THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER. 

CONTENTS = 

Page. 
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

Review of the October Number, by " Old Iron," 041 

The Necessity of Improving our Poor Lands — The Cultivation of Tobacco, 645 

Liberal Farmers 648. Various Opinions 649 

Agricultural Associations : 

Farmers' Clubs 651 

The Walker Agricultural Club 652 

King George Agricultural and Pomological Club 652 

National Agricultural Congress 653 

State Agricultural Society 654 

Piedmont Agricultural Society 655 

Goodwyn Agricultural Club 656 

Stock Department: 

More Roadsters Wanted 660 

Treatment of Horses. Cabbages as Feed for Milch Cows 661 

Wintering Calves . 662 

Fattening Sheep in Winter. Quality of Pork 663 

Manures : 

Properties of Plaster.... 664 

• Leaves for Manure. Lime on Green Sward 665 

Mulch as a Manure. Value of Marl 666 

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

Catalogues of Fruit. Discussions of the Am. Pomological Society 667 

The Next State Fair 668. Washington Correspondence 669 

The Orchard: 

Hale's Early Peach. Storing Winter Apples 671 

Keeping Apples in Saw Dusr 672 

The Vineyard : 

A New Device in Grape Culture. The Delaware Grape 673 

Aic*-Treatment of Wines 674 

Vegetable Garden : 

Celery in Winter 674 

Cost and Profit of Gardening. Soil for Autumn and Winter Cabbages. 

A Curious Way to Raise Cabbage. To Preserve Potatoes 675 

Flower Garden : 

Keeping Plants in the Cellar. Growing Pond Lilies 676 

Fresh Blown Flowers in Winter. The Rose on the Lawn 677 

POULTRY DEPARTMENT. 

Diseases of Poultry. Sitting Hens 678 

Change of Feed. Most Valuable Breeds of Poultry. Web- footed Poultry, 679 

How to Get Plenty of Fresh Eggs 680. Interesting facts about Eggs, 681 

BEE DEPARTMENT. 

Experience of an Apiarist 682. Wintering Bees 683 

Transporting Honey to Market , '. T 684 

DAIRY DEPARTMENT. 

Better Care rather than More Cows 685. Management of Dairy Cows, 686 

Be Careful. The Best Grass for Butter. About Milking 687 

MECHANIC ARTS. 

Building Paper — Felt 688. Farmers do your own Repairing 690 

SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. 

Carbolic Acid 691. Specific gravity test for Potatoes 692 

Scientific Farming. Artificial Rain 693 

HOUSEHOLD DEPARTMENT. 

Spirits of Ammonia 694. Seasonable Receipts 695 

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Salutatory 697 

To Our Subscribers. Acknowledgments. The Crops Abroad. State 

Chemist 698 

The County Agricultural Fairs. Premiums for Essays. Wire Grass 699 

In Union there is Strength. Recent Land Sales in Virginia. Freight on 

Manure. A Good Suggestion. New Publications Received 700 

Miscellaneous : 

Don't Leave the Farm 701. Useful Suggestions 702 

Good Health. Fact, Fancy and Humor 703 



1 v r 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



W. W. TRIBBETT, 

1116 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 

Also, Manufacturer and Discoverer of the Celebrated 

-\T J33 DR. "ML I W JS X. , 

Or SANTONINE WORM CONFECTIONS, the most agreeable, speedy, and effec- 
tual Worm Medicine ever offered to the public. Sold Everywhere. oct — 3m 

JOHN S. DEVLIN. 

GENTLEMEN'S 

CLOTHING AND FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, 

1007 MAIN STREET, 

OPPOSITE POST OFFICE, RICHMOND, VA. 

CLOTHING AND SHIETS MADE TO OEDEE. 

oct — 3m 

ANDRE LEROY'S NURSEEIES, 

ANGERS, FRANCE, 
THE MOST EXTENSIVE IN EUROPE. 

For Catalogue, apply to 

BKUGUIERE & THEBAUD, 

51 Cedar Street, New York. 
P. 0, BOX 15. oct-3m 

E. B.TAYLOR, 

Wo. 1306 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, V A., • 

* . 

Importer and Dealer in 

CHIMA, GLaM AMD QUEENSWARE, 

SILVER PLATED AND HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS, 

Patent Non-Explosive Kerosene Oil Lamps, 

STONEWARE, &c, &c. 
HUGH A. WATT, Salesman. oct— ly 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 




MONITOR FLO 



Incomparable as a TURN PLOW. 
As a ROW-OPENER, is unsurpassed. 
As a COULTER, it is unequalled. 

What Major Downer, of Clarksburg, Va., says : 
^.Messrs. Palmer & Turpin, — I have plowed a good deal, and noticed plows care- 
rully, but the Monitor is the best I ever had hold of. 

[Signed] W. S. DOWNER. 

Wh t Dr. Garnett, of Cumberland county, Va., says: 
Messrs. Palmeb & Tfrpin, — The Monitor is the Plow. 

Yours truly, T. N. GARNETT. 

What Mr. Rabb, of Winnsboro', S. C, says: 
Messrs. Palmer & Turpin, — I have already spoken in favorable terms of your on- 
itor Plow, but I must be permitted again to express my high appreciation of its merits. 
I tried it a few days since on a very tough, clammy lot, which I was apprehensive 
I could not plow, and to my surprise it did what no other plow could have done, 
going into it and tearing it up far beyond my expectations. W. S. RABB. 

