfa silage would be much higher than that made from corn, the bulk would be, from the four cuttings, about the same, and as there would be no annual plow- ing, seeding, or cultivation, it should be grown at less expense than corn silage, and I see no reason why it should not be deposited in the silo as it comes from the field without cutting or shredding. In taking it from the silo if a hay knife is used to slit it across, say every foot to the depth of daily consumption, it could be as easily removed as corn silage that had been through a silage cutter. Land after being sev- eral years in alfalfa properly fertilized and managed would be greatly increased in productiveness, capable of growing heavy crops of wheat or other cereals, and would be ready for alfalfa again in a short time. Some one may ask the qtiestion, Can alfalfa be used as silage, fed, say, into beef or milk, as profitably as when sold as hay at $12 per ton at the farm ? Tak- ing into consideration the loss attached to haymaking, I think it could. The manure value of alfalfa is high, $1.80 per ton for green and $7.50 as hay. 4€0 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, As silage it must be consumed on the farm, when sold as hay the farm is robbed of fertility. Every acre of alfalfa consumed should furnish sufficient nitrogen for another acre or more every year. A field of al- falfa may be justly described as a trap to catch nitro- gen from the air, not only for its own use, but for the benefit of other crops not having the power to ac- quire that important plant food from the atmosphere, and to do its best in this line it must be liberally sup- plied with phosphates and potash, and probably lime on some soils. Foster Clarke. Mercer Co., W. Va. Whilst we have no personal knowledge of the mak- ing of alfalfa silage, nor can we find any records of experiments made with it, yet we see no reason why it should not be made into good silage. Both Red and Crimson clover are made into silage, and whilst tbis silage is not always of the best quality, this arises not from the nature of the crops so much as from want of experience in siloing tbem at the proper time and in the proper condition of growth. When mixed with com they make good silage. If this be so, then alfalfa can surely be made into good silage when the proper conditions are understood and ob- served. Experience is only needed. — Ed. ALFALFA GROWING IN HANOVER COUNTY, VA. Editor Southern Planter: Complying with your request for a contribution upon the subject of alfalfa. I sowed three acres in October, 1903. It came up beautifully, but did not grow large enough to withstand the freezing and thawing. To add to the troubles, water stood for a long time upon the lower part of the field. The higher part is a red clay hillside, part of the lower land is sandy, part is loam. The land had been plowed late in August and had been disked several times. So-called blood and bone fertilizer had been spread at the rate of 400 pounds to the acre for tur- nips. The turnip seed was bad, and did not come up. The land was disked twice in October and sowed to alfalfa at the rate of 30 pounds to the acre. The land had never been limed. It really needs lime. Although most of the tender plants were killed, enough survived to give a fair stand on the higher parts of the field. I pulled out roots over 20 inches long, but could not get complete roots because they would always break off. The field was mowed once to cut down the weeds. The alfalfa is again about 18 inches high, but in danger of being destroyed by the weeds. There are no nodules on the roots al- though I tried to infect the land by spreading a lot of soil from another alfalfa field. These are the lessons this field has taught me. Oc- tober is too late for sowing. Shall sow September 1st. Land on which water will stand is not suited to alfalfa. Clay soil seems to be as well (if not better) suited to alfalfa in this section as sandy land. As there are no old alfalfa fields near, I shall get bac- teria from the Department of Agriculture. Soil from new fields will not do. I have near ten acres in peas on a field that will be seeded to alfalfa September 1st this year. Shall use a ton of lime and a ton of phosphate "floats" per acre, and probably some potassium. The lime will cost me about $2 per ton and the freight, the floats probably $10 per ton delivered. Floats are untreated phosphate rock, containing 27-| per cent phosphoric oxid, or 12 per cent, pure phosphorus. A ton of floats contains 240 pounds of phosphorous, or as much as two tons of 14 per cent, phosphate fertilizer. The floats dissolve slowly, and are well suited for a field that is to remain permanently in alfalfa. As our Commissioner of Agriculture and our Agricultural College and Experiment Station fur- nish little or no information upon the subject of al- falfa we must look to other States for light. The report of the State Board of Agriculture of Kansas for the year 1894 is exclusively devoted to alfalfa, and may be had free by writing to Topeka, Kan. I have seen alfalfa at the Nebraska Experiment Station at Lincoln yielding nearly nine tons of hay without irrigation, and I passed irrigated fields near G-reely, Colo., that are said to yield eleven tons. Western methods, however, are not suited for Virginia. Here weeds are more troublesome, and our lands are in need of fertilizer. I am told that a patch of alfalfa at the North Carolina Experiment Station is yield- ing eight tons and more alfalfa every year in spite of the fact that the field has not been properly limed as it should have been. Alfalfa fields in the South must be disked every spring and after every mowing after the second year. For further information I beg to refer readers to my article in the February (1904) issue of the Southern Planter. . Hanover Co., Va. N. CRIMSON CLOVER. Editor Southern Planter: I saw in the March issue of the Sohthern Plan- ter, page 172, an account of the non-success of Crim- son clover. I have been there myself. I then tried 1904.] THE SOUTHERN" PLANTER. 461 «- sowing Japanese buckwheat with the Crimson clover, and had splendid results. The buckwheat grows very rapidly, and its thin, broad leaves make a fine shade for the clover from the scorching sun of September and October. When frosts come the buckwheat dies down and make an excellent mulch for the winter. Incidentally buckwheat is fine "bee food," and if planted early enough for the seed to mature some- what chickens will greedily eat it, and thereby vastly improve the flavor of their flesh. Henrico Co., Va. R. Powell Dunn. CRIMSON CLOVER. Editor Southern Planter: I note from your March issue that one of your subscribers living in Tennessee asks for some advice as to best time to sow Crimson clover. He states in his communication that he has sown Crimson clover in October and November and succeeded in getting a good stand but it always disappeared from some unknown cause. The main cause of his failure has been that he failed to seed at the proper time. I have raised Crimson clover for a number of years and very sucessfully but never from sowing as late as Oc- tober 15th. Another reason no doubt for said fail- ure existed in the manner in which the seed was put in. I have never failed to get a good stand when sown on good loose fresh plowed land when I put it in at the proper depth. It should always be plowed in with a light cultivator and the very best result that I have ever had was when I sowed the seed in my corn fields at the last working ofthe corn and put it in with an ordinary cultivator. This is most always from the middle to the last of July. Even though tbe fall turns out to be very dry you are al- most certain of a good stand and a luxurious growth. The corn shades the young plants and protects them from the hot sun. This gives the clover a good chance to become thoroughly rooted and set to the ground before freezing weather sets in. Crimson clover is easier killed by the hot sun and by freezing in its early stage than any of the clovers, but when seeded at the right time and in the proper manner it is the very greatest soil improver that the Southern fanner can use to-day. The following incident proved this most satisfactorily to my mind : A few years ago I bought a piece of red clay land that was poor. I broke it in April and worked constantly on it. for three weeks with disc harrow, roller and spike tooth harrow trying to get it in shape for corn, there being just four and one-half acres in the piece. I finally got it in good order and planted my corn May 22d. We had a good season, and on July 27th we plowed it the last time, at which time I sowed 25 pounds of crimson clover to the acre and got a splen- did stand. At cribbing time I measured my corn and found that I had just 144 bushels of soft, spongy corn on the ear. The next season, May 21st, I plow- ed this clover under just as it was in full bloom, and it would average waist high. I planted my corn June 2d, and had not as good a crop season as the year previous, but when I measured my corn in the fall I found that I had made instead of 32 bushels to the acre, 56 bushels to the acre, or almost double the amount of the previous season on the same land, and this under more adverse circumstances. I have done the same thing quite a number of times since, and I have never failed to increase the yield from 50 to 75 per cent. I don't believe that there is a single observant farmer in the South to-day who after giv- ing Crimson clover a thorough and honest trial will ever be willing to discard it. I have also followed Crimson clover with all the small grains, and always with the same results. Some future time I may take this matter up again and give you my experience further with it. T. M. Akeasmith. Guilford Co., N. C. We shall be glad to hear further from our corre- spondent on this subject, as it is one of present im- portance to all farmers. The time for seeding is just commencing, and we should like to see the crop much more largely grown, as we know it to be of the highest value. — Ed. LIME AND FERTILIZERS AS IMPROVERS OF LAND. Editor Southern Planter: If Mr. Hull will visit the sections of Pennsylva? nia where lime was formerly used to the extent that he claims he will find that the farmers discovered years ago that they had been liming too much. Thirty years ago in one of the best farmed sections of Maryland, Kent county, in late winter and spring the river banks were lined with lime boats bringing the lime from the Schuykill and Susquehanna, and many farmers were like Mr. Hull, very enthusiastic on the subject of liming. But to-day he will find in that section but a small part of the lime used that was applied formerly, for the farmers have learned what lime does, and many of them had over-limed their lands and suffered for it. One of the oldest and best farmers in that section wrote me not long 462 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, ago that for twenty years he has used no fertilizer but acid phosphate, that has cost him an average of $9.50 per ton, for the wheat crop, and from the average of thirty years ago of ten to fifteen bushels of wheat per acre he has averaged for many years forty bushels, and has used lime very lightly, and for years none at all. Mr. Hull says that sandy soils are rich in potash, while the fact is that us a rule sandy soils are the most deficient in this min- eral element. Clay soils usually have much more potash than sandy ones. There are few of our old cultivated soils that are rich in phosphorus. In fact, the great deficiency in most of these soils is of phos- phorus. Lime will never make phosphoric acid available, but it will, on the other hand tend to make it more unavailable by reverting it to the monobasic form. Lime is certainly valuable judiciously used in a good rotation, but the man who imagines that he can make poor land rich by liming will soon find that the lime has enabled him to still further reduce its fertility. Now, as to the sulphuric acid destroy- ing humus, I know that Mr. Hull is in error. Near where I live is a large fertilizer factory. A few years ago their immense acid chamber was destroyed by fire, and tons on tons of pure commercial sul- phuric acid flowed out over the bottom land on which the factory is situated. To-day that acid>-soaked soil is just as rich in humus as ever and far more fertile than before its bath of acid. Any free sul- phuric acid that may be in an acid-phosphate will at once seek some base in the soil and become a neutral salt of whatever base is present, either forming sul- phate of lime or potash, as may happen. The acid cannot remain in the soil as an acid. There are no cultivable soils so deficient in these bases that free acid can remain in them. Your correspondent "N." says: "If 'Virginian' should ever use acid phos- phate or potash on any crop he would destroy every bit of vegtation. He probably means use phospho- rus and potassium, which are very different arti- cles." They certainly are different. But will "N" please tell us how he would use phosphorus as a fer- tilizer, since it burns up at once when it comes in contact with the air, and how he would use potassium, which is a metal and altogether unavailable as plant food till oxidized to what we call potash. Acid phos- phate is simply a superphosphate of lime, made by dissolving the lime phosphate that exists in rocks, so that its phosphoric acid can become available to plants. Potash is the oxide of potassium which is found in various combinations in potash salts and ashes, and if "N." says the application of acid phosphate and potash will destroy vegetation it is a little singular that the thousands of tons of these materials that are used annually have not had this effect, but have aided in the making of crops. We cannot use the pure elements as fertilizers, but must always take them in some combination. Hence I meant just what I wrote, and did not mean phospho- rus or potassium, though these are what we are after in using the combinations that enable us to use them. "N." says: "It is no use to try to improve a farm by poor crops of peas. . . . It is better to sow fewer acres and fertilize these heavier." What will he fertilize them with if acid phosphate and potash will kill them ? We have never advocated the keep- ing of more stock than can be well fed and fed at a profit. But no matter how poor the land, the far- mer should keep stock enough to use up all the rough- age that can be made before turning it into manure. Then as to pea vine hay. If there is any hay more easily cured I have not yet found it, after thirty years or more of experience. The man who keeps just what stock his land will feed will soon be keep- ing more. It is all very pretty in theory to get land rich with fertilizers and green manuring, but the . man who fully realizes that feeding stock lies at the very foundation of profitable agriculture every- where will find that his farm is gaining faster than the one whose owner is afraid of the trouble of feed- ing stock. I am fully in sympathy with a judicious and liberal use of commercial fertilizers, and am not afraid that acid phosphate and potash will burn up my peas, for I know that they have always made them grow rapidly, but at the same time I know from a long experience in the cultivation of the soil that it is wasteful to use as manure only, crops that have a high feeding value the larger part of whose manurial value can be recovered in the droppings. If a man is so situated that he cannot make any profit in feed- ing stock in some way, he woiild be the only man to depend on fertilizers alone, and even he would have to be quite rich if he could afford to spend $100 an acre to make a farm on what is merely a place for one. There is not the slightest doubt that thousands on thousands of acres of Virginia land can be brought up to the production of even greater crops than "N." mentions, and more than this, they can be made to pay for the bringing up, and do not need a fortune to be spent on them before paying a profit. But to , teach men that the Virginia lands are only "places for farms," and that a man must spend $100 per acre on them before realizing any profit is certainly a great mistake. I know of no land in Virginia which 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER 463 * was originally productive and has a good clay sub- soil that cannot be brought to a high state of produc- tiveness and made to pay for its improvement as it increases in fertility. Such lands are not worn out, but have gotten unproductive through bad treatment, and will quickly respond to proper tillage and rota- tion, and the feeding of live stock. This is not theory, for I have done it in more than one part of Virginia. As our friend Hull gives his name, and I do not want to shoot from ambush, I give mine. (Virginian), W. E. Massey, Editor of Practical Farmer. Our correspondent's remarks as to the inadvisa- bility of using lime in connection with phosphatic fertilizers were no doubt made in response to our own remarks in a recent article as to the power of lime to render available potash and phosphoric acid in the soil. We, of course, were aware when making this statement that it had long been claimed that there was danger of reverting the phosphoric acid in an acid phosphate by the use of lime at the same time as the phosphate. We, however, doubt this. Ex- periments made at the Rhode Island Station from 1894 to 1899 go to prove that the two may be used together not only with safety, but with advantage. All the plots on which lime was used along with dif- ferent forms of phosphatic fertilizers gave better re- sults than those on which the phosphatic fertilizers alone were used. We would not, however, advise the application of the two at the same time. Apply the lime in the fall and the phosphate in the spring. — Ed. CURING CLOVER HAY. Editor Southern Planter: I have always advocated, as you know, the storing of clover and other legume hay before the leaves get crisp. But I agree with you that clover cut in the morning and stored that afternoon will be more likely to make silage than hay. The curing should be largely in the winrows, however, and no heating should be allowed while there. When wilted so that no sap can be wrung to a twist the curing can be well completed in the barn. W. F. Massey, Editor Practical Farmer. Skippers in Hams. Do you know of any way to get rid of skippers when they have once gotten into the hams ? J. ST. Faeis. No. We believe it to be impossible to get rid of them with certainty. They cannot be reached. This is a case where prevention is the only course. — Ed. ENQUIRERS' COLUMN. Enquiries should be sent to the office of The Southebk Plantee, Richmond, Va., not later than the 15th of the month for replies to appear in the next month's issue. Silo Building. Some years ago I dug a silo, but it was too wide and too deep for the number of cattle I had, conse- quently I lost much feed. I could not feed it as fast as it moulded. Being in stiff clay, water also ran in, and I had to give it up. Now, I want to build one above ground, and would be very glad if you would give dimensions and directions for build- ing one to furnish feed for six cattle for about six months. A. B. C. King William Co., Va. In our article on Work for the Month in this issue will be found information on this subject. — Ed. — Effects of Warm Weather. I notice that during the past spell of warm weather my horses and most all of the neighbors' horses stop- ped sweating, and in consequence they panted like oxen. Please give the cause and remedy in your next issue. M. C. Lewis. We are unable to explain this. — Ed. Richmond Co., Va. Preparation for Irish Potatoes and Tomatoes. 1. Which would be best to sow in corn land for Irish potatoes next spring, cow peas or rye? What i.-a best time to plow down ? 2. We have about two and one-half acres of land, which stood under timothy sod for about eleven years. We broke it in February, broadcasted it with barn- yard manure and used a fertilizer, 3-8-4, about 700 pounds to the acre. This land is planted in sweet potatoes. If we harvest the potatoes and sow the land in rye, can we grow a successful crop of Irish potatoes and peanuts ? Irish potatoes to be planted the last of March in rows three and one-half or four feet apart. Peanuts to be planted between the pota- toe rows in June, and potatoes taken out the first of July, the land to be well fertilized for each crop. Accomac Co., Va. Gr. L. Mobe, Je. 1. We would sow cow peas now and plow these down in October, and then sow rye to conserve the fertility which the cow peas will have gathered. 2. Yes. We think so. — Ed. Destroying Horns on Calves. In the June issue of the Southeen Plantee, in reply to the question by B. S. H., regarding destroy- ing horns by caustic, we notice Ed. says, apply two or three times. We have had much of this work done 464 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, while on a stock farm in the West, and one applica- tion is all-sufficient if properly done. Rub the caus- tic on until skin over the horn is thoroughly red, then stop, always using care to wet a spot no larger than the button of the horn, as caustic will burn wherever applied. We think that two or three applications would not only destroy horns, but injure the calf as well, as one application often makes the calf quite sick. W. W. Stockwell. Halifax Co., Va. We have known the application made two or three times without injury, but are glad to have the advice as to care in using the remedy, given by our corre- spondent. — Ed. Rotation of Crops. I have been much interested in your recent edi- torials regarding crop rotation, and especially the suggestions given in April number in answer to a correspondent. I had planned, and am carrying out, a different series of rotations, chiefly because of lack of other land for wheat crops, and would be very glad to have your criticisms. My plan has been to sow cow peas the first year, with 100 pounds of acid phospbate per acre, to be turned under in September after peas were picked, and land sowed in crimson clover, which was pas- tured in winter and early spring, and turned under in April of second year for corn, on which I used 200 pounds of 2-8-2 fertilizer per acre. I then sow- ed peas and crimson clover in the corn, and the fol- lowing year pastured it until June of third year, when it was turned under and land kept in good prep- aration for wheat and oats, to be sowed in Septem- ber, with 200 pounds each of acid phosphate and kainit per acre, sowing mixed grasses on the grain in spring of fourth year, fallowing again in fall of fifth year, sowing crimson clover, turning that under for corn sixth year with 2-8-2 fertilizer. I fear that my plan is less thorough than yours, and the "drawing" crops of corn and wheat are closer together, and I have made no provision for liming the land. I would like to ask the following queries : 1. In my scheme, should I put lime on peas which I turn under the first year, and where that has been neglected, can I safely put lime on in June of third year, just before sowing wheat and oats, or has that plan any disadvantages? 2. Instead of sowing grass on the grain crops in spring, would you advise fallowing the land after harvest and sowing grasses that fall, leaving the land in grass for two full years ? 3. Is there any disadvantage in growing wheat and oats side by side in same field ? 4. Is the pasturing of cultivated fields objection- able, and is the tramping of soil a greater injury than the droppings from cattle are beneficial ? 5. Does agricultural lime contain any potash ? 6. If you prefer muriate of potash to kainit, should it be mixed with the acid phosphate, or how shall I apply it to the land ? 7. In sowing both peas and crimson clover in corn, I have found no means of covering the clover, which I sowed by hand, in showery weather, with fair suc- cess. Is ther.e a better method ? 8. Will nitrate of soda or muriate of potash de- teriorate by being kept over, or should I buy only such quantity as I need at one time — I have never used either of these. 9. I have two lots, near stable yard, which I have used constantly for sorghum, followed by Crimson clover and peas, followed by Crimson clover — cutting all of these crops. If I fertilize the sorghum and the peas each spring, can I keep up the fertility of these lots ? I do not fallow these lots for the clover crops, but simply drag each way over peas or sorghum stub- ble with straight tooth harrow and get good stands. Is this practice to be condemned ? 10. Are disc plows, disc cultivators and disc har- rows desirable for use on land where there is a sprinkling of rocks — some being as large as my head — or should I defer buying these tools until I can plow up and haul off all the rocks ? Amelia Co., Va. Subscriber. The rotation you are practicing is one that will no doubt result in constant improvement of your land, and should give you good crops. I think, however, it might be improved, and the answers we give to your first and second questions indicate the direc- tion in which we think the improvement should be made. 1 . We think liming is very essential to the perma- nent improvement of all land in the South, and would therefore lime your land once in each rotation, applying from 25 to 50 bushels to the acre. The lime would be best applied on the pea fallow to pre- cede the clover, but if not then applied can with safety be put on after ^plowing the clover down for the wheat crop, and be then worked into the land whilst preparing it for that crop. 2. We have always strongly advised the seeding of grass alone instead of on a grain crop. You are much more certain to get a stand, and will secure a good crop usually the first year, which will be more valuable than the grain. We Avould certainly keep the land in grass two full years. It will, we feel sure, pay you to do so, and will result in giving you a good sod to turn under, which will greatly benefit the land by adding humus to the soil. 3. No. H004.] THE SOUTHERN" PLANTER 465 * 4. This depends much on the character of the land. On light land- pasturing is beneficial, as it tends to consolidate it and thus enables the crops to get better hold. Heavy clay lands, on the other hand, are often seriously injured by pasturing, es : pecially if stock are allowed on whenever the land is wet. 5. We believe that some of the agricultural lime offered on the market claims to have potash in its composition. We would prefer to buy each sepa- rately. 6. We prefer muriate of potash to kainit for all crops except cotton. In the muriate you get a much higher percentage of potash usually at a less price per unit, and you get less useless material than in the kainit. Kainit, however, is valuable in preventing rust on cotton. 7. We do not know any better method than the one you adopt unless you sow the peas and clover early enough to permit of their being worked in at the last working. In this issue you will find articles dealing with this question. 8. Not if kept in a dry place. 9. Yes, we think you will maintain the fertility of the two plots in the method you adopt. We pre- sume you apply stable manure to keep up the humus in the land. 10. Disc plows, cultivators and harrows do not work well amongst large rocks, but if these are not very numerous we think you would not find the tools difficult to work and they certainly make ex- cellent work wherever they can be used. — Ed. effect of inducing a tender growth, which would be likely to suffer in the winter. 2. From 75 to 100 pounds to the acre would be sufficient. It tisually cost from $45 to $48 per ton. 3. Yes. 4. From Wm. S. Myers, 12 John street, New York city, who is the representative in this country of the nitrate of soda people. — Ed. Nitrate of Soda on Clover. 1. Will it pay to use nitrate of soda on Crimson and Western clover? When can it be used on clover sown in August ? 2. How much to the acre, and the price of it? 3. Can it be sown by hand?_ 4. Wbere can I get the nitrate of soda ? Middlesex Co., Va. Geo. H. Hall. 1. The clovers being all leguminous plants, and therefore able to get their own nitrogen from the at- mosphere, it is not usually profitable to apply nitro- genous fertilizers to them. It does, however, some- times pay to do so when the crop is weak in growth arising either from absence of the specific clover microbe in the soil or from damage by severe weather. In such a case nitrate of soda would be a proper fertilizer to use for the purpose. It should be ap- plied when the plant is just starting growth in the spring. If applied in the fall it would have the Sorrel— Sheep Pasture— Pump— Windmill— Sheep Killed by Dogs. 1. What is condition of soil where sorrel grows? What is the best way to get rid of it ? 2. Would wheat sowed in September be as good as rye, or would something else be better than either for sheep pasture next spring? Would it do to sow crimson clover with it? 3. What would be the best pump to put in a well about thirty feet deep ? How would a windmill do ? About what would a good one cost ? Some say there is not wind enough in this part of the country to run one satisfactorily (Southwest Virginia, near the Ten- nessee line). 4. If dogs kill a man's sheep in the State of Vir- ginia, will the State pay for the sheep ? i Washington Co., Va. A Subscribes. 1. The growth of sorrel is usually an indication of poverty of soil. The best way to get rid of it is to encourage the growth of better herbage by making the soil rich. This will soon crowd out the sorrel. 2. The best pasture for sheep for winter and spring is made by sowing in August or September a mixture of wheat, oats and rye in equal parts with crimson clover added. Sow 10 pounds of crimson clover with three-quarters of a bushel of the mixed grain per acre. A couple of pounds of Dwarf Essex rape seed per acre may also be added with advantage to the mixture. 3. Write the Sydnor Pump and Well Co., of this city, whose ad. you will find in the Planter. They are practical experts in pump and well machinery, with large experience of the conditions affecting dif- ferent sections of the State. 4. No, the State does not pay for sheep killed by dogs. In some counties having special dog laws the county pays. — Ed. .,. * i Goats. Will you please tell me the kind of fence required to keep common goats in ? Will a plank or rail fence do ? If so, about what height ? Will a shed do to keep them in ? What is the best thing to feed them on ? How old a child can ride them ? Where is the 466 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, cheapest and best place to get them, and what is the price of both sexes, and also of kids ? Subscriber's Daughter. A plank fence 4 feet 6 inches in height will keep goats in bounds but a rail fence is not to be relied on, as they climb so readily. They require very little shelter from the weather. A shed will be ample. They will eat forage of any kind, but prefer tc browse on shrubs and undergrowth. We see very small children riding and driving goats here in the city. Much depends on the way the goats are treat- ed from birth. We do not know of any place to buy goats, but an advertisement in the Planter would find them. — Ed. deliver at your depot. Write Mr. Sandy, his agent at Burkeville. — Ed. Corn for Horses. Which is the best way to feed corn to horses this time of the year ? Feed dry corn on cob ? Soak corn on cob ? or crush and grind corn and cob % Bo Bingham Co., Va. W. M. H. We think the best way to feed corn at all times is to grind it and mix it with bran and cut hay or fodder. In this way they get the full value of all the corn, and the bran supplies the protein the corn lacks. Corn and cob meal has given good results in horse feeding experiments, and with a little bran added makes an excellent ration. — Ed. Angora Goats. Do you think Angora goat raising would pay if run with sheep on a large mountain range where there is a plenty of undergrowth. Give prices of Mohair or wool. Any information about goat rais- ing will be very much appreciated. Amherst Co., Va. W. W. Massie. We are of opinion that Angora goats would do well on such a range as you describe. We have pub- lished a number of articles on these goats, and have several others which we expect to publish shortly. ; Western breeders of the goats are well satisfied with them, and we know of no reason why they should not be a success in the South. There are already a num- ber of farms in the State where they are being tried, and from one or two of these we hear satisfactory re- ports. The Mohair sells all the way from 10 cents to $1 per pound, according to length and fineness of quality of the staple and freedom from short under fleece. Mr. Mann S. Valentine, of Rockcastle, Va., who has some fine animals which he has advertised in our columns, could probably give you valuable information about the animals. — Ed. Lime. I want to use some lime on my land this fall. Please tell me the best kind to use and where I can best get it in car lots. Cumberland is on a narrow guage railroad, and the lime will have to be trans- ferred at Mosley's Junction or Earmville. E. P. Flippen. Cumberland Co., Va. Use the rock lime. We should suppose that you could get this to cost least at your depot, from some of the lime kilns above Lynchburg, say at Eagle Rock. We hear that a Mr. Mason, of Ripplemead, on the Norfolk and Western railroad, is delivering lime for agricultural purposes at Burkeville at a very reasonable price. Perhaps he might be able to Whitewash. Please publish in the next issue of the Planter the receipt for making government whitewash. Botetourt Co., Va. Subscriber. Slack half a bushel of good, fresh lime in boiling water, keeping it covered during the process. Strain it and add a peck of salt dissolved in water, three pounds of ground rice boiled to a thin paste, half a pound of powdered Spanish whiting and a pound of clear glue dissolved in warm water. Mix thesese well together and let the mixture stand for several days. Keep the wash thus prepared in a kettle or portable furnace and put on as hot as possible. — Ed. Plant for Name. Will you please give the botanical, as well as the English, name of the enclosed shrub or plant. Will you state if it has any medicinal properties; and if so, what they are ? M. C. Lewis. Richmond Co., Va. The plant is Scotch Broom (Cytisus Scoparius). It has no economic value, but is often planted as an ornamental plant. It was introduced from Europe about a century ago. — Ed. Fleas in Hay Barn. In our hog barn fleas are very numerous ; will you please give me some remedy for exterminating them through your next issue ? E. L. Hale, Halifax Co., Va. Manager L. F. C. Farm. Clean the place out thoroughly and brush down the walls. Then give the whole building, inside and out, a coating of lime wash, in which mix a pint of kerosene to each bucketful of the wash. Dust the floors with tobacco dust and trash. Persian insect powder (Pyrethrum) is also very obnoxious to fleas, but it is rather a costly remedy to use in a hog barn. —Ed. «* 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 467 Trucking, Garden and Orchard. WORK FOR THE MONTH. Successional crops of corn, pole beans, lima beans and navy beans should be planted every week or ten days to keep up the supply until frost cuts them off. Sweet potatoes may yet be set out and cuttings from the plants set earlier should be taken off and be plant- ed. Cut off the ends of the vines with three or four leaves on and insert them in the soil nearly up to the top leaves, and they will soon take root if the ground be moist. These cuttings will make potatoes for seed that will be better than those from the earlier planted draws. Keep the cultivators running in the crops that are growing to encourage growth and keep down weeds. As land is cleared of crops, if not wanted for succes- sional crops, seed with Crimson clover and cover with the cultivator. This will help to keep up the fer- tility of the land and make a good fallow to plow down. The late crop of Irish potatoes should be planted. The sets used should have been kept in cold storage to