What Dr. Dorsey, of Calvert county, Md., says : 
Messrs. Palmer & Turpik, — I am delighted with the Monitor C Plow, and being 
the Pre ident of an Agricultural Society in this county, may be the means of in- 
troducing this incomparable Plow. 1 believe in a year or two your Monitor will 
supercede all other Plows. G. W. DORSEY, M. D. 

Send for Catalogue — free to all. 
nov-tf CHAS. T. PALMER, 1526 Main Street. 

Richmond Stove & Architectural Iron Works, 

no. 1,000 cart street, bichmon9, va. 

Asa Snyder, Richard Irby, 

President and Sup't Factory. J Vice President and Sup't Sales. 

R. E. Haskins, Treasurer. 



SPECIALTIES. 

COOKING STOVES— "Virginia Air-Tight," "Southern Home," "Help," 
"Morning Star," "The South." 

HEATING STOVES— "Dixie" Box, "Comfort," especially adapted to chambers 
and school rooms ; "Southern Matron," Parlor Cook, and many others for Coal 
and Wood. 

IRON FRONTS for stores and public buildings. Window caps and sills of cast 
and galvanized iron. GALVANIZED IRON CORNICE of plain and ornate designs. 
SCHOOL DESKS of most approved style. Prices ftB low as can be gotten anywhere. 

nov-tf ASA SNYDER, Pres't and Sup't. 

The Educational Journal 

OF VIRGINIA. 

Official organ of the State Department of Public Instruction, and Organ of the 
Educational Association of Virginia. Subscription $1 per annum. 



EDITORS: 

Prof. Thos. Ri Peice, Prof. H. H. Harris, Jno P. Maquire, A. M. 
Her. W. H Ruffner, Supt. Public Instruction. 

nov-tf M.;W. HAZLEWOOD, Publisher, Richmond, Va. 



^ 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



The American Earth Closet, 

A Substitute for the Water Closet. 



THE CHEAPEST AND MOST PERFECT MANUFACTURED. 



WARRANTED ODORLESS. 
$10, $12, $15. 

No inrention or discovery has contributed more to the health, comfort and con- 
venience of civilized man than the Dry Earth System as a substitute for the detest- 
able country privy, which, causes so much disease by reason of the malaria gene- 
rated therefrom. 

We are free to admit that the pioneers in the introduction of the Earth Closet 
have been successful in the manufacture of an article well adapted for the purposes 
intended ; but the material objection — the high price of the article— entirely ex- 
cluded the poor and even those in moderate circumstances, from enjoying this 
healthful luxury and inestimable blessing. We are pleased to announce that we 
are fully able to obviate this objection by reason of the cheapness and simplicity of 
the fixtures, and are prepared to furnish them at such a price as to be within the 
reach of all. 

The American Earth Closet has no complicated machinery, and therefore can 
never get out of order. It does not occupy much more room than an ordinary 
chair, and, in addition to its utility, it is a neat and pretty piece of chamber fur- 
ture, and can be used as a chair or ottoman. 

The American Earth Closet is WARRANTED ODORLESS, and if after a trial 
of ten days perfect satisfaction is not giv«n, the money will be refunded To par- 
ties living in the country the fertilizer thus utilized will more than repay the price 
of the closet within one year's use of it. 

PRICES OF THE AMERICAN EARTH CLOSET. 

Pine Stained and Varnished... $10. 

Do. do. with Lid Upholstered 11. 

Do. do. with Blacking Case 12. 

Black Walnut, Plain 12. 

Do. Panelled and Ornamented with Carving........ 15. 

Do. Panelled and Richly Ornamented with Carving 1 

and Gilt Moulding.. J 25. 

Orders promptly filled C. 0. D. The Closet is so constructed that it can be taken 
apart and packed within a very small compass, 

For Sale by Mr. JNO. W. RISON, Druggist, 

Corner Mart and Third St., Richmond, who is our exclusive Agent for this City. 

nov-tf AMERICAN EARTH CLOSET COiVIPAMY. 




T. J. f oolMp, 



Importer and Breeder of 



FURS 



nov-lQm 



ESSIX PIGS, 

Buff Cochin 

and 

iHS^ Game Chickens. 

French Hay P. 0., Hanover, Va. 



PLANTER AND FARMER 



Orange, Alexandria & Manassas R. R. 

DOUBLE DAILY TRAINS. 

On and after SATURDAY, July 1, 1871, two daily passenger trains will run be- 
tween WASHINGTON and LYNCHBURG, effecting double daily connections 
through between NEW YORK and NEW ORLEANS. At Gordonsville connection 
is made by mail train with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad daily, (Sunday ex- 
cepted,) to Richmond, Staunton, and the Virginia Springs; at Lynchburg with 
Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad for the West and Southwest, and at Wash- 
ington for the North and Northwest. 

Leave Washington daily at 6:55 a. m. and 5:30 p. m., and Alexandria at 8:00 a. 
m. and 6:50 p. m., arrivingfatjLynchburg at 5:05 p. m. and 4 a. m. 

Leave Lynchburg at 9 a. rn. and 10 p. m., arrive at Alexandria at 5:25 p. m. and 
6:25 a. in., a,nd at Washington at 6:15 p. m. and 7:25 a. m. 

For MANASSAS DIVISION leave Washington daily (excepting Sunday) with 
main line train, at 6:55 am., and Alexandria at 8 a. m. Leave Manassas Junc- 
tion at 9:30 a, m.; pass Strasburg at 12:45 p. m., and arrive at Harrisonburg at 
3:40 p. m., connecting with Harmon & Co's Stage Lines to Staunton, Rawley 
Springs, &c, &c. 