prevent sprouting. These set3 should be sprouted slightly by being spread out on a moist, shady piece of ground for a few days before being set. Potatoes grown from these sets will mature just before frost, and will keep well during the winter. Do not be sparing in the use of fertilizer. Use a complete fer- tilizer having a high percentage of potash. Such a fertilizer may be made up of 300 pounds of nitrate of soda, 600 pounds of fish scrap, 800 pounds of acid phosphate, and 300 pounds of muriate of potash. Use from 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre. In the Eastern sections of Virginia and North and South Carolina the second crop of Irish potatoes should be planted. This crop is grown from seed raised this spring. The sets should be the medium sized potatoes sorted out when digging the crop, and should be planted whole. These sets should be spread out in a moist, shady place and have a little fine, moist soil spread amongst them, ■ not sufficient to cover them, but 'just sufficient to pack around them. They will green and commence to put out sprouts. When fairly sprouted they should be set. Open the furrows deep. Apply the fertilizer in the bottom of the furrows and mix with the soil. Then drop the sets and just barely cover them with soil. As they grow work the soil into the furrows and bring to a level surface as the plants grow. Keep level and cultivate frequently. This crop makes the best sets for spring planting, and there is a heavy and com stant demand for them. The crop should mature just before frost. Celery plants should be drawn from the seed bed and be set out on a bed in a moist, shady situation to grow on for a month before being set out where they are finally to grow and make a crop. If the plants are at all drawn or spindling, clip the tops back, and repeat this if necessary in order to keep the plants stocky. Seed may be sown for late cabbage and broccoli plants to set out in September. Dust the beds and young plants with tobacco dust to keep off bugs and worms. Seed may be sown for crops of fall turnips, rad- ishes and lettuce. A NEW STRAWBERRY. Mr. M. T. Thompson, of Rio Vista, Va., sends us a sample of his new strawberry, "Thompson's No. 2." This, he claims, to be one of the finest of the many new varieties which he has produced. It is certainly a good berry, large in size, fine in color, and very firm and will make a good shipper. We are inclined to think that it is not so fine in flavor as his "Mark Hanna" berry, but this season was against it, as it was so dry just at the time it was maturing. FRUIT PROSPECTS IN VIRGINIA. Editor Southern Planter: In the Piedmont section of Albemarle county the prospect for peaches is a. very heavy crop, in many places- a record breaker. The same may be said for plums. Apples are a very light crop. Pears scat- tering, and cherries vary very much, some places have none, others higher up are full. Off the moun- tains generally there is but little fruit. Damsons are also among the heavy crops this year. Straw- berries are just over and have been a great disap- pointment, having first been considerably injured by frost, and later by dry weather. Prices were good 468 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, for what was shipped (about one-fourth of normal crop only). Walter Whately, Chairman Committee on Transportation, Virginia State Horticultural Society. FOUR PAYING CROPS PER ANNUM. Editor Southern Planter: In an interview this morning with one of our lead- ing truck farmers, we gleaned the following "facts, figures and features" respecting some of his trucking operation, which may be of interest to some of your readers : We paid special attention and took great interest in the results he had secured and is now securing from one little patch of four acres now in beans (snap beans) about ready to begin shipping. In September last (1903) he sowed spinach on the fonr acres, and, beginning after Christmas, he cut and marketed the spinach at the rate of 100 barrels to the acre, getting therefor in Northern markets from $2 to $7 per barrel, or an average of about $4.50 per barrel. On Washington's birthday, February 22d he cut spinach at $5.50 per barrel. In March he transplanted 175,000 lettuce plants in this four acres. Jnst a few days before cutting his lettuce he planted beans (snaps) between the let- tuce rows. He cut 450 bushel baskets of lettuce to the acre, which sold for $2 to $2.75 per basket. The beans are now nearly ready to begin shipping. The last week in May he planted canteloupes between the rows of beans, at proper intervals. He will get at least 150 to 250 baskets of snaps to the acre, good for $1 to $2 per basket, and in July will get 250 crates of canteloupes to the acre, worth $1 to $1.50 per crate. His gross sales will reach $2,000 to the acre. If his net profits do not reach $1,000 per acre it is be- cause of gross mismanagement somewhere. Nature will do her very best to help this gentleman make $1,000 per acre per annum from that four acres of land. This, take notice, is not hot house work nor fancy work. It is business, strictly business, from start to finish — from one end the year to the other. Nor is this a special effort upon his part to make a record or to beat some other record. It is a regular thing for him to do, and he is doing it every year. He uses a liberal supply of fertilizers, especially those with a bone base (and there is a "right smart heap" of fertilizer in his hat), he also uses good implements, and believes in thorough cultivation and manipula- tion of the soil. He keeps his land busy summer and winter. He keeps it covered all the year with growing crops, so that neither the frcst of winter nor the summer's sun finds any bare or uncovered soil to work upon. Not- withstanding the fact that he grows successfully and easily four crops per annum from the same land, he has all of the month of August to prepare this land for another routine of four crops. If the regular farmer would but pursue his calling as intelligently and as vigorously as our trucker friend what wonderful results might not be attained in the Old Dominion. Such results could not be secured unless the soil and climate were very favorable. Even then such results would not be secured except that the markets demanded the produce, and the freight rate and ship- ping facilities were favorable. The fact is that our soil and climate are both very favorable, and when it comes to freight rates, if we measure by the rate, we are within 25 miles of 10,000,000 consumers. If we measure by hours, we are within 12 hours of 20,000,- 000 consumers. Therefore the soil, climate and markets, are all stimulating. In such case man will , naturally do his best. A. Jeffers. Norfolk, Va. THE LETTUCE CROP. Editor Southern Planter: Mr. Jeffers speaks of intensive gardening with let- tuce and snaps, etc. If he wishes to see real intensive work with lettuce he should visit some of our New Bern (N. C.) truckers. One firm there has now 12 acres in frames with steam pipes running through to keep out frost, and they are doing real intensive work, for the lettuce is all gone to market for round prices during the winter and early spring before the out- door lettuce around Norfolk starts, and they have the out-door crop, too. They are now growing celery in these heated frames, starting late in the fall and crowding the plants to bleach and get them ready for market when the market is bare of celery. The same pipes that heat the frames are used for watering as they have sprinklers on them and can attach to the pump and the frames are showered over when needed. This is a start in intensive gardening, and it will not be long before there are acres in the upper South covered with glass structures for real winter forcing j- of tomatoes, strawberries, snaps, etc. I have grown a fine crop of snaps in the greenhouse in winter in six inch pots, using the English forcing sorts. I 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 469 have sold 260 pounds of tomatoes in winter from 26 plants, and got 25 cents a pound for them on the local market when the Florida crop was selling for one-fonrth the price. Cucumbers are another crop that we can force in winter much more profitably than the Northern growers, who have to use far more expensively built and heated houses. I have sold forced cucumbers to the winter resort hotels for 75 cents a dozen, and could probably have gotten more if I had grown them in quantity large enough to pay for shipment North. The intensive work that we should do in the trucking section of the South is not merely the intensive use of the open ground, but intensive work under glass that will enable us to compete with the far South with products of higher quality. Then it is also true, as Mr. Jeffers says, that we need more stock farmers, but in a section like that about Norfolk, where the trucking interest is paramount, the man who has good truck land will hardly go into farming with stock, but into that which is the most profitable in his section. But there are vast areas near Norfolk which are not tbe best truck soil, such as the black, moist lands on the Norfolk and Southern Railroad, where the whole country is devoted to corn only, but which is admir- ably suited to grass and stock, where stock farming could be made more profitable than any section I know of. With lands as fertile as an Illinois prairie and right at the ports of shipment, export cattle should be more profitable than in the West, from which they have to travel over the whole country. W. E. Massey, Editor of Practical Farmer. GARDEN NOTES. Editor Southern Planter: The several crops on the truck farm and in the garden will need prompt attention this month. The cultivator should be run as late as possible to make the crops continue bearing late into the fall. If a loose mulch of dirt is not kept on the surface of the soil, most vine crops will bear only one or two good pickings and then fail. The benefits of cultivation, or the philosophy of tillage, are but little understood by the general farmer. It is too often the case that the farmer makes a rule to cultivate his crop "so many times" irrespective of the season and soil conditions. Hence failure too often results when drouthy conditions pre- vail. However, this subject of tillage is important enough for a whole book, and I must pass it by till a more opportune time. I have found in my experience that it does not pay to stake tomato vines for a general crop to be used in canning. Pruning and staking the vines will make the crop earlier and the tomatoes fewer and larger, and will materially lessen the yield. For general purposes, I prefer giving the soil shallow tillage as late in the season as possible, and then spread straw under the vines to keep the fruit off the soil. This straw will greatly help to hold the soil moisture if drouthy conditions come in July and August.. While there has been an abundant rainfall in Southwest Virginia especially, so far, still if drouthy condi- tions should set in later on, disastrous results would he much more serious. The soil would become hard and parched. Old strawberry beds will need attention now. If these are very filthy and the foliage much diseased, prepare to set a new bed. Where the bed is not so foul as to require destroying, mow the old foliage down with all the weeds and grass. Let this ma- terial become dry, then scatter it over the beds, and where it does not give all the plants a very light covering tise some straw or leaves. Set fire to the trash and give the bed a slight burning. Take a one-horse turning plow and throw the soil together between the rows. This will usually kill the filth between the rows and leave a ridge of plants about twelve inches wide. Use a small, sharp hoe to clean out the weeds on this ridge. In about a week use the cultivator on the ridge thrown up between the rows to bring the dirt back against the plants. By this method I have seen old beds be made to bear good crops. Late cabbage will require frequent cultivation now. The cabbage worm is likely to make its appearance as usual this season. Fresh Persian insect powder dusted over the plants early in the morning while the dew is on and the worms are usually on the outer edges of the leaves may be all that is needed to de- stroy this serious pest. The hot water treatment and arsenical poisons are often advantageously used, but these things require extreme care in their use, and I do not recommend them to any one who has had no experience with such things. The Persian insect powder is not poisonous to man or plants. Old stock is sometimes kept at drug stores which has largely lost its strength. The fresh article should be had. This powder is a. most valuable household article also for flies, mosquitoes and many other insects that infest houses, barns, berries, etc. 470 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, "Weeds are making a wonderful growth this season. The best way to kill a weed is to do so while it is in the seed. Keep all weeds from seeding, if possible. This will save the back and many drops of perspira- tion next year. Sow cow peas on all soil where the truck crops are harvested. This is a wonderful plant to loosen the soil and increase its fertility. It will lower the fer- tilizer bill and increase the bank account. Montgomery Co., Va. R. H. Pkice. VELVET BEANS. "Velvet beans are not a desirable crop to make into hay. They make such an enormous tangled growth that neither man nor machine can handle them. They are fit only to use as an improver of the soil." The above item clipped from the last issue of The Southern Planter misrepresents a good forage plant. A great many acres of velvet beans are made into hay in Florida every year. Of course on rich land the growth is often almost too heavy to handle and it is slow cutting with a scythe. I noticed in the Tribune Earmer a few weeks ago that a mechanic had invented an improvement on mowing machines, a device for cutting upright which divides the swaths from the standing crop. Cow peas have long been used for hay, but I have seen such a growth of vines and crab grass mingled and lodged that a man could only pick out a little at a time with a scythe, yet the whole piece was made into hay. W. C. Steele. Florida. Whilst it is doubtless true tbat velvet beans are made into hay in Florida and perhaps elsewhere yet we maintain that the reply we gave to the enquiry is correct. We spoke from a personal knowledge of the crop and also from reports received from several sub- scribers who have grown them. The mass of tangled vines is so great on good land that neither machine nor man can cut or handle them. We have grown the vines 25 feet long. — En. THE MARKET PROBLEM. Editor Southern Planter: The returns from the garden and truck farm will begin to come in this month. How large they will be will depend much upon how the crops are marketed. When a crop is grown, it has been stated that only half the important work has been done. The other half is to market it to best advantage. In the first place the grower should be looking out a market long before the crops mature — espe- cially for all perishable products. Also the character J \ and business standing of the buyers should be looked into. The transportation routes need looking after beforehand. If several growers will join together better rates will likely be granted and commission men may be induced to come and buy on the ground. Muck will depend upon clean, nice, standard boxes or crates. These should be well filled with fruit and products of an even grade and standard. Everything should be honestly packed and guaranteed to be as rep- resented when sold in unbroken packages. A grower recently told me he had always sold un- der a guarantee in the Lynchburg market and his re- turns ran five per cent, above the market quotations. He had orders ahead for more products than he could grow and ship. He sold berries, fruits and general farm crops. R. H. Pkice. Montgomery Co., Va. We have for years urged the importance of the points above raised by our correspondent, especially those of combined shipments and honest packing in clean new crates and packages. They are vital to success. — Ed. __ A THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT CROP. The California deciduous fruit season opened April 30th with the shipment of a box of Sacramento Valley cherries on that date. The first box, which was grown near Vacaville, Solano county, was closely followed by a box of cherries grown near Sacramento and others grown in the Winters district in Yolo coun- ty and in the Newcastle district of Placer county. Following these, shipments were made from various fruit districts of the Sacramento Valley. Notwithstanding the fact that ripe California cher- ries are usually shipped earlier in the season, some- times as early as March, the initial shipments brought very fancy prices. The first box was sold in Chicago for $25, $3.12 a pound. The second sale was made in New York and the figure was $21. The third sale, made in the city of Philadelphia, at auc- tion, was a record breaker, eight pounds of cherries bringing the remarkable price of $70. These shipments marked the beginning of Califor- nia's fruit season. Carload shipments from Sacra mento Valley districts began May 13th, when a car- load of cherries was shipped from Vacaville. The fruit crop of California will probably be slightly below average in quantity this year. The + Sacramento Valley fruit districts, which provide the bulk of California's deciduous fruits, report heavy crops of pears but slight shortage in most other fruits. Apricots will begin ripening within a few days. 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 471 Live Stock and Dairy. DUAL PURPOSE SHORTHORNS. We take the following from the Breeders Gazette. It is in line with what we have long advocated, and will, we trust, receive the attention of some of onr breeders. We need, and need badly, in this country a revival in the breeding of the milking strain of Shorthorns. The English farmer knows and appre- ciates their value. Probably two-thirds of the cattle of that country are of this type. They make milk and butter with the best, and at the same time breed calves which make steers of the best butcher type. We hear that there are several herds of this type in the New England States, but few elsewhere. One herd in Massachusetts tracing to Arabella has had top crosses of tbe Princess, the Duchess, the Constance and the Waterloo families, and shows cows weighing from 1,200 to 1,600 pounds, with milk records of 40 to 50 pounds per day, and very persistent milkers, some making 11,000 pounds per year. These cattle are smooth and well fleshed, the object of the breeder being to combine beef and dairy qualities. The 4 Breeders Gazette says : Pertinent to the present discussion of the old-fash- ioned milking Shorthorns, and the accompanying lament over the lack of effort to perpetuate and im- prove that type, comes the report of a recent sale in England of a herd of eighty pedigreed Shorthorns at an average of nearly $215. Concerning the charac- ter of these cattle the London "Live Stock Journal" offers the following interesting testimony : "The Cranford herd is one of the largest pure bred ones in the South of England, and is well known for its excellent milking qualities. The animals offered were not made up for sale, but came straight from the meadows, where they are kept both in summer and winter. It would be difficult to find a herd, kept under the same conditions by i tenant-farmer, dis- playing such excellent quality and such a hardy and yet serviceable character, and that these are appre- ciated was proved by the number of buyers and their spirited bidding." The tenant-farmer who can drive eighty head of cattle np from his pastures and sell them at an aver- ace of $215 is in pretty fair business. He knows sc thing or two. He knows the demand for Shorthorns of this type, he knows the value of the dual-purpose cow, he has proved it in his own herd, he understands £ that a double profit may be reaped from the "double- deckers." And many a farmer in this country is looking for just such a farmer's cow. A few have given persistent adherence to this valuable type, but thoughtful men now understand that much has been i lost to the breed by a lack of more general interest in I the perpetuation of the milking Shorthorn in this country. If there is any more inviting field of effort at the present time than the founding of herds of strictly high-class dual-purpose Shorthorns, we do not know where it lies. Some material for this pur- pose may be obtained in this country, an abundance of it could be selected in Britain. THE CATTLE TICK AND THE QUARANTINE LINE. Editor Southern Planter: So long as we entertain the cattle tick just that long will the quarantine line cross the boundaries of onr State. It therefore behooves every farmer to join hands with his neighbor in the extermination of the pest and to rally beneath the standard which is being advanced through the efforts of the Southern' Planter. There is no doubt but that in this disease just as in a score of others the greater part of the troiible comes through carelessness and absolute neg- lect. It avails little if farmer A sits up nights try- ing to get rid of the ticks on his animals while far- mer B pays absolutely no attention to the tick ques- tion and his animals are permitted to seed the high- ways and by-ways with this vile insect. The remedy is in co-operation. All Texas is joining hands in the eradication of the dread boll weevil. Conventions and institutes are being held, experts are called, farm- ers are co-operating, and it begins to look as thoiigh the weevil will be banished from Texas. A similar move on the part of the farmers in Virginia will make things uncomfortable for cuttle ticks. Louisiana has recently fattened a bunch of steers that surprised the Chicago markets. They were of high quality, perfectly finished and exhibited the qualities of beef animals to a remarkable degree. The fact that these steers were raised and finished in the hot bed of the tick region indicates that it is possible to overcome the ravages of the tick if care and at- tention are given. These cattle were kept free from ticks by a liberal use of Zenoleum. The preparations mentioned in the Southern Planter may be effec- tive but we are somewhat suspicious of them and so long as we can get Zenoleum we think we will not risk them. Dr. Nesom, Veterinarian to the South Caro- lina Experiment Station, tells me that he uses Zeno- leum for removing the tick and that he finds it en- tirely satisfactory. The feature of this Zenoleum that attracts me most 472 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. is that in addition to destroying the cattle tick it also I destroys any other parasite that may be present, cures | mange, ring worm and other skin diseases and at the same time its effect upon the hide and hair is cleansing and beneficial. The question is not so much what will destroy the cattle tick as is what will de- stroy the tick and not destroy or injure the animal. Sulphuric acid would no doubt end the career of every tick upon an animal but the trouble is the ani- mal's career woidd be ended at the same time. What you want to do is to destroy the tick and other para- sites, clean the animal's coat and skin and put him in a position to thrive. We know of nothing that will accomplish this so well and so satisfactorily as Zeno- leum. A Reader. July, THE HEREFORD AS A MILKER. RELATIVE RICHNESS OF FIRST AND LAST MILK. Editor Southern Planter: Errors like weeds grow apace and are hard to overcome. One often hears it said "the Hereford is no milker," although it is admitted that the assertion is founded entirely on hearsay, experience being nil. On one occasion the writer was asked in earnest if Hereford grade cows gave milk enough to raise their own calves. Disclaiming an Hereford axe to grind, the owner- ship of a registered bull and cow is admitted, and for the past five years I have been engaged in breeding grade Hereford calves letting them run with the cows, but a milking test is afforded, in that the cows require milking until the calves are able to consume all the flow. Observation shows that the grade calf makes flesh with a less proportion of milk than common stock and that the milking qualities of the common cow are fully reproduced in the grade one. It must here be understood that I am writing of crossing on common ^took which have proved themselves good milkers, and not on full blooded breeds, which would lie an interesting experiment but beyond my opportunities. What I want to uproot is the prevail- ing falsity that Herefords are not good milkers, if raised in a natural condition and not abnormally stuffed to gain superlative fat or show order. Thai such falsity should be entertained is to keep out of our herds the admixture from a type of recog- nized strong (if not strongest) constitution adapted for milk or beef as the on-breeding leads up to. This is a point which on the closer and closer domestica- tion of cattle should be kept very fully in view, and it omens well for the future plain dairy men that their cows will principally be drawn from the range- bred Hereford which has assumed the mastery of the great West. In the interest of the dairy I should be obliged by an answer to the following question : Are the "drip- pings" really richer than the rest of the milk or is it merely "tradition" ? Should they be so, then logi- cally frequent milkings would give more cream ? Why "drip" a cow ? W. M. Albemarle Co., Va. Experiments have clearly demonstrated that the last milk drawn is the richest. At the New York Ex- periment Station a test with five cows showed that the first pint of milk contained only .3 per cent of fat while the last pint contained 6.85 per cent, and the mixed milk from the whole milking averaged 2.55 per cent. In every instance the first half contained only from one-third to one-half as much fat as the last half. Similar results are reported from Connec- ticut and also in Indiana and New Hampshire. — Ed. MORE FINE JERSEYS FOR VIRGINIA. We note that at Mr. T. S. Cooper's recent sale of -4 imported Jerseys, Col. A. M. Bowman, of Bowmont Farms, Salem, Va., was again a buyer of some of the best of the stock. Amongst the animals bought by him was Mabel's Blue Belle, three years, $1,000; Brown Fontaine's Princess, three years, $675 ; Emi- nent's Golden Liberty, five yeaiv, $560; Golden Di- plomas Sweet Rose, four years, $475, and Fontaine's Oxford Belle, five years, $435. The sale was a great success. Ninety-one head sold for $44,460, an aver- age of $488 each. The success of the sale was due largely to the fact that nearly all the females were bred to Golden Fern's Lad, and those not not in calf had the privilege (which none refused) of having them bred before shipment. It will be remembered that Col. Bowman was a large buyer at Mr. Cooper's sale last year. The additions made last year and this make the Bowman herd now one of the finest in the country. Col. Bowman is a constant advertiser in our columns, and those desiring Jersey stock of the best breeding can always depend upon meeting with it at Bowmont Farms. THE FARM HORSE. Editor Southern Planter: I am a reader of and subscriber to the Southern Planter, and think it the best paper of its kind for the Virginia farmer. I think, as W. R. C. said in 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 473 the March issue : "It should be a weekly paper, and not a monthly, and charge accordingly." I enjoy especially the part headed "The Horse," edited by Broad Rock. But he gives us very little information about the horse suited to the farmer. The farm horse of this section is at its lowest ebb, the average weight being about 850 pounds, possibly less, mak- ing them entirely unfit for the work of the farm. They are too light for the work required and too small to raise good colts from. There is a vast dif- ference in Virginia in the horse of to-day and the horse of fifteen or twenty years ago. They are now much lighter and not nearly so well proportioned. What is the trouble ? One of our horsemen in Louisa remarked: "Our horses are getting too near akin." I think myself that is one cause of deterioration, but not the greatest trouble. If we had been raising sires of the proper size instead of the little narrow hipped, thin necked horses, whose fee is from $4 to $8 dollars, we would still have good horses. How would some of the heavy draught breeds do here. Percherons or Shires ? Some one has suggested the Clydesdale. I have very little personal knowledge of the heavy draught animals named as farm horses. One of our farmers says: "They don't suit the' climate." I would like to have some information along this line by some one who knows. I don't like the color of the Percheron, it being mostly grey, but that is immaterial if qualities are all right. Can any one inform me, through the columns of The Planter, as to which of the above horses is best suited to the farm? Also who raises them for sale, and what will a pair of mare colts cost at weaning time ? Would be glad to correspond with any one having them for sale. I am partial to the Shires. Who has them ? David Swifx. Louisa Co., Va. Will some of our horse breeders please favor us with their views on this important subject. It is high time for us to have better bred and more suitable horses for farm work, and thus become less depen- dent on Western bred horses for our farm teams. — Ed. hog that can the quickest convert his corn into marketable pork. The Duroc is cherry red in color and in conforma- tion is similar to the Poland China, being built low to the ground, long, round, firm body, tippy ears and short face and head. He is just as industrious as the Berkshire, and grows faster and larger than his black brothers. The sows are better mothers, being very kind and gentle and fine milkers, have the best of dispositions, and are the most prolific of any breed. They breed perfectly true to color, and have fine, straight hair. It is generally the case once bred always bred, and there is no better testimonial than this. There is no doubt that the Duroc is one of the best all purpose hogs being bred to-day, and a trial with them will convince you of the absolute truth of this assertion. My herd is the finest ever owned east of the Ohio river. Wm. Gr. Owens. Chesterfield Co., Va. DUROC JERSEY HOGS. Editor Southern Planter: I have often been asked to describe the Duroc Jersey, and beg to say a word about this new breed of swine 'that is forging its way to the top of the hog ladder of fame, and is the leading breed in the great grain growing West, where the stockman wants the JUDGING AGES OF ANIMALS. At the Smithfield and Birmingham shows the fol- lowing rules govern the judgment of the age of ani- mals: Cattle having their central permanent incisors cut will be considered as exceeding one year and six months. Cattle having their central permanent incisors fully up will be considered as exceeding one year and nine months. Cattle having their second pair of permanent in- cisors fully up will be considered as exceeding two years and three months. Cattle having their third pair of permanent in- cisors cut will be considered as exceeding two years and eight months. Cattle having their fourth pair (corner) perma- nent incisors fully up and their anterior molars show- ing signs of wear will be considered as exceeding three years. Sheep having their central permanent incisors cut will be considered as exceeding 10 months. Sheep having their central permanent incisors fully up will be considered as exceeding 12 months. Sheep having their third pair of permanent in- cisors cut will be considered as exceeding 18 months. Sheep having their third pair of permanent in- cisors fully up and the temporary molars shed will be considered as exceeding 24 months. Sheep having their corner permanent incisors well np, and showing marks of wear, will be considered as exceeding three years. 474 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER July, The Poultry Yard. FEEDING HENS. Experiments conducted on the Stockman Poultry Farm demonstrate that it is not fair to charge the cost of keeping a hen at $1.25 per year as is fre- quently done. Last year the average cost was 77 cents. Excluding all on open range and taking only yarded pens on the regular ration, the cost was 84 cents. The average weight of these hens is from five to six pounds. I believe Mr. Boyer's hens are Light Brahmas, which require pomewhat more feed. It is hardly fair, however, to take that breed for a standard of comparison in feeding, for there are few who are foolish enough to attempt to produce large numbers of market eggs with Light Brahmas — ex- cept in the East, where high prices offset many dis- advantages. The average price of feed was 1 1-7 cents, corn being 1 1-7, run-of-mill 1 1-4, oats 1 1-2, animal meal 2 1-2, and meat scrap 3, beef heads 5 cents each. The regular ration here is corn, run-of- mill and cooked meat. While trying to "prove all things" I hold fast to that which I have found good, and am more and more convinced after each experience with special feeds tli at there is no more economical or efficient egg ration than corn and run-of-mill, with meat and green feed, of course. And this is true in spite of the danger of feeding an excess of crude fiber. This danger may be greatly lessened by adding a small amount of oil meal to the mash, the cooling and soothing effect of which helps to modify the effect of the bran. And it is worth while to note here that some of these proprietary feeds seem to carry nearly as much crude fiber as run-of-mill. As Mr. Patton observed in a recent article, oil meal is a cheaper source of protein than bran, though it should not exceed 20 per cent, of the weight of the mash ; $1.25 will buy twelve pounds of protein in bran and twenty-four pounds in oil meal. On this ration the feed consumed by each hen has averaged over three ounces a day or from seventy to eighty pounds a year. The heaviest laying pen, No. 3, required eighty pounds. — National Stockman. BOWEL TROUBLE. Bowel trouble is one of the most prevalent causes of destruction to the young chicks. This may come from many causes, among which is continued damp- ness, wet and cold. Much of this may be avoided by having a dry, comfortable coop for the young chicks where they can be in with the hen and away from the influence of the damp, injurious surroundings. Another cause is insect vermin. Where the young chicks and the mother hen become infested with the insect vermin or lice which reduces vitality, if the weather is warm, sultry and rainy, the combined in- fluence so reduces the system as to create bowel trouble, which is very hard to overcome. The best way out of this is to obliterate the presence of the insect trouble on the mother hen, the chicks and in and about the coop, and to feed good, warm, stimu- lating foods to build up the constitution. There is nothing better for building up a weakened constitution from any of the bowel troubles than a mixture of very finely ground oats, equal amount of corn meal, some wheat middlings mixed with milk, boiled until thoroughly dry. Into this put one level tablespoonful of the following powder for each twen- ty-four chicks. This powder is made of equal parts of very finely ground ginger, cinnamon, cloves, all- spice and cayenne pepper. Do not give this often er than once a day, and the other foods should be made up of either whole or broken wheat, hulled oats or oatmeal and a little cracked corn. Another most beneficial food is the Johnny cake that can be like a true corn bread made entirely of ground meal mixed with milk, either sweet or sour, with a little bit of baking powder put into this, and an egg or two, using the clear eggs that do not hatch. Mix this thoroughly as you would corn bread and bake in the oven. When cool crumble and feed to the young chicks. Cooked foods of all kinds are very beneficial to the depleted lot of chicks, because it, is much more easily handled through the crop and gizzard and assimilated through the system, and all possible injury that may come from eating raw meals is removed through its use. GAPES IN CHICKENS. To the Gazette. — In your May 18th issue I note a communication from an Indiana reader concerning gapes among his chicks and his experience with them. The many remedies he suggests are all right, but they are too tedious to apply. Clean yards and runs may be essential — in fact, they are — but after the gapes are among the chicks they do no good. Lime is a good cleanser of the yards if plowed under or spaded in. We keep our yards in green feed and if any gapes are noted among the chicks we put three to ten drops of carbolic acid in a gallon of water in foun- tain, stirring thoroughly into the water. Put other water out of reach and the chicks will kill their own gapes. We know this to be an unfailing remedy. Lancaster Co., Neb. A. D. Buehans. 