Eastward, leave Harrisonburg at 9:45 a. m.; pass Strasburg at 12:45 a. eg., arrive 
at Manassas Junction at 4:00 p. m., connecting with main line through to Wash- 
ington and the North and West. 

Good connections, by comfortable coaches, are made to Fairfax C. H. from Fair- 
fax Station ; to Middieburg from Plains, and to Uppervilie from Piedmont. 

Both the Eastward and Westward bound trains make close connection at Stras- 
burg with the Winchester and Strasburg Railroad to Winchester, Harper's Ferry, 
Capon Springs, &o. 

Elegant sleeping cars are run daily between New York and Lynchburg, without 
change. 

Also ears through between Baltimore and Lynchburg, avoiding the inconvenience 
of transfer in Washington. 
Through tickets and baggage checked to all prominent points. 

g^t**- Excursion tickets at reduced rates, good to 1st October, to all the principal 
Summer resorts of Virginia. 

J. M. BROADUS, 

july — tf General Ticket Agent. 

CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 



On and after MONDAY, 5th December, 1870, the PASSENGER TRAINS will run 
as follows : 

MAIL TRAIN will run DAILY between Richmond and Staunton (except Sunday, 
netween Gordonsville and Staunton). Leave Richmond at 8 A. M. ; arrive at 
Stauuton at 4:28 P. M. Leave Staunton at 8:59 A. M. and arrive at Pdchmond 
at 4.50 P. M., making close connections at Gordonsville and Charlottesville with 
Orange, Alexandria and Manassas railroad trains for Alexandria, Washington, Bal- 
timore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Ac. ; also for Lynchburg, Kaoxville, Chat- 
tanooga, Memphis, New Orleans, Montgomery, Mobile, ice. This train will run 
TRI- WEEKLY between Staunton and White Sulphur, on TUESDAY, THURSDAY, 
and SATURDAY, viz. : Leave White Sulphur at 3:30 A M., and arrive at Staunton 
at 8:39 A. M ; leave Stauntou at 4:33 P. M., and arrive at White Sulphur at 10 P. M. 

Going West, passengers dine at Gordonsville and sup at Covington. Going East, 
breakfast at Staunton and dine at Gordonsville. 

This train connects with stages as follows: 

At Staunton for Lexington, Natural Bridge and Harrisonburg. 

At Millboro 1 for Bath Alum Springs, 10 miles: and Warm Springs, 15 miles. 

At White Sulphur Springs for Lewisburg, 9 miles; and Charleston, 109 miles. 

THROUGH TICKETS issued to all points North, West and Southwest. 

JAMES F. NETHERLAND, 

jan — 1 1 General Ticket Agent. 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



Accumulated Capital, 



$331,841 58 



SOUTHERN MUTUAL FIRE'INSURANCii- CO. 

Chartered by the Commonwealth of Virgin 
OFFICE— N. E. CORNER MAIN AND NINTH STREETS, 

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 

This Company issues Participating Policies on Farm and City Property, by which 
the insured becomes a member of the Company, sharing in its profits. Semi-annual 
Dividends of three per cent., payable to the Mutual Policy-Holders of this Company, 
declared July 1, 1869; January 1, 1870; July 1st, 1870; and January 1, 1871. 



JANUARY h 1871. 



Number of Policies issued 

Amount of property insured 

Amount of Deposit Notes deposited with the Company 

Amount of Cash Premiums and Fees received 

Amount paid for Losses, Expenses, Salaries, Commissions, &c 

Losses adjusted not due 

Dr. H. G. DAVIDSON, President. H. S. PRICE, Secretary and T; 

JORDAN H. MARTIN, Vice President. J. E. NEISWANGER, Ass't Secretary 
mar— tf 



4,410 
405,432 74 

273,788 18 

153,634 94 

93,181 54 

13,932 00 




MONTHLY MAGAZINE, 

Two Dollars per Annum. 

64 PAGES READING MATTER. 

30 PAG ES ADVER TISEMENTS. 
WALKER, EVANS & COGSWELL, 

AND 

D. WYATT AIKEN, 

CHARLESTON, S, a 



The Farmers Banking and Co-operative Company, Chartered 
September 25, 1871, 

Is presented to the farming community as a practicable, useful (and 
I think I may say, without fear of contradiction, necessary) means 
of farmers combining to support and protect themselves and one 
another from seeming bankruptcy, and almost destruction, by the 
many combinations that tend to draw the life's blood from them 
without any counterbalancing advantage. We propose that, like me- 
chanics in the trades unions, farmers pay monthly installments to create 
a fund to be used for the benefit of farmers, with this advantage over 
the trades unions, that we do not hold said accumulations to encour- 
age and support strikes amongst farmers, but that the fund paid in 
shall be in the shape of payments on shares of stock to a live and 
useful banking institution for the benefit of farmers. We propose 
loaning the money from stock paid in to farmers on such time that 
they may secure their crop and consign said crop to our Commission 
Department, to be sold at much less expense and charges to the 
farmer than is charged by regular commission houses, or in making 
advances on consignments when in hand and held for higher prices. 
We also propose, when the banking department has not funds to loan, 
to try to negotiate loans from other parties to the farming commu- 
nity. All our contributors or stockholders receiving semi-annual 
dividends out of the profits on the sums they have paid in. 

Our Commission Department we propose to work with economy, so 
that we will be able to sell all produce consigned to us by stockholders 
for a very small charge, hoping that the large amount consigned to 
us will, with small charges, pay the expenses of that department. 
We also hope that the number of small orders for fertilizers and other 
things will be so numerous that we will be enabled to purchase at 
wholesale, and give it to the farmers at same price, expenses only 
added. 