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER 4 75 The Horse. NOTES. Seemingly greater interest was never manifested in breeding horses than at the present time, as indi- cated by reports from many different sections. This applies particularly to our own State and where leth- argy prevailed for a number of years the scene has shifted to one of activity. Harness stallions in the vicinity of Richmond have all been quite liberally patronized. Robert Ransom, 2 :29f , who died in May, served some good ones, as have Great Stakes, 2 :20 ; Alfred Nelson ; Lord Chancellor; Kelly, 2 :29, and others. Speaking for Kelly I am pleased to state that no horse ever offered for service in this section has seemingly found greater favor in the eyes of breeders as may be shown by the way in which high- class matrons have been sent to the court of the son of Electioneer and famous thoroughbred Esther. Of course, his near relationship to Expressive, 3, 2 :12 j-, being a full brother to that noted mare makes his ped- igree wonderfully attractive, but in addition the bay stallion has speed, good looks and potency himself. Expressive is 16:2 hands and last fall at public auc- tion in New York the great daughter of Electioneer brought $1,700 as a brood mare. Esther, the dam. was 16 hands, while Kelly is full 15:3, which shows that the family breeds size, ever an important con- sideration with breeders. D. L. Flory, of the Warwick Stock Farm, which is near Denbigh in Warwick county, Va., owns a well bred young stallion in Lord Warwick, 35971, former- ly Duke of Arundel. He is a bay horse, four years old, by the famous Onward, dam Cora Ettie, dam of Axle, 2:15|, and Annie Ripley, 2 :18£, by Adrian Wilkes. Over fifty mares, many of them the best in that section, have been mated with the son of On- ward tbis season, among them being such good ones as Etta Moore, 2 :19 j ; Santa Annita Maid, 2 :20, and others with records. ■M M £ In the bay mare Virginia, 6, by Greatstakes, dam Tredelrna, by Trevilian, Richard Hentechel, of Bal- timore, has a good prospect for a 2:15 performer. She is one of the first performers of the season to enter the list of standard speed and trotted to a rec- ord of 2 :21| at Baltimore recently. Virginia was bred at Foxhall Farm, Norfolk, Va., by Capt. John L. Roper. Her sire, Greatstakes, is owned by W. H. Nelson, of this city, and is credited with Foxhall, 2 :10f, and other speedy trotters. The bay pacing gelding Hutchcroft, formerly owned by S. P. Clay, of this city, but now the prop- erty of H. 0. Slagle, Emporia, Va., created some- what of a sensation by winning a couple of races and being placed in others at the recent Baltimore meet- ings. He first started in the 2 :28 class, pacing, land- ing the event with ease, after which S. Bosworth, of Newport News, Va., who entered the big gelding, was asked to identify him. Hutchcroft is eight years old and was bred by M. S. Baughman, Sanford, Ky. He was sired by Naboth, 2 :19^, dam by Harkaway, 2875. The gelding was brought here from Lexington, Ky., in November, 1902, by Shelby T. Harbison, who sold him at Joseph Lasetter's sale. Mr. Harbison stated that the horse had no record. v5* v?* *?* Etta Moore, the bay mare by Albert H, dam Me- dietta, by Happy Medium, owned by P. H. Wright at Island Home Stock Farm, Mulberry Island, War- wick county, Va., is now in the stud, and she is pro- ducing foals that promise to develop speed and race horse quality. This mare was purchased as a yearling by Mr. Wright and at four years she trotted to a rec- ord of 2 :28 7 f, while later she made 2 :19^ pacing, but could do much faster at either gait. Among the produce of Etta Moore, owned at Island Home, are the roan stallion Ebliss, Jr., 5, by Eblis, son of Ad- vertiser, 2:15^; a yearling filly by Russell Rex; a- suckling filly by Lord Warwick, and this season she was bred back to the latter horse. Eblis, the sire of Etta Moore's oldest foal Eblis, Jr., was formerly owned by Mr. Wright and gave promise of making a trotter and successful stock horse, but died before his speed was developed to any extent. Eblis was bred at Palo Alto Farm, California, and sired by Advertiser, dam the great brood mare Sprite, second dam far famed Waterwitch. <^* w* *5* Robert Bradley's home bred race horse Boney Boy, the perennial performer and successful both on the flat and over the jumps, broke down recently in a steeplechase event at Chicago. Sired by Blitzen, The Iron Horse, dam Sue B., by Prosper, his pedigree does not extend far back on the maternal side, but at that he was a good racer and won money season after season, defeating during his career some of the best horses out on the flat, after which he was relegated to the cross country brigade and even there was able to earn his oats. The son of Blitzen is a chestnut gelding eight years old, and even now may round to and be patched up for a few more races. •04.~l THE SOUTHERN PLANTER 485 Built for Business Farquhar engines and boilers are built fur hard knocks and durability on the road as "well as at work. They have every improvement that ex- perience has shown to be of value. For general all -round service See oar Exhibit in Palace of Affrlcul- urt, St. Louis. ~ x ~ FARQUHAR ENGINES and SAW MILLS have no superior. Write for 1904 Catalogue of engines, boil- ers, saw mills thresh- er ee. . Farquha DE LOACH PAT. Variable Friction Feed 5fl?irrmg Save Power and Repairs. Make Smooth Lumber. Suited to 4 H. P. up — for the farmer or the lum- ber man. Also shingle Mills, Lath Mills, Buhr Mills, Planers and Hay Presses. Catalog FREE. DeLOACH TRIPLEX HAY BALER. SELF-FEEDER. LOW IN PRICE For Hand, Horse or Belt Power. Leverage 40 to 1 Baies quicker, easier and mo _ e solid than any o her- Also Grinding Mills. Water Wheels, Etc. 120 liberty ax. D E L0 AC H M I LL M FG, CO. new roRK. Box 600 Atlanta, Ga. S r. loops GRAIN DRILL •■■• The TOKK FORCE FEED DRII/L com- bines Ugbtneua with strength. Host complete drill made- So complex gearing to get out of order. Boxes are flose to ground. Fully fl Easily \>^^Tfex Guaranteed 1 re^rulates j^^ r |\\ jr^ n ua n ru v jv < s^^^&s-S^3SssLixm»^.^m^£ i //^ *■ — i ** ^i^ Tlt^'^l' Vj *■ or f-r- 31 ^P^^0^^^^Bm-'^^^^ 1— TisS^V x.v\A/s:T. ij __^^Jj^^^Ayw^^v^ L m^m &£it/jT& and IP" ■■"■ "tirB^S^i^^^l^^^Wfi mfc^k sow3 ^^/ rT r^f^t^iJ^^^s^V! wit h \^//m I i I af f SBS larity. \J> «H2»^J1WE?« weight, ^^/jfWffafSels wo< Only TOO 1»9^^"^^M««2€*9/ \/ Agents U anted. "—A ^^8ki| 9// Write for Catalogue. " , ^mJih/ w THE HENCH & DR0MG0L0 CO.^L^ J0S llfi-9., York. Pa. ^S Superior to all other drills. Even distribu- tion of luiripy. damp or dry fertilizers. fn- ■ creases crop 3bHB profits. High " wheels, broad tires, low Bteel frame. Fully warranted . Write for free catalogi SPANGLER MFG. CO., 804 Queen Street, York, Pa. ANTE FARM HAND. Married man. For garden, milking and general work on small farm. Pay, $20 per month and 4 room house, and wood free. Apply by letter, giving refer- ences, to "A. B. C.," Greenwood Depot, Albemarle county, Va. Rejected applications will not be acknowledged. this issue. Satisfaction to every cus- tomer is his motto. The Smith Endless Apron Manure Spreader is advertised in this issue. Always mention the Southern Planter when corresponding with ad- vertisers. MAGAZINES. The Century for July is primarily, but by no means wholly, a fiction number. The opening article by Sylvester Baxter describes "The New West Point" as it is to be, with impressive drawings, done under the supervision of the architects, one of which, print- ed in color, is a frontispiece. This article will be a revelation to the pub- lic of the superb picturesque and mon- umental character of the construc- tions now under way. The Far East comes in for special attention: the theatre of war is de- scribed in an illustrated paper on "Manchuria," written by the present United States Consul at An-Tung, Mr. James W. Davidson, from a special trip of inspection made last fall; the Japanese Constitution is the subject of a paper by one of its four framers, Baron Kaneko (a Harvard LL. D.), under the title "The Magna Charta of Japan," and Andrew D. White con- tributes a paper of recollections of "Russia in War Time," recording his humorous and stirring experiences as attache at St. Petersburg during the Crimean War. Henry R. Elliot under the title "The Most Popular Book in the World" gives curious facts concerning the publication and distribution of the Bible. Apropos of St. John's Eve (June 23) Maud Howe writes of "The Evil Eye and Witches' Night in Rome." Charles de Kay describes "An Important Art Treasure of New York," namely, the Etruscan chariot recently acquired for the Metropolitan Museum, an object of special interest to visi- tors to New York. The fiction, nearly all of which is illustrated, includes further install- ments of Dr. Weir Mitchell's piquant and daring "The Youth of Washing- ton," told in the form of an autobi- ography, and Jack London's vivid and adventurous "The Sea-Wolf." The nine complete tales are "The White Feather," by Margaret Deland, with a literary setting and a novel motive; "The Heart-Breakers," a flirtation story by Bertha Runkle, author of "The Helmet of. Navarre;" "Miss Clegg's Adopted," by Anne Warner, a humorous rural sketch by the author of "The Marrying of Susan Clegg;" "The Ancestry of Irene," another story of the Nevada Madigans, by Miriam Michelson — in which a ro- mantic young girl is seen in search of a father; "The Conspiracy of Krass," by Robert Haven Schauffler — a tale of hypnotism; "Miss Nigger," by Rose Young, a story of a white child and a nurse, and their superstitions; "Floyd YOU Can Save a Lot of Work! Can Save a Lot of Mone y! Can Increase Your Comforts! Can Increase Your Profits! If you are interested in those things W* we'd like to send you our new book about ELECTRIC ^wfree.s and the ELECTRIC Ha tfa 9 o„ ^» More than a million and a quarter of them are in use and several hundred thousand farmers say that they are the best investment they ever made. They'll save you more money, more work, give bet- ter service and greater satisfaction than any other metal wheel made— because They're Made Better. By every test they are the best. Spokes united to the hub. If they work loose, your money back. Don't buy wheels nor wagon until you read our book. It may save you many dollars and it's free. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., Box 146 Quincy, Ills. UGGIES SURRIES, DAYTONS, RUNABOUTS, SPINDLE. "WAGONS, CARTS, etc. 85 different styles and grades. Finest material and workmanship. Get our prices and see our vehicles before purchasing. SAFETY BUGGY CO., 1309 E. Main street, Richmond, Va. WE'LL PAY THE FREIGHT and send 4 Buggy Wheels, Steel Tire on, . $ 7.S5 With Rubber Tires, $15.00. I mfg. wheels % to 4 in. tread. Top Buggies, $28.75 ; Harness, $360- Write/or catalogue. Learn how to buy vehicles and parts direct. Wagon Umbrella FREE.W. V. BOOB,Cinclnnati,0. ake Your Own Ferlslizer at Small Cost with JVilson's Phosphate Mails From 1 to 40 H. P. Also Bone Cat- | ters. hand and power, for the poul- ' trymen ; Farm Feed Mills, Gra- ham Flour Hand 3IH1h, Ixrit and Shell Mills. Send for catalogue. WILSON BROS., Sole Mt'rs., Eastou, Pa. 486 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER July, Clark's Tools for Large Hay Crops j Clark's Rev. Bush Plow and Harrow "'i« track 5 ft. wide, 1 ft. deep. Connects the sub- | soil water. It is an ex- cellent machine for .covering in sugar cane. ^Strength guaranteed. Can plow a newly cut 'forest, stump, t>U9h, or bog land, leaves land true, clean for any crop. Clark's Double Action Cutaway ^ Barrow moves 15,008 tons orffi earth In a day. send for Circulars. Clark's Rev. Sulky Disc Plow T-S** f[\ a Made single or double _^r— 'Y^s^gj One or two furrows five fS^-^v J f^r^to ten Inches deep; 14 f 3) inches wide. For two or four horses. Light draft. No side draft. No similar plow made. When Clark's gras9 tools are used as directed in his grass circular, we, the C. H. Co. , guarantee them to kill wild mustard, charlock, hard hack, sunflower, milk weed, morning glory, Kussian thistle or any other foul plant that grows, or money refunded. Now is the time to commence work for next year's seeding to grass. THE CUTAWAY HARROW CO., Hlgganum, Ct., U. S. A. Imperial Pulverizer, Clod Crusher and Roller j jgji. Leads them PO 1 All. Send for Circulars The Peterson Mfg. Co. Kent, Ohio. Water By Water Power. The pump that never stops, liaises fcer to any height, needs no atten- tion, costs nothing to 3 run. You opt) buy a Rife on 30 days free trial. Ask for our tree catalog. RIFE ENCSNE CO. 126 Liberty Si . Sew Ynrk. Water Problem Solved. The Koger Well Drilling Machine gets it. The farmers' friend. Es- pecially for domestic well making. Cheapest by half and the most practical of any. Best money mak- er on the market. Catalogue free. J.J. K0QER& SONS, Mooreiburg, Tenn. The Best Pow h? after all Is steam power. The best example is here ohown in out LEFFEL ENGINES with Stationary Tubular Boiler This outfit contains all the L.ft.l superiority and efficiency. Easy steamers, little fuel, easy hand- ling, al ways In order, long lived, safe, etc. This style made 10 to 10 H. f. Many other styles of engines and boilers for all pur- poses. Get free book T Economy anil Effi- ciency." James Laffel&Co. Box 134 So. Hair* Apt. Bithmond, t», ' Springfield. Ohio. and trie Archduchess," a romantic tale by Olivia Howard Dunbar; "In the Nature of a Hero," a fire department story by Harvey J. O'Higgins, and "The Rich Widow of Spanish Town," a sketch of California, by Gouverneur Morris. The unique feature of the July St. Nicholas is the beginning of a serial story for boys, translated from the Japanese for St. Nicholas, and written by one of Japan's most popular nove- lists, Gensai Murai. The story, which will run through several numbers, is entitled "Kibun Daizin"; or, From Shark-Boy to Merchant Prince, and is founded upon the life of Bunzayemon Kinokuniya, a Japanese merchant of the eighteenth century, whose pluck, wisdom and enterprising spirit made him one of the most prosperous and respected men of the time. The open- ing chapters are attractively illus- trated by Varian. This July issue of St. Nicholas is a patriotic number, and the Fourth of July spirit has been well carried out in story, rhymes and pictures. "A Day with Hudson Maxim" is a timely and interesting account, by Joseph H. Adams, of the city home of this noted American inventor and of his work. The July number of Lippincott's Magazine is fertile in fiction for lazy days. Its opening pages are covered by "The Love Affair of a Princess," by [ Lafayette McLaws, a rushing romance filled with gallantry, love, and life at a quick pace. Following the novelette there are nine stories of varying lengths and subjects: Elizabeth Duer contributes a most engaging one called "The Court of Pan." Edward Boltwood's story, "The Lazzaparoola," is the very clever- est and most amusing cow-boy episode which has appeared in print. A good summer story by Cyrus Townsend Brady, entitled "The Baby Goes A- Fishing," is suspected of being a bit of personal reminiscence. Bertha H. Lippincott, the author of GOLDEN LAD'S SUCCESSOR. First and sweepstakes over all at the Pan-American Exposition, the champion JERSEY BULL OF AMERICA, and out of Golden Ora, our great prize-winning cow, both born and developed on these Farms, is among our service bulls. Biltmore Jerseys are a combination of large and nersistent milking qualities with an individuality that wins in the show rinf . SPECIALTY. Write for descriptive circular of the best lot of young bull calves ever offered, both for breeding and individuality. They are by noted sires and out of large and tested selected dams. Many of these calves are fit to show and win in any company. j» j» BILTMORE POULTRY YARDS. * > ;* SPECIALTY. Write for descriptive circular of eggs from our prize-winning pens. Over 50 yards to select £ from, made up of the winners at the leading shows for the last tv70 seasons. If you want winners vou £ must breed from winners. Headquarters for the best IMPORTED ENGLISH BERKSHIRES. i 8 apply to BILTMORE FARMS, biltmore, n. c. E ggs for hatchin The Imperial Fruit and Poultry Farm ^ ^ Is now booking orders for eggs for hatching from strictly pure, high-class ^* ^* ^ ^ poultry, at $1.00 for 15 eggs, except duck eggs, which are $1.00 for 18. ^" e ^ r BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCKS, SINGLE COMB WHITE AND S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS, SILVER LACED AND WHITE WYANDOTTE, MAMMOTH PEKIN DUCKS. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Write your name and address plainly. P. H. HEYDENREICH, Prop., .' .' .* Staunton, Va m 496 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER July, COTTAGE VALLEY STOCK FARM. FINE STOCK :FOR SALE: ^_, We offer the following very fine stock at very low prices ; 7-8 and 15-16 GRADE ANGUS bull calves ; one bull calf out of Short-horn cow, by our Angus Herd Bull ; Registered and high grade Angus Heifer Calves ; Splendid Buck Lambs out of Shropshire Ewes by Reg. Dorset Buck ; several fine family milch cows, fresh, young and gentle. W. M. WATKINS & SONS, Saxe, Va. ABERDEEN-ANGUS Bull Calves. I offer for sale two pure bred bulls of the above breed, born Dec. IB, and Jan. 30 re- spectively, aired by my registered bull, ROCKBRIDGE ABACTOR, No. 40364, and out ©f pure bred but unregistered cows. The Dec. 16 calf 1b full brother to one sold last ■eason to Mr. Beard, of Moffatts Creek, Au- gusta county. The other Is out of my larg- est cow and very promising. These calves will be kept with their dams until nine months old. $50 each. I have also a fine registered bull calf that will be ready for delivery In February. $100. No females sold. B. P. DAY, Glasgow, Va. GREENFIELD HERD OF Aberdeen Angus Cattle. Baron Ida, 20184 (Champion yearling, 11 firsts, 17 times In 1st prize herd, 4 first* oi produce of aire and 3 times at head of gra»o sweepstakes herd) at head of herd. The females in this herd are prize winners or the immediate descendants of prize win- ders sired by such noted bulls as Champiot Lord Hlllhurst, Beau Forbes H., by Best BUI (champion of the West for two years) : Cham. Baron Ida, Ludolph 4th, Rustler 2d. Choice calves from the above cows sired by Baron Ida, Encouragement 46382, am> > i p i » 1 1 1 »» i ■ a ■ ■ ■ 1 1 ' ' Bacon Hall Farm. Hereford Cattle -:- Berkshire Hoes REGISTERED-ALL AGES. j Toulouse Geese, fluscovy Ducks. MOTTO: Satisfaction or no sale. E. M. OILLET & SON, - Glencoe, naryland. a a ■ ROSEMONT HEREFORDS. firS^s ACROBAT 68460, Choice young stock for sale at all times. Visitors welcome. Come and inspect the Dest herd in the South ROSEflONT FARM. Berryville, Clarke Co., Va. BERKSHIRES GLENBURN . . . . r a. iv m . . . . This herd Is composed of best IMPORTED and AMERICAN bred animals. Pigs from imported animals; also from granddaughters of such celebrated sires as FIRST CATCH F. An importation Just received from England. Imported LOYAL HUNTER, bred by Mr. Hudson, Eng., and LEE TOPPER, a Loyal Lee, Highclere Topper boar, head the herd. Dr. J. D. KIRK, Proprietor, Roanoke, Va. . IS YOUR FARM FOR SALE? If so, list it with us. No sale, no charge. Largest list of farms for sale in Virginia. ===^=:^==^===: Write for Free Catalogue. R. B. CHAFFIN & CO., (inc.) Richmond, Virginia. 500 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER July, utes, then put in the cans and screw tight. This keeps well. BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES. Among the most useful of all the canned things I find the small fruits and berries. They should be fresh, gathered the day they are put up. Pick them very carefully, and if you will pour them into a big pan of water and keep them under water you will find that your hands will not be stained. Put them on in a large ket- tle and add very little water, let them come to a hard boil and keep them boiling for ten minutes. Fill the jars full and screw as tight as possible at once. I use them for a vegetable, or for tea and if I want preserves I add a larger amount of sugar and cook them awhile. GREEN GRAPE JAM. Gather the grapes just as they begin to turn. I like the green fox grapes best for this. Squeeze out all the pulp and seed and put them in a gran- ite kettle to boil until the seeds sep- arate easily, then rub them through a sifter to remove the seed. Return the pulp to the kettle and add the skins and as much sugar as there is of the mixture measuring pint for pint. Boil until it is a thick jam, stirring all the time to prevent burning. This is de- lightfully flavored, and is nice be- tween the layers of cake and good to make puffs with. GREEN GRAPE JELLY. Cull the grapes from the imper- fect bunches, pick off the stems and wash well, put them into a granite or porcelain kettle, and fill it two- thirds full of water. Let them boil to rags, being careful not to burn, the seed stick and burn almost before you know it. Pour them into a bag and let it drip. I usually let them drip all night. Measure the juice carefully and to each pint allow a pound of sugar. Put the sugar into the stove to heat -and let the juice boil fifteen minutes, then add the hot sugar, and let it all boil five or ten minutes longer, put into glasses and do not seal until it is thoroughly cold. It is hard to have any set rule as to how long jelly must cook, for a great deal depends on the condition of the atmos- phere, and also the state of tne fruit so one has to depend on one's own judgment in making it. Sometimes it will jelly in ten minutes and then it will take more than a half hour. But It always repays the trouble we have in making it. Caraven. You can't expect a soap that is made to remove dirt from your clothes to be a good shaving soap, but some men will use it and run the risk of serious skin trouble. The reason for this is that they have never felt the smooth, delightful effects of a shave with the creamy, thick lather made by Wil- liams' Shaving Soap. See the adver- tisement elsewhere; take advantage of their sample offer and you'll never use any other. No Trace of Disease any one of the three years, 1901, 1902 or 1903 at or follow- ing thi International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago. Is it remarkable? If you saw the shows you know the countless thousands in value assembled. There was anxiety among breeders. "F ey had to be assured against the spread of contagious diseases. The management met the demand each year by disinfecting with famous ZENOLEUM . Zenoleum exclusively. That's high, reliable testimony. Do yoo n» Zenoleum? It destroys disease germs, avoids contagion, cures scab, cholera and skin diseases, kills lice, removes stomach and intestinal worms, establishes and maintains for live stock ideal sanitary conditions. "The Great Coal Tar Carbolic Disinfectant Dip." Sample gallon of Zenoleum $1.50, express prepaid. 5 gallons $6.25, freight prepaid. If you breed livestock you should learn what Zenoleum will do for you. Ask for free Zenoleum handbooks, "Veterinary Ad- viser" and 'Piggie's Troubles." A postal will bring them. . iZenner Disinfectant Co., 93 Bates St., Detroit, Mich. ...Jersey and Guernsey Heifers... FOR SALE Berkshire sows due to farrow in April and May, several boars large enough for service, pigs in pairs or trios not akin. EGGS FOR HATCHING from Bronze turkeys, Pekin ducks, B. P. Rock and Brown Leghorn fowls. A few trios for sale, also a fine lot of Fox Terrier puppies by imported Rozanne. M. B. ROWE & CO., Fredericksburg, Va. Reg. HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE of the Netherland, De Kol, Clothilde, Pietertje and Artis families. Heavy milkers and rich in butter fat. Stock of all ages for sale. Reg. BERKSHIRE'S From noted strains; Imported Headlight, Lord Highciere and Sunrise. DORSET SHEER B. PLYMOUTH ROCK CHICKENS, N. & W. and Southern R. R. T. O. SANDY, Burkeville, Va. [DERICK'S cmc L L L E Baling Press The only full circle horse press In the world on which an automatic feeder la possihle. Presses two char- ges to every round of the horses. Will accomplish MJ percent, more work with the same power than any other preBS made. BEYOND THE RANGE OF COMPETITION ineonstruetion and perf ormance. Bales Hay, Straw Mohb. l l.unkK, Cotton,. Wool, etc J A praeti-T cal ma. proiitableworkT P. K. Roderick's Sons, 83 Tivoli St., Albany , I. V. Illustrated Catalogue IYee. 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 501 ALFALFA The Most Useful and Profitable Crop you can grow. The best time to sow (in the South) is from August 15th to September 15th. Prepare your Ground carefully and to insure a stand USE ALFALFA BACTERIA IN- FECTED SOIL as recommended by the Agricultural Experiment Stations. You can obtain enough of this infected soil to inoculate ONE ACRE OF GROUND FOR $1.00 per bag (about 2 bushels) F. 0. B. EWELL FARM. Send in your orders now and shipment will be made when you are ready. A booklet, giving practical directions for raising Alfalfa sent with each order, Address GEO. CAflPBELL BROWN, EWELL FARM, Spring Hill, Maury Co., Tenn. PIGGIES TROUBLES. This is a neat booklet that should be read by all bog raisers as well as stockmen in general. Knowing of the enormous loss of swine from cholera, the Zenner Disin- fectant Company, 93 Bates street, De- troit, Michigan, have secured very valuable information on this subject from several of the best known spe- cialists of bacterial diseases, as well as most successful swine breeders in the country. It contains a list of dis- eases swine are likely to contract, and gives treatment for each one, telling how to distinguish diseases by the symptoms, and what to do to relieve the trouble. It is neatly printed, compact, con- venient in size, and written in lan- guage that the farmer will easily com- prehend. Every owner of swine should have one of these books, and there is no reason why one should not be kept for ready reference, for the publishers offer to send one absolutely free to the readers of this publication who ask for one. It is worth dollars to every one who has sick and ailing hogs, no matter what the trouble may be. SUNNY HOME HERD OF ■ ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE. BARON ROSEBOY 57666. By the sire of the $3,000 "GAY LAD," the noted "GAY ERIC," for years at the head of the "Bradfute" herd of Ohio; "Hector of Lakeside," at head of one of the best herds In Michigan; and a half dozen other great herd bulls at head of the herd. 47 registered females by some of the most noted sires in America. We point with pride to a long line of satisfied customers in Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Mississippi. We have been engaged in breeding choice Angus for years, and are prepared to give our customers the benefit of our experience. As to the individual quality of our cattle, will state that we have sold recently five bulls to head registered herds. This speaks for itself. Write for what you want of either sex to A. L. FRENCH, R. F. D. 2, Byrdville, Va. Depot, Fitzgerald, N. C. D. & W. R'y 24 miles from Danville, Va. Jb A VALUABLE POSTER FREE. Our well known advertisers, The In- ternational Stock Food Co., send us a valuable poster containing two tables, one of which gives the average dura- tion of pregnancy in the mare, and the other showing dates on which the mare should be returned to the stal- lion. As these posters are free to all brood mare or stallion owners, we sug- gest that all such of our readers send for one at once before the supply is exhausted. Before sending, however, better refer to this company's ad on another page and answer a couple of simple questions therein propounded, and get a valuable stock book free at the same time. SPRING LITTERS. We have now coming ready for shipment seven litters of AB6E YORKSHIRE PIGS All recent experiments place this breed in front, as the best and most profitable bacon hog. They will raise 40 per cent more pigs and they will grow faster and make more pork in a given time than any other breed. Also BULLS, YOUNG COWS and HEIFERS from our great JERSEY COWS. BOWMONT FARMS. Salem, Va. Stock Bargains at -the oaks- Having decided to locate in a Western State, I offer for 1 MONTH ONLY, the sen- sational yearling Bull, "LAMPLIGHTER." He will be ready for the Fall Shows. Also 4 Reg. SHORTHORN COWS, milking strain, 3 have calves at side; one gives 3 gals, milk per day after feeding a big, lusty Bull calf all he wants. B. B. BUCHANAN, Bedford City, Va. It will pay you well to take ten min- utes to read the little book on "Wheel Sense," just Issued by the Electric Wheel Co., Quincy, 111. It tells about saving lots of hard work and repair bills. ORGANIZED 1832. ASSETS, $932,050.00. Virginia Fire and Marine Insurance Company, of Richmond, Va. Insures Against Fire and Lightning. All descriptions of property in country and town, private or public, insured at fair rates, on accommodating terms. AGENCIES IN EVERY TOWN AND COUNTY. W. H. PALflER, President. W. M. ncCARTHY, Secretary. 502 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. July, ZENOLEUM BULLETIN NO. 107. This is the title of a little circular sent us by the Zenner Disinfectant Co., who are the makers of Zenoleum. which is advertised elsewhere in this issue. The pamphlet referred to is a brief digest of Bulletin No. 62, of the Okla- homa Experiment Station, which gives a record of tests made with numerous disinfectants. The result of these ex- periments is very highly favorable to Zenoleum. We suggest that inter- ested parties write for the pamphlet. CORRECTION. We wish to call attention to an er- ror in the ad of Magic Death Powder ' in our last issue. The type made the ad read, "Send 25c for a book"; whereas it should have read, "Send 25c for a box." This insecticide is made by the Magic Food Co., Chattanooga, Tenn,. and we invite attention to the cor- rected ad. POISON-SUMAC. There are several species of sumac, and most of them are harmless, but if we do not know one from the other we are apt to feel uncomfortable in the presence of any of them. The poison- ous species may be readily distin- guished from either the smooth sumac or the stag-horn sumac by reason of the fact that the leaflets of these spe- cies are saw-edged, while those of the poison-sumac are "entire" — that is. without teeth or lobes. The one other species with which it may be confused Is the mountain sumac; but as in this shrub the leaf-stems are widened out Into so-called "wings," it need not be mistaken for its dangerous relative, whose stems are wingless. The poison- ivy, a near relative of the poison- sumac, though usually a creeper, is classed with the shrubs, and some- times becomes one when it happens to •grow in a spot where there are no sup- ports for its aerial rootlets. This plant has compound leaves with three leaflets, a fact which enables us to dis- tinguish it at once from the Virginia creeper, which has five leaflets, and from the bittersweet, which has from seven to nine. — July Woman's Home Companion. GLENBURN BERKSHIRES. Dr. J. D. Kirk, proprietor of Glen- "burn Farm, Roanoke, Va., writes us that at present he has two imported Berkshire sows in quarantine at Athe- nia, N. J. The addition of these two sows to his herd* of American bred and imported Eerkshires will give him one of the very best herds in the State. As Dr. Kirk has only recently offered his stock for sale, we suggest to our readers that they write him when in need of anything in Berkshire blood. Note his ad en another page. "H0G0L0GY" MY BOOK ABOUT HOQ RAISING, FREE This could be aptly called a text-book on hog raising for the novice as well as the adept. Compiled by a specialist, who has devoted nearly thirty years to the study of profitable swine raising. It is practical and complete, and should be in the hands of every hog owner. FREE, if you men tion the Southern Planter when asking for it. I WILL INSURE YOUR HOGS CASH FOR ALL THAT DIE TRADE MARK. Full particulars of my insurance proposition, whereby I pay for all hogs that die when my remedy, is fed as a preventive, are given in "Hogology." This great remedy has stood the severest tests for more than twenty-eight years, and is the peer of all preparations for hogs. Prices: 25-lb. can, $12.50; 12%-lb. can, $6.50, prepaid. Packages, $2.50, $1.25 and 50 cents. None genpine without my signature on package or can label. JOS. HAAS, V. S., Indianapolis, Ind. | ClSMONT DORSETS x x ClSMONT STOCK FARM oflers well developed young Dorsets of the best blood of England and America. Prices Reasonable. G. S. LINDENKOHL, Keswick, Albemarle Co., Ya. EDGEW00D STOCK FARM gg*g?;j You men in the early lamb business need Dorset blood. No lamb grows like a grade Dorset. Grade Dorset ewes will lamb in December. One cross will bring results. Try a Dorset ram. Our fall lambs are beauties. Write us or come to see them. J. D. and H. B. ARBUCKLE, Maxwelton, Greenbrier, Co., W. Va. CHARTERED 1870. MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANE OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. CAPITAL. - SURPLUS. - UNDIVIDED PROFITS. - $200,000.00. $300,000.00. $361,000.00. Depository of the United States, State of Virginia, City of Richmond. Being the Largest Depository for Banks between Baltimore and New Orleans, we offer superior facilities for direct and quick collections; accounts solicited. JNO. P. BRANCH, Pr«i. JNO. K. BRANCH, Vlce-Prei. JOHN P. GLENN, Cash Assistant Cashiers; J. R. PERDUE, THOS. B. McADAMS, GEO. H. KEESEE. When corresponding with our advertisers always mention the Southern Planter. 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 503 m QUICKLY CURES SCOURS. International Stock Food Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Essex, Vermont. Gentlemen:-I have used "International Stock Food" for calves with great results. I tested it on my calves that had the scours, end they were quickly cured. I would not raise calves without "International Stock Food." Very truly, EDWARD DRURY. ►: QUICK CALF GROWER, International Stock Food Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Fennville, Michigan. Dear Sirs: — "International Stock Food" is highly recommended by the farmers in this vicinity. We use^it and find it of great value in stock raising, especially cattle. Calves fed on "International Stock Food" grow faster and are of better quality than those that are not. On feeding it to our cows we find that they not only require less of the regular feed but "International Stock Food" increases the quantity of milk. G. CHAPMAN. 