Should we find we cannot buy fertilizers and implements at fair 
and moderate prices we, by our charter, are empowered to manipu- 
late and manufacture. We are also empowered to build our own 
sail vessels and steamers; should we find we cannot have freighting 
done at fair prices, we can use said privileges ; we have numerous 
other privileges in our liberal charter, which we do not at present 
propose using, but would refer farmers for further information to our 
agents on the Fair ground, or in the city, who will give you copies of 
our prospectus, charter, constitution, and by-laws, and receive and 
receipt for subscriptions to stock. 

In the city of Richmond books will be opened at the office of Wm. 
Wallace Sons, No. 1213 Cary street. The books will be opened on 
the Fair grounds near the office of the Executive Committee of 
the Agricultural Society, and each director is empowered to re- 
ceive subscriptions to stock and receipt for the money. 

< A Henrico Farmer. 



PLANTER AND FARMER 



VIRGINIA SHORT LINE 

BETWEEN THE 

NORTH AND SOUTH 

Via WASHINGTON, D. 0., and EI0HM0ND, VA., 

BY THE 

RICHMOND km DANVILLE m PIEDMONf RAILWAY LIE, 

AND ITS CONNECTIONS, 

The North Carolina & Charlotte, Augusta & Columbia 

THROUGH SCHEDULE. 
GOING SOUTH. 

Leave New York at ... 9.20 P. M. 

Philadelphia 11.30 P. M. 

Baltimore 4 .15 A. M. 

Washington.. 700 A. M. 

Richmond..... 8.00 P. M. 

Greensboro' 12.32 A. M. 

Charlotte.. 5.50 A. M. 

Columbia... ....12.50 P. M. 

Arrive at Augusta . 6.15 P. M. 

Connecting with Georgia Railroad for Atlanta, &c, and with the Central Rail- 
road for Macon, Columbus, Savannah, &c. 

GOING NORTH. 

Leave Augusta 7.00 A. M. 

" Columbia. 12.35 A. M. 

" Charlotte 7.00 P.M. 

" Greensboro' „ 1.00 A. M. 

" Richmond 11.15 A M. 

" Washington 9.00 P. M. 

Passengers stopping at Baltimore arrive at Washington in time to take the 7.30 
P. M. Train for that city. 

Leave Baltimore 10.80 P. M. 

Arrive at New York 6.10 A. M. 

Ask for Tickets via RICHMOND, DANVILLE & GREENSBORO'. 

FARE AS LOW AS BY ANY OTHER ROUTE! 

BAGJ-G-^GKE CHECKED T HIELO TTGS- £31. 

For Through Tickets 

From BALTIMORE, apply at Ticket Offices Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Camden 
Street Depot, and Southeast corner Baltimore and Calvert streets. 

From WASHINGTON, apply at Office Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac 
Railroad, No. 380 Pennsylvania Avenue, and on Board of the Boats on the 
Potomac River. 

From PHILADELPHIA, apply at Ticket Offices Philadelphia, Wilmington and Bal- 
timore Railroad, under the Continental Hotel, and corner of Broad and Wash- 
ington Avenue. 

From NEW YORK, apply at the Office of Great Southern Mail Route, No. 193 
Broadway ; at the Office of the New Jersey R. R. Company, foot of Courtlandt 
street; at 681 Broadway, corner of Amity street ; at Dodd's Express Offices, 
944 Broadway, N. Y., and 1 Court street, Brooklyn. 

C. BOUKNIGHT, THOS. DODAMEAD, 

Supt. Charlotte $ S. C. $ C. $ A. R. R. Sup't Richmond $ Danville R. R. 

S. G. GRASTY, ALBERT JOHNSON, 

Ayev' Baltimore. Sup't North Carolina Railroad 



10 PLANTER AND FARMER 




Have Spoken their own 

PRAISE 

|^For upwards of Three-Quarters 
of a Century. 

" Landreth's Rural Register and Almanac " 

For the present year, will be mailed to all applicants who send their address, with 
stamp to prepay postage. 

DAVID LANDRETH & SOIff, 
may— ly 21 and 23 South Sixth street, Philadelphia. 

BOOK AND STATIONERY SUPPLIES 

FOR THE 

IF-A-ILiX, TRADE. 

The undersigned have commenced receiving, and will have on hand during this 
month, fall supplies of 

BOOKS, STATIONERY, PIANO FORTES, AND MUSIC. 

Country merchants can be accommodated with all they want in BOOKS, as well 
as STATIONERY of every description, upon as good terms as they can be obtained 
anywhere. 

They are agents for the University Series of School Books, adopted for use in 
most of the counties of the State 

Orders promptly and faithfully filled at the lowest figures. 

oct-8t ' WOODHOUSE & PARHAM. 

Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railway. 

THE GREAT PASSENGER ROUTE TO EVERY PART OF THE 

COUNTRY. 

The three Railways heretofore existing between Norfolk, v a., and Bristol, Tenn., 
bavinj? been consolidated under the above name, are now prepared to offer such in- 
ducements to TRAVELERS and SHIPPERS, as will make it greatly to their inter- 
est to patronize this GEE AT VIRGINIA RAILWAY LINE. 

Close connections made at Norfolk for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, 
via Baltimore Steam Packet Company. At Petersburg with the Richmond and 
Petersburg, and Petersburg and Weldon Railroads. At Burkville with the Rich- 
mond and Danville Railroads for Richmond and Danville, Greensboro', N. C, Co- 
lumbia, S. C, &c. At Lynchburg with the Orange, Alexandria and Manassas 
Railroad, for Charloties>viie, Staunton, and for Northern cities, and at Bristol, Tenn., 
with E, T. V. & G. R,ailroads, for all points West, South and Southwest. This route 
offers every facility to the traveling public. Baggage checked through, and time 
and rates, as good as by any other route. 

First claeSj secoud class, and emigrant tickets on sale for all prominent points, 
among which are 
Chattanooga, Atlanta, Montgomery, Mobile, New Orleans, 

Memphis, Little Rock, Nashville, Louisville, St. Joseph, 

Kansas City, Mo., Indianopolis, Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, and San Francisco. 

For fi irther information apply to Col. Frank Huger, M. T. Va & Tenn. Division 
Lynchburg, Va. ; Capt. E. A. Goodwyn, M. T., South Side Division, Petersburg. 
Va. ; Capt. J. D. Proctor, M. T., Norfolk, Va., or address 

W. E. M. WORD, 

General Passenger Agent, Fincastle or Lynchburg, Va. 
Tickets for sale by Capt. Richard F. Walker, No. 1325 Main street, Richmond, Va. 
july— 6m. 



THE SOUTHERN 

PLANTER & FARMER, 

DEVOTED TO 

Agriculture, Horticulture and the Mining, Mechanic and Household Arts. 



Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.— Xenophon. 
Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State.— Sully. 

JOHN W. RISON, .... Editor and Proprietor. 

New Series. RICHMOND, VA., NOVEMBER, 1871. Vol. V-No. 11, 



^grtnilhiral Department 

Review of the October Number. 

BY OLD IRON. 

Again the bright face of the Southern Planter and Farmer greets 
us. We welcome it, and cheerfully undertake the task of passing 
judgment upon its contents. 

The Editor begins by giving some good advice in relation to pro- 
vender for stock for "the coming "winter." His remarks are timely, 
and we hope our farmers will not forget them. This is a matter that 
many have been too prone to neglect, as is evidenced every Spring 
by the numbers of half-starved animals that we meet with on every 
hand, and for which the buzzards obtain quick bills of sale. The 
Editor is right, and has done his duty in speaking for the poor ani- 
mals in time. We sincerely hope that farmers will do their duty 
too, and make ample provision, not only to feed, but also to shelter, 
in warm, comfortable quarters, all their stock. Your own interest, 
friends, demands it. 

G-reen Crops [continued). — Here is an article of the right charac- 
ter. It cannot be too highly commended. We find scarcely an idea 
or a sentence that we do not heartily subscribe to, and the lessons 
advanced, if heeded, will result in great and permanent good to our 
dear old State. For our part, of the two — peas or clover — for ma- 
vol. v — 41 



642 THE SOUTHERN [November 

nurial purposes we prefer the peas, and for the reasons that "Nanse- 
mond" himself gives. It is the one that will be most likely to be 
used by the majority of farmers; it will thrive on poor land, while 
land strong enough for clover must be taken for other crops. 

Communication Read before the Coodwyn Agricultural Club. — 
This paper of Mr. Taylor's, occupying over four pages of the Planter 
and Farmer, seems to have been called out by a remark of ours 
made in the June No. of this paper. It is our province to expose 
what we believe to be errors, let them originate where and from 
whom they may; and we are sorry that our friend Mr. Taylor has 
thought it necessary to use so much printer's ink in defence of his 
position, and a position that he must still excuse us for deeming 
"untenable." We presume few will deny that Southern farms are 
spread over too large an area ; that it would be far better to reduce 
the surface and increase as rapidly as possible the productive capa- 
city of that cultivated ; but in this reduction of area it would not be 
wise to throw out any that "were yet remunerative." We do not 
advocate the abandoning of any land to briers and broom straw that 
will pay us for cultivation; but all know, and Mr. Taylor among the 
rest, that there are thousands of acres of land cultivated here that 
do nothing like pay the costs of labor bestowed. We contend that 
all such, if no better use can be found for it, should be turned over, 
for the time being, to pine bushes, and that all manures at hand 
should be applied — thickly, so far as it would go — to land that "were 
yet remunerative." We do not believe that this course would reduce 
the amount of crops in the least — believe that they would be in- 
creased thereby. But we have not space to go further in this argu- 
ment now. 

But the worst feature of the case is that Mr. Taylor seems to re- 
gard our criticism as "derogatory and contemptuous in terms and 
form." We are surprised at this view of our remarks, and so be- 
cause we had no idea of intending such a thing in our words. Far 
be it from us to speak "contemptuously" of such men as we believe 
compose the Goodwyn club. We were surprised at the idea ad- 
vanced, because it came from an intelligent mind, or we were sur- 
prised that an educated Southern farmer should advance an idea 
that we thought confined to the anti-book men. Do not regard us, 
friend Taylor, as aiming to be at all personal in what we say. We 
aim to speak respectfully, at the same time candidly and freely, of 
every article that comes before us. Please excuse us for occupying 
so much space hereon. 

Clover and the Grasses. — Another voice advocating the cultivation 



1871.] FARMER AND PLANTER. 643 

of clover, grasses, roots, etc., that all of us would do well to heed. 
We hope Duncan, Nanseniond, and others will continue to agitate 
the subject. It is the thing we need. 

Virginia — Manufacture and Product. — D. S. C. has spoken well 
and wisely. It is gratifying to know that our people are preparing 
to meet the true issues of the day fairly and squarely. Speed the 
good work. 