3 F E E DS m ON E CENT Beware of Infer Thouia or Imitations and Substitutes. Write Is About "Internalional Stock Food." We Hare ids of Testimonials and Will Pay lou §KiuO Cash If They Are Not Genuine. "INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD" $~g~% FEEDS for ONE CE.NT=&^ Won the Highest Medal at Paris Exposition in 1900 as a High-Class Medicinal Preparation, made from powdered Roots, Barks, Seeds and Herbs, to give to Horses, Cattle. Sheep, Goats, Colts, Calves, Lambs and Pigs, in small amounts as an addition to their regular grain feed to secure better digestion and assimilation so that each animal will obtain more nutrition from all grain eaten. Scientific authorities prove that the average animal digests 55 percent, of the average kind of feeds. "-Internationafi Stock Food" will cause them to digest 70 to 75 per cent. Wo paid the government $1U,0UU.00 war tax because "International Stock Food" was a high-class medicinal preparation. Many other kinds did not pay any war tax because they claimed to the government that they did not use medicinal ingredients and did not claim medicinal results. Ion can afford to use preparations of this kind Only On A Medicinal Basis. "International Stock Food" purifies the blood, "tones up" and permanently strengthens the entire eystem. It cures or prevents many forms of disease. It will save you $10.00 per year In the Feed of Every Horse YoQ TTork and its use will only cost you $2.50 per year. Ht saves grain and 30 to 60 days' time in growing and fattening all kinds of stock and is endorsed by over one million farmers who have used It for fifteen years. Et is absolutely harmless even if taken into the human system. Beware of the many cheap and inferior imitations and substitutes). Ko chemist can separate andnamo all of the ingredients we use. Any company or chemist claiming to do so is a Self-Confessed liiuoranms or a Paid F.:MCer, Insist on having the genuine "International Stnclc Fond."— CS~H as sold by IGO.t <;0 Dealers on a "Spot Ca-.li Guarantee" to Refund Your 3I«.nfy if it ever fails to give yoa satisfactory, ^a^ing res alts and its use only costs ycu t&~Z FEEDS for ONE CENT.^gjg We Have Factories at 3Unacapolis and Toronto, Canada* k *30 IT 183 LARSB EI WE WILL PAY YOU $10.00 CASH IF BOOK IS NOT AS DESCRIBED The Cover of this Book is a Beautiful Live Stock Picture C3" Printed In Six Brilliant Colors, and Without Any Advertising on It. Size of Book ieGJg by 9^ inches. It ecet us 83000 to have our Artists and Engravers make these Engravings, which are the finest engravings of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Coats, Hogs and Poaitry that you have ever seen. These 1S3 Engravings are all marto from actual photographs and are worthy of a place in any library. It alto gives Description, History and Illustrations of the Different Breed* of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, G»iats, Hogs ond Poultry. It contains Life Engravings of many very noted Animals. OS" It con- tains a Finely Illustrated Veterinary Department That Will Save You Hundreds of Dollars, because It describes all common diseases and tells you how to treat them. The Veterinary Illustrations are large and absolutely reliable. Correspondence promptly answered as we have an office force of 200 including 106 typewriters. WE WILL HAIL BOOK EH IE IE RSfXig^JUSf^l If Ton Will Write fs At Once, tetter or Postal Card, ond ASSWER THESE TWO QUESTIONS: 1st.— NAME THIS PAPER. 2nd.— HOW MUCH STOCK HATE YOU? add at es oW INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD C0„, BKK v>=^ Largest Stocii Food Factory In the World. Capital Talcl in $2, 000,000.00. ThlB Engraving Shons Our Now Factory. It Contains IS Acres of Floor 8paee. WK FASTEST HARNESS HORSE IN THE WORLD Wile Record. Half-nil..- Record, 0:56 Dan Eatt "International Stock Food" Every I/ay and HOLU8 FOLIOWING WORLD RECORDS: 1:G6K Mils Record on Half-mile Track, 2:03'^ Kilo Iti-cord to High Wheel Snlky, 2-MH Bile Rocord to Wagon, • • J.:S7J( Two-Mile Record, ... .4:17 HIS BEAUTIFUL colored PICTURE FREE Printed In Six Brilliant Colors.-Size 21 by 28 inches We own the World-Famous, Champion Pacing: Stallion, Dan Patch, and have Fine Lithographs of him. They give complete record of all his Races and Fast Miles and are Free of Advertising. The large Colored Lithograph will show Dan hitched as you see him in this engraving. IT WILL ALSO BE MAILED FREE-Posfage Prepaid "If YOU ANSWER THE "TWO QUESTIONS" AND SEND FOR BOOK DESCRIBED ABOVE.-W READ THESE RAPIDLY. There was a young fellow named Tate, Who was invited to dine at 8.08. Now, I will not relate What this young man named Tate And his tete-a-tete ate at 8.08. "There's a train at 4.04, said Miss Jenny; "Four tickets I'll take. Have you any?" Said the man at the door, "Not for 4.04, For four for 4.04 is too many." DO YOUR TRADING -mm Where an established reputation warrants continued confidence. The name of LUMSDEN on anything in the JEWELRY or SILVERWARE line is a standard of quality. FINE GOLD AND DIAMOND JEWELRY, STEALING SILVERWARE AND CUT GLASS. SIX SOLID STERLING SILVER TEA SPOONS, $3.30. Write for our catalogue; it contains many articles on which we can save you money. G. LUMSDEN & SON, Established 1835, 731 East Main Street, Richmond, Ya. 504 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER. July, LITERARY TALENT OF RICHMOND. MARY WASHINGTON EARLY. Richmond has never lacked literary talent. Even in her early days, she al- ways had a good sprinkling of authors, and in addition to her native ones, a good many other Virginia authors have made Richmond their home, and have thus identified her with their lit- erary fame. For instance, Edgar Poe made his residence here for a consid- erable part of his life, so Richmond will he, in future ages, the Mecca of travellers who appreciate his genius and this the world is beginning to do more and more highly, each succes- sive year. I well remember how state- ly and restful the fine old Allan home looked, on the corner of Main and Fifth streets, in such vivid contrast with the hum and buzz of business, a little lower down the street. It sad- dens me now to think that the walls which enshrined America's greatest poet have been pulled down, still the spot will always be one of keen inter- est to those who prize letters. One of the earliest of the Richmond authors was the illustrious William Wirt, the distinguished jurist and at one time the Attorney General of the United States. Literature, however, was only an episode in Mr. Wirt's busy and strenuous life. I do not know the exact date of his birth, but I believe it was just before the outbreak of the Revolution. He was twice married, first to Miss Gilmer, of Albemarle county, Va., in 1795, but she died in 1799. His second wife was a Miss Gamble, of Richmond. He was the author of "The British Spy," and the life of Patrick Henry. The latter is one of the most valuable of our biog- raphies, and is justly regarded as one of the classics of American literature. No writer ever set about the task of writing a biography in a more pains- taking spirit. The idea of writing it first occurred to him in 1805, but as he had not known Henry personally, he was compelled to draw his information from others. From that time till 1814, he employed such leisure as his pro- fessional duties allowed him in col- lecting materials for the work from the remaining friends and contempo- raries of Henry, amongst whom we may mention Thos. Jefferson, Gov. Page. Judge Tucker, Judge Roane, Mr. Peyton Randolph, Col. Wm. O. Wins- ton, Col. Meredith and other distin- guished old Virginians. Gov. Page gave him great help by letting him read an extended sketch he had himself pre- pared of Patrick Henry, and Mr. Pay- ton Randolph allowed him to examine an extremely valuable manuscript his- tory of Virginia written by his father, Edmund Randolph, which history em- braced the whole period of Henry's public life. In addition to private sources of information, Mr. Wirt had the good fortune to procure complete files of the public newspapers from 1765 to the close of the Revolution. He also had free access to the records $21*00 PRICE EXPLAINED FOR $21.00 TO $23.00 jMoVsEM TOP BUGGIES, simllarto one Illustrated. SURREYS at ' HAVE BEEN WIDELY ADVERTISED. $34,00 tO $38.00. HOW BUGGIES can be offered at these prices and why we can Bell buggies and all other vehicles at much lower prices than any other house Is all fully explained in our Four Big Free Vehicle Catalogues. Cut this ad. out and send to us and youwill receive by return mail, Free, Postpaid, Four Big Vehicle Catalogues showing the most complete line of everything in Buggies, Road "Wagons, Carts, Surreys, Phaetons, Carriages, Light and Heavy Wagons, Vehicles of all kinds, also everything in Harness, Saddles and Sad- dlery, all shown in large handsome halftone illustrations, full descriptions and all pricedatprlcM much lower (linn anv oilier house can posslblv make. WITH THE FOUR FREE CATA- I AfillEC youwill receive the most aston- LUUUCO Ishing Buggy Offer ever heard of, a new and astonishing: proposition. How others can offer top buggies at (21.00 to 823.00 and why we can sell at much lower prices than all others will be fully explained. We will explain why we ship so as to make freight charges amount to next to nothing. We will explain why we are the only makers or deaiers in the world that can ship buggies the day we receive your order. OUR FREE TRIAL OFFER. OUR PAY AFTER RECEIVED TERMS, OUR BINDING GUAR- ANTEE ARE ALL EXPLAINED WHEN WE SEND YOU THE FOUR FREE CATALOGUES. HAVE YOU ANY USE FOR A BUGGY? liK h B^^i^*WSfl&nr*"aJ8g call your neighbor's attention to this announcement. cut this ad. out and send to us and get THE FOUR OFFER. The Very Latest Proposition, everything explained, all free for the asking. Write Today. Don't buy any kind of a buggy until after you BIG FREE CATALOGUES. THE MOST LIBERAL SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., CHICAGO, ILL. Leads every other machine for the mechanical spreading of manure* Its superiority ap- pears in the fact that it is a dis- tinct improvement on the Kemp Spreader, which we still manu- facture and which has beenthetypi- cal Spreader for 25 years. Spreads Xall manures of every character and condition and all commercial fertil- izers. Pulverizes and spreads evenly, thick or thin, broadcast or drills in rows, any desired quantity per acre, unloading the largest load in 3 to 5 minutes; apron automatically returns to position in the next 65 feet driven. A SPECIAL FEATURED MACHINE for convenience of handling and perfection of work. Notably superior in its Beater Freeing device.Direct Chain Beater Gear, Speed Regulation and Automatic Return of Apron. Positive and dependable in all movements. Sim- plest in gear, lightest in draft, least chance for breakage. The driver never dismounts for any purpose but con- trols everything from his seat. Made in four sizes and sold under strongest guarantee as to materials, workman- ship and duty. Investigate fully before buying. Catalogue with valuable chapter on farm fertilizing mailed free- KEMP °"'"l« h Jyj.»J,- Tcrlzed. Combined Hood and End Gate keeps manure away from ^t-- wh .> le ' oad ' n e M d a i te " y■ n 1 l^' n .ff" d ' n S• l I P UTC OT II D I CT ever produced on a manure spreader, because front and rear wheels track and theload is nearly equal- LiJliltOl UK AM ly balanced on front and rear axles which brings load up close to horses. Made In 4 •Itsi: 30, SO 70 and 1 0O bushels capacity. Inquire of your dealer or send to ua for catalog ue. SfflGTH MANUPE SPREADER CO. 16 & 18 SOUTH CLINTON ST. CHICAGO, ILL. ..ELMWOOD NURSERIES.. WE ARE GROWERS AND OFFER A FINE ASSORTMENT OF Apples, Peaches, Pears, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, Necta- rines, Grapevines in large assortments, Gooseberries, Currants, > trawberrles, Horse-Radish, Asparagus, De-wherries and an extra fine lot Raspberries. Splendid assortment Ornamental and Shade Trees, Ornamental Shrubs and Hedge Plants. EGOS from B. P. ROCK and BROWN LEGHORN FOWLS at $1.00 per 11. A lao a few pullets and cockerels of these breeds at $1.00 each for Immediate d* H very. Write for Catalogue to J B. WATKINS & BRO., Ha llsboro, Va. When corresponding with our advertisers always mention the Southern Pjlanteh. 1904.] THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 505 ESTABLISHED 184C. INCORPORATED 1893. A. C. SINTON. President. R. R. GWATHMEY. Vice-President, J. J. SUTTON, Secretary. The WATT PLOW CO., 15th & Franklin and 14th & Main Sts„ Richmond, Va Agricultural Implements, Machinery, Vehicles and Harness. ^ <£ «£ «$ FBBRLE88 ENGINE. THE BUFFALO PITTS *LL-STEEL, SPRING- FLEXIBLE, DISC HARROW. GEISER SEPARATOR. BEMENT IMPROVED WEEDER. ALL, STYLES OF" BUGGIES. A full stock always on hand, and prompt shipments guaranteed. South Bend, Dixie and Farmer's Friend Plows and repairs. The Hancock Rotary Disc Plow, warranted to go In the ground where all others fall. A large and complete stock of open and top buggies, surreys and spring wagons. Fish, Weber and Columbus two-horse Farm Wagons. Champion and Hickory one-horse Wagons. John Deere and Continental Disc Cultivator. Roderick Lean Land Rollers. Hocking Valley Feed Cutters, Cyclone Shredders, Smalley Feed Cutters, Daln Corn Cutters. Equal to any made. Staver Buck- eye Feed Mill and Horse Power Combined. Whitman All-Steel, full circle Hay Presses. George Ertel Company's full circle Hay Presses. Rapid Fire Horso Power Hay Press, for one horse, a good, cheap press. Will put up from 150 to 200 bales a day. The well known Minnlch Hand Baling Presses. Hocking Valley Wine and Cider Mills. Hard wood rollers. The beBt mill made. Hocking Valley Corn Shelters, for hand or power. Smalley Electric Pole and Wood Saws, for steam or horse power. Peerless Engines and Saw Mills always In stock. Several good second-hand Engines and other second-hand machinery for sale. "Pittsburgh Perfect" fencing, electrically welded. Barb Wire, Plain Galvanized Wire. Baling Wire, and Bale Ties. Continental Disc Harrows, Buffalo Pitts and Lean Spike Harrows. A full line of Planet Jr., Garden Tools. We will be glad to mail you a copy of our new catalogue. EXTENSION TOP SURREY. FISH and WEBER WAGONS. FIREFLY GARDEN PLOW. 7 ' i ' I ' i ' i ' \ ' \ "PIKE TOOTH HARROW. CONTINENTAL DISC CULTIVATOR. COMBINED CULTIVATOR, AND HORSE HOE. SOUTH BEND PLOW THE WATT PLOW CO., 15th and Franklin and 14th and Main Streets - - RICHMOND, VA 506 THE SOUTHEKN PLANTEK. of the General Court and the State ar- chives. But even after he had during nine years carefully collected materials from all these sources, it required three more years to sift all this mass, remove the chaff from the wheat and reconcile the discrepancies, real or ap- parent, and out of the heterogeneous mass of materials piled up before him, construct a well proportioned building on a solid foundation of well ascer- tained truth. Mr. Jefferson proved a valuable assistant when Mr. Wirt was perplexed, his clear judgment and able counsel, added to his personal knowl- edge of the character and times of which Wirt proposed to treat, helping the latter to reconcile apparent con- tradictions and to clear away difficul- ties of fact. The work was at length published in 1817, and was so favorably received that it had a large circulation. Your correspondent has a copy pub- lished in Philadelphia in 1836 and be- longing to the ninth edition, which was a great circulation for those times. William Wirt died in 1834. He was fortunate In having an able biographer, John P. Kennedy, who in his intervals of rest from professional and political duties, wrote "The Life and Corre- spondence of Wm. Wirt," in two vol- umns, 1849. Another early author of Richmond was Robert R. Howison, born in that city on June 22d, 1820, a lawyer and author of high standing. His works are the following: "History of Vir- ginia, from its discovery and settle-! ment by Europeans to the present time." 2 octavo vols., 1847; "Lives of Gens. Morgan, Marion and Gates," 1848; "History of the War between the Unit- ed States and the Confederate States;" "Report of the Joint Committe of the Confederate Congress on Treatment of the Prisoners of War." The above re- port was republished in various North- ern papers and is given in full in Pol- lard's "Lost Cause." Howison took high rank with the historical writers of the South, Gayarre and men of that stamp. Another of Richmond's historical writers is Dr. R. A. Brock, born in that city March 9th, 1839. From his early youth, he showed the bent of an antiquarian, but he was bred to mer- cantile pursuits, and followed these till 1881, except during the four years when as a member of the famous "Com- pany F" he served in the war. In 1881, he disposed of his interest in business in order to give more atten- tion to the Virginia Historical Society of which he had been librarian and corresponding secretary since Febru- ary, 1875. In 1887, he become secre- tary of that Society and has performed a very useful and valuable work in ed- July, GENUINE OLIVER CHILLED STEEL BEAM D REPAIRS. PLOWS This far-famed and world- renowned Plow we guaran- tee you is worthy of all that is said in praise of it. Wood Beam also furnished. Write for large Illustrated Cata- logue. We are general distribu- tors of the GENUINE ONLY. Farm Tools and Supplies Large Illustrated Catalogue for 1904 just issued, embracing Hand, Horse and Power Labor- Saving Implements. You must save as well as make money. Write for this FREE catalogue at once. NORFOLK FARM SUPPLY CO. Implements Poultry Supplies Fertilizers Wheel Material 41 to 51 Union Street, NORFOLK, VA. INCUBATORS AND BROODERS. Season is at hand. HEN PRODUCTS higher than ever. Our prices low. Write for Free Catalogue, r the :l>t:et77" sBztra-irssriE Made by CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO. ■■'■■■' '■'"■'" 2 and 3 Horse Power Horizontal Type with Water or Oil cooled Cylinder, Pumping attach- ment, either Electric Igniter or Hot Tube Igniter or both. SYDNOR PUMP & WELL CO., Write for Cotalogue. Box 949, Richmond, Va. When corresponding with our advertisers always mention the Southern Planteb. DON'T BUY GASOLINE ENGINES UNTIL YOU HAVE INVESTIGATED "THE MASTER WORKMAN.. A two-cylinder gasoline engine ; superior to all one-cylinder engines. Costs less to buy and less to run. Quicker and easier started, lias a wider sphere of usefulness. Has no vibration; can be mounted on any light wagon aB a portable. Weighs less than half of one-cylinder engines. Give size or engine required. Sizes lfc, 2, 21^, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 15 horse power. Mention this paper. Send for catalogue. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO., Meaghsr »nd 15th 8ts., CHICAGO 1904.] THE SOUTHEKN PLANTER. 