Land Sales. — We are pleased to hear of our lands being settled 
up by such families as we suppose those here mentioned to be. We 
have room for many more such. Rut we cannot see in the indis- 
criminate immigration scheme — taking all that we can get, of what- 
ever character — as possessed of all the blessings that some seem to 
suppose. We believe that foreign influence is one of the greatest 
dangers that threaten our country. We would always welcome such 
settlers as are mentioned in this article, but we believe that a large 
majority of those who seek a home on our soil do us far more harm 
than good. We can get along with our present population very well. 
Let us wait for the natural increase of population, and the gradual 
immigration of men of sterling worth. 

Proceedings of the G-oodwyn Club. — Mr. Hester's way of build- 
ing a potato house is about the same as that practiced here. If con- 
venient to get, we should have used saw-dust instead of dirt for fill- 
ing the spaces. The fire daily is troublesome, and we do not regard 
it as at all necessary. We believe it best to exclude the light. 
Packing away and covering with saw-dust is a good plan. We are 
sorry that Mr. Davis has had such bad luck with his potatoes. Some 
of the Club would act a friendly part to instruct him what to do. 

Corn- Growing — Reply to Old Iron. — Here is another bomb from 
the Groodwyn camp. Those chaps are touchy fellows, and " sticky " 
too. Well, we like to see men stand up in their own defence. Our 
friend will pardon us for failing to see any additional argument that 
he has advanced in support of his system. Perhaps he will think us 
obtuse this time. He wants to know "how a coulter can cut roots 
when there are no roots." Rut Tar-Heel said they were there. If 
we blundered Tar-Heel was holding the light. We would like to eat 
a "potato pudding" with Tar-Heel, but we can't see what eating a 
pudding has to do with corn roots. Has he ever tried a plank be- 
tween rows of corn? Old Iron has wed many a hill of corn, and 
has pulled up many a vine and corn-stalk just to see how the roots 
grew, and he believes that he is "familiar" with them. Rut we have 
no desire to undertake a "dialectic tilting match," and have no room 
in a brief paragraph for extended reply ; therefore we leave the sub- 



644 THE SOUTHERN [November 

- *» 

ject for the present. As to W. 0. G.'s proposition to decide the 
dispute "after the Virginia fashion," we would say that it is entirely 
fair, but we never engage in games of chance. 

One of the Problems of the Century. — A long article but full of 
interest, and well worth careful perusal. The writer presents the 
matter in a startling light, though a true one. But how shall we 
avoid this great waste that the cities entail upon us ? In this wise, 
we think : let every city own its own farm or farms, worked for the 
benefit of the city. Then let every citizen thereof be allowed to 
pay their city taxes in ashes, night-soil, and such other manurial 
waste as might accumulate on their lots, so much a load or barrel for 
each load or barrel delivered. In this way every inhabitant would 
be pretty sure to save up everything of this class that might arise 
from day to day. These things properly used upon a well-managed 
farm, would, we believe, return a handsome profit to the city in corn, 
vegetables and fruits, to be again consumed and again returned to 
the soil. The sanitary condition of the towns would certainly be 
improved, perhaps idle labor would be set to work, and in many re- 
spects we think that the tone and nerve of the body politic would be 
improved. We hope city authorities will make a note of this item, 
aad put their heads together to see if they cannot do something to 
re&urn to the farm at least a tithe of what they have taken from it. 

The Ham Question. — Let's see; are we right? Yes, it is the ham 
question. Well, we like to be around when the ham questions are 
discussed, especially if there is a chance of getting a slice. Our 
chances for a slice, however, are not as good as ye Editor's; we shall 
be glad to hear of the result, whatever it may be, if we get no more 
than a paper ham. We want the competitors to tell us exactly how 
they cure their hams, and how they raise them. We do not think 
there is much in breeds. The secret lies in the management of the 
ham before and after it is a ham. 

Poultry Department — Inquiries Answered. — Mr. L. is doing val- 
uable service. We read his department with a great deal of interest. 
Poultry is our hobby just now. Does Mr. L. think it is a safe one? 
We honestly think that a page or two more of our good old Planter 
and Farmer should be devoted to this highly important subject. 

Bees — By W. B. Polk. — An interesting paper. We join heartily 
ia, the call to the "home folks" to write for our home journal. 
Transpose the words "agriculture" and "apiculture" in last sen- 
teaace. 

The Household. — Having made our ramble through the fields, the 
workshops, the poultry-yard, dairy and apiary, we have at least 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 645 

reached that province — best and brightest of all — where Mrs. A. M. 
dispenses her blessings and good things with wisdom, grace and lib- 
erality. Her suggestions this month are more than usually good 
and useful. The lovely damsels of Old Virginia may here find far 
better food for thought than in the love-sick, sensational trash of 
many of the papers and magazines that flood our country. 

Horticultural Department. — This department this month is filled 
entirely with the proceedings of the 13th session of the American 
Pomological Society. We have read it with a great deal of interest, 
and much regret that we could not be present to witness for ourselves 
the grand display of fruits from so many sections. While reading 
the reports, Ave are forcibly convinced that the display of Virginia 
fruits, and of the South generally, though fine, was by no means as 
large and varied as it could and should have been. Rut the initia- 
tory step has been taken ; and in a few years, if the good work is 
allowed to go on, Southern pomologists will astonish the North and 
the world, at their large and varied displays of rich and luscious 
fruits. We trust the Southern fruit-grower will ponder well the in- 
structive lessons contained in these highly interesting proceedings. 

Change of Ownership and Editorship. — We perceive that the 
Southern Planter and Farmer has changed hands from Messrs. Fer- 
gusson & Rady to Mr. John W. Rison, sole proprietor. We regret 
to part with the former owners and editors, who have treated us so 
kindly since our connection with the journal as reviewer, and who 
have conducted the paper with so much ability; but we doubt not 
that Mr. Rison will sustain the high character of the magazine, and 
that he will soon take his place among the foremost rank of Ameri- 
can editors. 



The Necessity of Improving our Poor Lands — The Cultivation of 

Tobacco. 

The cultivation of a large surface of poor land with hired labor is 
the "besetting sin " of our farmers in Eastern Virginia, and has had 
more to do with bringing about the present depressed condition of 
our people than any other cause. A vast deal of the arable lands of 
Eastern Virginia will not pay the cost of cultivation. And on a 
large portion of these the product is so small as to involve the unfor- 
tunate owner in serious loss. This is more particularly the case in 
the cultivation of corn. The cost of cultivating an acre in corn is 
estimated at from $10 to $12 ; and at that rate it requires a product 
of from two to three barrels per acre to pay the cost of cultivation. 



646 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Now it is well known that much of the land cultivated here in corn 
does not produce more than a barrel to the acre, and some not even 
that. Such a practice is ruinous, and it is folly to continue it. Now 
the great necessity that lies upon our people in this connection is at 
once to commence some good system of improvement. Our lands 
must be improved, or we will have to abandon them. The cheapest 
and most practical system that we can adopt is to grow clover. For- 
tunately for us, our lands are well adapted to the growth of clover. 
But clover will not grow on poor land without either manure or some 
good fertilizer, but these indispensable requisites are accessible to 
almost every farmer — notwithstanding the universal excuse abou* 
the want of means and capital. Almost every farmer here uses the 
fertilizers more or less, and can generally get all that he needs ! 
Nothing else is wanting except the clover seed, which cost but little 
more. Then why is it that our people here do not at once commence 
this all-important work ? The general excuse is the want of means. 
The real cause is the want of energy and enterprise. Our people 
must arouse themselves from this lethargy. They must take the 
agricultural papers, get up agricultural societies, and adopt more en- 
larged and liberal views generally. Let our large land owners, in- 
stead of employing overseers and doing nothing themselves, give their 
business their own personal attention. " The eye of the master is 
equal to two hands," is a good old truism. When Adam transgressed 
in the Garden of Eden, and fell from his state of holiness, the divine 
command was promulgated, "Thou'shalt eat bread in the sweat of 
thy brow." Ever since then this has been the great universal law of 
our being. Indolence does not prosper. It does not promote our 
happiness or well-being, because it violates the divine command. 
Nothing valuable can be accomplished without labor and attention. 
In the exercise of these we have the promise of the blessing of God, 
and honest toil and industry will be sure to meet with their reward. 
Then let our people cheerfully adapt themselves to our altered cir- 
cumstances. " Let them forget the things that are behind and press 
forward" with renewed energy and enterprise. We have the finest 
climate and the best country in the world, and though some of our 
lands are worn out and exhausted from improvident cultivation, they 
can be easily improved and made as productive as ever. Let our 
young men turn their attention to agricultural pursuits instead of 
seeking soft places, and sitting down in little country stores, wasting 
their lives in idleness, and falling into dissipated habits. 

The best system that we can adopt for the improvement of lands 
in the tobacco growing regions, is to cultivate the tobacco largely, 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 647 

and use the fertilizers freely on tobacco lands. Apply four, five, and 
even six hundred pounds per acre, so as to make the tobacco large 
and thus economize labor. Follow up the tobacco always with wheat 
and clover. In carrying out this system we should repudiate the old 
custom of keeping "standing lots " for tobacco, and bring new land 
in cultivation every year. In this way the system may be gradually 
extended, until the whole farm, or a large portion of it, is perma- 
nently improved. When this system has been gotten well under 
way we can cultivate the corn crops entirely on good corn fallow 
instead of cultivating this important crop as heretofore, on poor land 
that will not pay the cost of cultivation. The corn crop thus culti- 
vated should be succeeded by wheat and clover, or oats and clover. 
In advocating a system of this kind, I would by no means lose sight 
of the necessity of making all the manure possible ; we should make 
all that we camjand save and apply all that is made. 

It is thought^by some that the cultivation of tobacco requires too 
much labor to be profitable, and many persons have discontinued its 
cultivation in consequence. But the cultivation of tobacco can not 
be safely dispensed with here. It is our main money crop, and here 
at least, no other crop can be substituted in its place. Our attention 
must be directed to the best mode of lessening the cost of production. 
This is to be done by increasing the productiveness of the soil, by 
heavy manuring, and thus make large tobacco. It requires no more 
labor to make a large plant weighing half a pound «than it does to 
make a small one weighing one eighth of a pound. The cost per 
pound may be greatly lessened in this way. 

The first and the most important step in making tobacco is to have 
an abundant supply of plants and have them early. After having 
tried a variety of ways for the raising of plants, I have fixed upon 
the following one as the most successful that I have ever tried : After 
the bed has been thoroughly prepared and seeded, I give it a heavy 
top-dressing of fine, well-rotted stable manure. The manure should 
be applied plentifully, so as to have the bed uniformly covered by it. 
The advantages of this treatment are — first, it obviates the necessity 
of covering the bed with brush ; secondly, the manure protects the 
young plants as they come up, and by its gradual decomposition fur- 
nishes food for them, and lastly it causes the soil to retain its mois- 
ture. Some persons hoe the manure in before the seeding, but this 
should not be done, as it keeps the soil too open — the young plant 
requiring a clean, compact soil. Should the plants at anytime seem 
to be progressing too slowly, give them a top-dressing of some good 
fertilizer. " South Sider." 



648 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Liberal Farmers. 