507 :* Established by GEO. WATT, 1840. THE CALL=WATT CO., SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE CROWN, CRESCENT AND WATT PLOWS. MANFRED CALL, Manager. WE MAKE PLOWS that will enter hard ground when no other plow will. If your land is hard and dry, get relief and a good plow at same time GOOD ROADS can be made by using our ROAD PLOWS. Specially adapted to heavy work and hard ground. Have been used successfully where other much higher priced plows would not enter hard earth THE UNIT ROAD MACHINE with ONE team and ONE man following the plow will put a road in BETTER condition QUICKER and at LESS EXPENSE than any other method. ENGINES of all sizes, mounted or unmounted, for all purposes. THRESHING MACHINES. From one to ten horse power. Sold upon their merits, and guaranteed to give satisfaction. Unsurpassed by any, and sold at prices lower than any other first-class machines. BALING PRESSES. For Hand, Horse or Steam Power, at prices that will enable every grower of hay to have his own press. FIELD ROLLERS. Steel Rims. Solid Steel Heads, keeps the earth from clogging in the shells as in all open head rollers. Special oil device, free from grit. THE IMPERIAL ONE HORSE FARM WAGONS. Steel Axle and Thimble Skein. Built of best material and sold under full guarantee. ' THE MOLINE WAGONS. Light Running and Durable Guaranteed to be made of best air-dried lumber. Handsomely finished, and have feature not found in any other. THE STAR DISC HARROWS, with Solid Steel weight boxes. Anti-friction Rollers. Most durable bearings, with non-clogging oil holes. EMPIRE GRAIN AND FERTILIZER DRILLS. With Discs or Hoes. For Grain, Corn, Peas, and Fertilizers, accurate work. j MILWAUKEE Mowers, Binders and Hay Rakes. SAW MILLS, CANE MILLS, CORN SHELLERS, PEA HULLERS, FEED AND ENSILAGE CUTTERS, FEED MILLS, CORN MILLS, ETC. Inquiries solicited for any machinery needed. OFFICE CEL WAREROOMS, Richmond, Va. 13 south Fifteenth street, Bet-ween Main and Cary, Latest Improved FARM IMPLEMENTS. Champion Steel Hand and Self-Dump Rakes, all sizes. CHAMPION Mowers, Reapers, Binders, Hay Rakes and Twine. Ross Ensilage Cutters, Fodder Cutters, Fodder Shredders, Powers, all Sizes. Write for circulars and prices. NATIONAL ROAD MACHINERY. Kemp's Improved Manure Spreader. Three sizes. HENING & NUGKOLS, ROAD PLOWS, WHEEL AND DRAG SCRAPERS. Tiger Disk Harrows. Plain and Lever Spring Tooth Harrows. All Sizes. The wheels will not lift from the ground. BEMENT DISC CULTIVATORS, WITH 6 OR 8 DISCS AND SPRING TOOTH AT- TACHMENT. Built entirely of steel, steel forgings and malleable iron. The most simple and easiest adjusted cultivator on the market to-day. Write for circulars and testimonials. Frick and Aultman and Taylor Engines. Saw Mills and Threshers Special prices given on Studebaker and Brown Wagons, Buggies, and Carts. Superior Grain and Fertilizer Drills. Hoe and Disk. Successors to CHAS. E. HUNTER, m-u i iin i 508 THE SOUTHERN PLANTEE. July, iting the series of volumes issued by I the Virginia Historical Society. In addi- tion to this, he has prepared other his-' torical, antiquarian and genealogical works, besides various statistical and historical papers for the United States, and for his native State and city. His labors have met with marked recogni- tion, he having been invited to become a member of numerous learned socie- ties in the United States, Canada and Europe. In addition to other duties, he holds the position of secretary and historiographer in the association formed of the survivors of "Co. F." He has also, from his boyhood up, been a frequent contributor to the press and to various magazines. From 1879 to 1882, he was one of the editors of "The Standard," a family paper published in Richmond, with a historical, gen- ealogical and scientific department. He is indeed filling a useful place giving valuable aid in preserving historical records and in sifting the wheat from the chaff. Amongst the ante-bellum writers of Richmond there was Mr. Samuel Mor- decai, author of "Richmond in by-gone days." a valuable book of reference for those who would gain light on the past social life of Richmond. There has always been a circle of cultured, refined and intellectual Jews in Rich- mond who have had the entree into the best "Gentile Society" and who have commanded the respect and esteem of the community, and to this class Mr. Mordecai belonged. I might cite the illustrious Sir Moses Ezekiel as an ex- ample of this class in more recent years. In addition to the native authors of Richmond, there have been a good many who while not born there have made it their residence and identified themselves with the place and people. John Esten Cooke was an instance of this. Though born in Winchester, Va., his father moved to Richmond while the boy was still very young, so he grew up and was educated in that city. At nineteen, he left school, stud- ied law, was admitted to the bar and practised four years. He then gave up that profession to devote himself en- tirely to literature which he did all the remainder of his life, except during the four years when he served in the army. This proved, in the long run, no detriment to his literary career, as it enabled him to lay up a great store of material for future romances, as for instance, "Surry of Eagle's Nest," "Hilt to Hilt," "Mohun" and others. Besides his numerous novels, he also wrote a life of Robert E. Lee, and a history of Virginia for the young, be- sides editing the life of Capt. John Smith. He died September 27, 1886. Thos. Nelson Page though born In Hanover county, 1853, entered on the profession of law In Richmond, he being one of the numerous authors who have prefaced their literary career hv the study and practice of the law. His first story, "Marse Chan," made al- £>t Hlbans Scbool Situated on a Sunny Headland above the Banks of New Riveb, IN THE Blue Grass Region of Virginia Prepares Boys FOR UNIVERSITY OR FOR BUSINESS-^^^^ SEND FOB ANNUAL CATALOGUE, IN WHICH IS PUBLISHED "PLAN OF ST. ALBANS SCHOOL." Address, W. H. RANDOLPH, Head Master, Radford, - - - Virginia. *3t**3t*3»3W < THE «** SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY OFFERS THE MANUFACTURER, PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS THE STOCK RAISER, THE DAIRYMAN, THE FRUIT GROWER, TO-. m*~- THE TRUCKER. WHERE YOUR LABOR IS NOT IN VAIN Would • country where work can be carried on the entire year and wher* large profits can be realized interest youT The SEABOARD Air Line Railway traverses six Southern States and • region of this character. One two cent stamp will bring handsome Illustrated literature descriptive of the section. J. B. WHITE, EDW. W. COST, CHARLES B. RYAH, Gen. Industrial Agt., Portsmouth, Vs. Traffic Mgr. Gen. Pass. Agt., Portsmouth, Vs. 1904.J THE SOUTHERN" PLANTER 513 loves it is a good horse and rightly. The horse judging contest followed immediately. There was a nice dis- play of horses and in the judgment of the crowd the best horse won, so all went home satisfied and feeling well repaid for their time and trouble. At the evening session Mr. W. T. Roberts, of Riceville, read an able paper on "Keeping the Boys on ihe Farm." He advocated the value of agricultural instruction as provided in the University and urged the farmers to send their sons to take the short course at least if they could not take the four years' course. Prof. Bain, of the Tennessee Experiment Station, de- livered an illustrated lecture on the diseases of the various farm crops in the absence of Prof. C. L. Marlatt, who was prevented from attending the meeting through sickness. Prof. Bain's lecture was well received as shown by the many questions directed to him during the lecture. The Mountain Range for Beef Cat- tle was discussed by Major A. D. Rey- nolds, of Bristol. He stated there were greater opportunities offered in the Appalachian region for the develop- ment of live stock industries than any- where else in the country. The range was abundant, there was plenty of freestone water, the heat was not ex- cessive, and the fly pest was practi- cally unknown. Why this great graz- ing region had been so long over- looked he was unable to say. Mr. H. W. Crew, of Concord, Tenn., next addressed the Convention on Feeding Beef Calves. He emphasized the importance of grazing crops and stated that he found the Soy bean in- valuable. He turned the calves on when it was comparatively young ano if not grazed too closely, it continued: to grow until frost. Herefords on the Range was the subject discussed by Mr. J. Otto Kittel. of Herbert, Tenn. Mr. Kittel's ranch is situated on the Cumberland Pla- teau in a region where people believed that good cattle could not be raised. The excellent specimens he has pro- duced in the last few years show this statement to be absurd, and for the sake of this region it is to be hoped that many breeders will emulate his example. Mr. S. S. Smith, of Whites- burg, volunteered a few remarks on Polled Durhams, and told interesting- ly of his experience with this breed and their adaptability to Tennessee conditions. Mr. G. B. Wheeler, of Morristown, spoke on Farm Butter Making. He urged cleanliness and advised the dis- carding of rags and the use of brushes instead. He told how to milk the cows to secure the best results and of the importance of sanitation in and about the dairy. He said that first class butter would bring 30 cents all the year round, whereas, most farmers were getting 15 cents. Mr. Wheeler is a graduate of an agricultural short course and a thoroughly up-to-date farmer. Mr. W. G. Lenoir, of Phila- delphia, spoke on Shipping Milk for the City Trade. Cleanliness, good water and expedition in handling were the points emphasized. He said that though milk was often shipped one hundred miles even in this section of the South it could be kept in good con- dition when properly handled. Mr. S. B. Barnes, of the Tennessee Experiment Station, spoke on the im- portance of herd records. He said the gross earnings of the station herd three years ago were $2,800, and for the present year they would be more than $4,500. This was due to the keeping of a record and the weeding out of unsatisfactory animals. Prof. C. S. Plumb, of the Ohio State University, next addressed the Con- vention on Experiments in Hog Feed- ing. His address was a masterly one and was listened to with rapt atten- tion. He reviewed the whole history of experimental hog feeding in the United States and gave a statement of the comparative value of the various grains, manufactured by-products and forage crops for pork production. Mr. J. B. Madden, of the East Tennessee Packing Co., told what the packers wanted. He said they wanted to run their plant all the year, but could only get enough animals for about six months. They wanted from 175 to 300 pound hogs well fattened and also more beef and better beef. (To be continued.) OTMp fpTyn Invested in a postal card and addressed to ========= THE CARD WELL MACHINE COM- PANY, Richmond, Virginia, will bring you circulars regarding Cardwell's Thresher and Cleaner They are SIMPLE, DURABLE and EASY TO WORK. Capacity, 200 to 1,000 bushels of wheat per day, according to size and character of grain. Nineteenth land CarylSts., THE CARDWELL MACHINE CO., RICHMOND VIRGINIA. fyJ^^JfaJffi'-JfcJfrfyfyJ^^ 514 THE SOUTHEBN PLANTEK. July, ling lis The following Hit of papers and periodical* are the most popular ones In this section. We can SAVE YOU MONET on whateyer journal you wish: DAILIES. Price With Alone. Planter. Tlmes-Dlspatch, Richmond, Va $5 00 $5 00 The Post, Washington, D. C ( 00 8 00 The Sun, Baltimore, Md S 00 J 40 Chicago Live Stock World 4 00 3 50 News-Leader, Richmond, Va 3 00 3 00 TRI-WEEKLY. The World (thrlce-a-week), N. Y... 1 00 1 25 WEEKLIES. Harper's Weekly 4 00 4 00 Montgomery Advertiser 100 100 Nashville American 60 76 Breeder's Gazette 2 00 1 7r. Hoard's Dairyman 100 135 Country Gentleman 1 50 1 75 Religious Herald, Richmond, Va 2 00 2 25 Tlmes-Dlspatch, Richmond, Va 1 00 1 25 Central Presbyterian, " " 2 00 2 25 Horseman 3 oo 3 00 MONTHLIES. Wool Markets and Sheep 60 Dairy and Creamery 60 Commercial Poultry 60 All three 160 North American Review 5 00 The Century Magazine 4 00 St. Nicholas Magazine 3 00 Llpplncott's Magazine 2 50 Harper's Magazine 4 00 Harper's Bazaar 100 Scrlbner'si Magazine 3 00 Prank Leslie's Magazine 100 Cosmopolitan Magazine 100 Everybody's Magazine l 00 Munsey Magazine 100 Strand Magazine 1 26 McClure's Magazine 1 00 Argosy Magazine 1 00 Review of Reviews 2 60 Poultry Success 1 00 Rural Mechanics 1 00 Blooded Stock SO Successful Farming 100 Southern Fruit Orower 50 Where you desire to subscribe to two 75 7i 75 1 15 5 00 4 25 3 25 2 50 4 00 1 40 3 25 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 86 1 65 1 36 1 35 2 75 75 55 to 76 86 or more of the publications named, you can ar- rive at the net subscription price by deduct- ing 60 cents from "our price with the PLANTER." If you desire to subscribe to any other publications not listed here, write •s and we will cheerfully quote clubbing or net subscription rates. Subscribers whose time dees not expire ontll later can take advantage of our club rates, and have their subscription advanced one year from date of expiration of their subscription to either the PLANTER or any of the other publications mentioned. Don't hesitate to write us for any Informa- tion desired; we will cheerfully answer any correspondence. We furnish NO SAMPLE COPIES of other periodicals. Seed House of the South. RED CLOVER, nAMMOTH CLOVER, CRIflSON CLOVER, WHITE CLOVER, LUCERNE CLOVER, ALSYKE CLOVER, BOKHARA CLOVER, JAPAN CLOVER, BUR 6LOVER, TinOTHY, ORCHARD GRASS, RED TOP or HERDS GRASS, KENTUCKY BLUB GRASS, RANDALL GRASS, TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS, JOHNSON GRASS, GERHAN MILLET, BUCKWHEAT, OATS and CANE SEED. "Whatsoever One Soweth, That Shall He Reap." We sell strictly reliable FIELD AND GARDEN SEEDS of every variety at Lowest Market rates, included in which are RAGLAND'S PEDIGREE TOBACCO SEEDS. m *■ *■ WE ALSO SELL Our Own Brands of Fertilizers For Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, Potatoes, &c. Pure Raw-Bone Meal, Nova Scotia and Virginia Plaster and Fertilizing Materials generally. Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their interest to price our goods. Samples sent by mail when desired. Wm. A. Miller & Son, ■* 1016 Main Street, LYNCHBURG, VA. Headquarters for Nursery Stock. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. We make a specialty of handling dealers' orders ALL STOCK TRUE TOl NAME. Apples, Nectarines, Pecans, Ornamental and Pears, Cherry, Chestnuts, Shade Trees, • Peach, Quinces, Walnuts, Evergreens, • Plum, Almonds, Small Fruits, Roses, Etc. • Apricots, • CALIFORNIA PRIVET, lor Hedging. WRITE FOR CATALOGUE. . . AGENTS WANTED. . . \ FRANKLIN DAVIS NURSERY CO., Baltimore, Md f *» 4> *+ The American Field Fence is even less than barb wire or wood and when erected is practically ever- lasting. Furnished in various heights and styles. Write for special catalogue and prices. is the most economical fence that can be erected. Its cost 55 INCH. THE TIGER DISC CULTIVATOR is easily adjustable for all conditions. The gangs can be set close together or farther apart. Has foot levers for changing direction of gangs by slight- est pressure. Can be regulated for dif- ferent depths, and to throw to or from the row. Wheels and Axles adjustable to fit different width rows. Ball bearings, Staggered spoke wheels. The only implement needed for cul- tivating any crop in rows. The Tiger Wheel Cultivator for walking or riding. Furnished with four or six shovels or with eight spring teeth. THE EMPIRE CREAM SEP- ARATOR should be on every farm where ■ three or more cows are kept. It will save its cogt many times in one year. It is the simplest one ever man- ufactured and can be cleaned with- out trouble to any one. Write us for particulars. SINGLE AND DOUBLE CIDER MILLS. All sizes and capacities at low prices. WOODS PATENT SWING CHURN. The quickest and cleanest but- ter maker known. The frame is made of Hollow Steel Pipe, very light and strong, and easily forms a useful table. The churns are furnished of either wood or heavy tin. BIROSELL STEEL SKEIN FARM WAGONS, MITCHELL FARM WAGONS, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, HAR- NESS ROBES, BARB AND PLAIN WIRE, POULTRY NETTING AND LAWN FENCING, CORN SHELLERS, FEED CUTTERS, GRAIN DRILLS, WOOD SAWS, MOWERS, BINDERS, HAY RAKES. All kinds of Agricultural Implements and Machines. Catalogue mailed free. THE IMPLEMENT CO., 1302 and 1304 E. Main St, Richmond, Va. JJi e Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. • ORGANIZED 1857. ASSETS, $178,000,000. PURELY. MUTUAL. 'TTHIS COMPANY has paid nearly one and a half millions' in Virginia, in death claims ■*■ alone, without contest or compromise of a single policy. It has policy holders in nearly every county whose names will be furnished as references, together with full in- formation as to rates and plans, to any one contemplating life insurance, or desiring to represent -tm >~THE BEST COMPANY FOR THE POLICYHOLDER.-* — T. ARCHIBALD CARY, General Agent for Virginia and North Carolina, — i East Main Street, RICHMOND, VA. STRONG, HEALTHY AND SLEEK HORSES Are the inevitable result of giving OWENS & MINOR'S DIXIE CON- DITION POWDERS. If yon wish fat and smooth Cattle and healthy Milch Cows, give DIXIE CONDITION POWDERS. For RHEUMATISM, SPRAINS, STRAINS and all PAINS xm DIXIE ZVKR1TK AND BONE UNIKENT- Beet on earth for Man or BeaaL Large Bottle 25 cts. ; everywhere. OWENS * MINOR DRUd CO., Richmond, Va. Do you see THAT FELLOW at the wood saw? well he is SAWING Wood: The Mill is Grinding Corn: OF COURSE YOU SEE that here is a grind- ing mill and horse power combined, either being work- ed at pleasure. Take away the gs wood saw and belt to a feed cutter if you please. «J» 4^6 *&> Can you conceive of a greater labor saver on the farm. A5HT0N STARKE, = Richmond, Va. WRITE FOR CATALOGUE AND NAME THIS PAPER. The STATE BANK OF VIRGINIA JOHN 8. ELLETT, President. WM. M. HILL, Cashier. CAPITAL, $500,000. SURPLUS- $240,000. RICHMOND. - - - VIRGINIA*