A close, mean-fisted farmer, is one of the characters sometimes 
met with, but of which there should not be one in existence, for if 
there is any occupation in the world that should teach liberality, it is 
that of agriculture. We do not, by this, mean that a farmers' occu- 
pation is so remunerative, that he can afford to be wasteful of his 
means, or that he should indulge in the extravagances of so many 
wealthy ones of the land, but there is thatan his own vocation which 
demands a liberal spirit. 

The farmer should be liberal in the purchase of the best imple- 
ments. It is false economy to suppose that work can be as well and 
cheaply done with inferior, as with superior implements and machines. 

He should be liberal in the matter of seed purchasing. There is 
no method by which a farmer can so readily illustrate the old adage 
of " saving at the spile and wasting at the bung-hole," as in the selec- 
tion and purchase of seed. If he buys inferior seed he not only 
buys weeds that may ruin his land, but he cannot hope to have good 
crops from such a source. 

He should be liberal in feeding his stock. No greater mistake can 
be made, than that it is economy to stint horses, sheep or cattle. A 
poorly fed horse will not do near so much work as one well cared 
for. Cows that are stinted in pasture or in stable, cannot be ex- 
pected to give, any other than poor milk, and small quantities at that. 
Hogs that are but half fed, never grow fat, and their meat is tough 
and dry. 

He should be liberal with his working-men. The farmer who 
stints his laboring men at the table, or who tries to exact from 
them more than a fair day's labor, will be the loser in the end, for 
men thus treated will have their revenge in some shape or other. It 
may be set down as an unalterable fact, that a liberal spirit mani- 
fested towards the employees of the farm is always repaid in the 
greater amount of and better quality of the work done. 

He should be liberal in regard to publications devoted to the in- 
terests of agriculture. The farmer who feels that he is too poor to 
take two or three of the leading agricultural journals must be poor 
indeed. We would not like to prophecy wealth for such a one. In 
these days of scientific progress, no man who desires to keep pace 
with the improvements of the age, can aiford to do without the very 
best agricultural and horticultural newspapers. They are as essential 
to his success, as horses, implements and good seeds. 

He should be liberal in the use of manures. As well expect 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 649 

" grapes from thorns or figs from thistles," as good crops from poorly 
manured lands. A soil can be starved as well as a man, a horse or 
an ox. Without liberal manuring successful farming is impossible. 
He should be liberal to himself. Honest and patient industry are 
among the indispensable requisites of success, but there is such a 
thing as being too industrious. A farmer who toils without stint, 
who feels that every hour devoted to pleasant recreation is an hour 
lost, and who labors from early dawn to dark night, wears himself 
out prematurely, and wholly unfits himself for the true enjoyment of 
life. Be industrious, be persevering, but do not forget that the 
Psalmist has told us, " There is a time to work and a time to play." 
Re liberal in all your doings, and you will find that the liberal 
spirit waxeth rich. — Journal of the Farm. 



Various Opinions. 

Fall Treatment of Clay Lands. — A clay soil under a proper 
mode of treatment is our most productive soil. What is called an 
agricultural clay, that is, clay with twenty-five per cent, of sand in 
intimate mixture with it, is the best and most lasting soil for grain 
and especially grass. But while a light loam is comparatively safe 
from injury, a clay soil can be measurably ruined by improper treat- 
ment. And the greatest danger is to be apprehended from plowing 
when too wet. The working of clay in a moist condition will bring 
it into a state of tenacious consistency that frost cannot overcome, 
and many years of tillage will be required to reduce. In the mean 
time its value is lessened and its fertility impaired. Draining such 
soils is necessary for their proper cultivation ; inasmuch as it often 
becomes necessary to work them before they can naturally get rid of 
an excessive amount of moisture. Farmers cannot be too watchful 
of clay lands at this season of the year, lest one unseasonable plow- 
ing should cause a serious injury. Here is seen the advantage of 
draining. While one farmer is enabled to keep his men and teams 
at work and seize a favorable opportunity for forwarding his opera- 
tions, his neighbor, having an undrained farm, is compelled to lie 
idle and loses both time and money. The capital invested in drains 
returns interest in other ways than by increased crops. — Hearth and 
Some, 

Small Farms. — We have frequently advocated the dividing up 
of the extensive farms that were profitable under our former system 
of labor, but now are actually valueless to their owners ; and the 
following, among other arguments, may be urged for its adoption : 



650 THE SOUTHERN [November 



Small farms make near neighbors ; they make good roads ; they 
make plenty of good schools and churches ; there is more money 
made in proportion to the labor ; less labor is wanted ; everything is 
kept neat ; less wages have to be paid for help ; less time is wasted ; 
more is raised to the acre, because it is tilled better ; there is no 
watching of hired men; the mind is not kept in a worry, a stew, a 
fret all the time. There is not so much fear of a drought, of wet 
weather, of a frost, of small prices. There is not so much money to 
be paid out for agricultural implements. Our wives and children 
have time to read, to improve their minds. A small horse is soon 
curried — and the work on a small farm is always pushed forward in 
season. Give us small farms for comfort ; aye, and give us small 
farms for profit. — Tennessee Agriculturist. 

The Pooeest Faeming in the Countey is, I believe, as a gen- 
eral thing, to be seen just outside the limits of our interior cities ; 
just as the best farming, or at any rate the most showy and expen- 
sive, is to be observed just beyond the limits of great cities. It seems 
that when a farmer of the west lives just near enough to an interior 
city, town, or railroad station, to be able to visit them and return the 
same day, say within a five-mile limit, he is pretty apt to do so, and 
his farm suffers accordingly. Beyond the five-mile limit, daily get- 
ting into town becomes more difficult, but still may be achieved, and 
consequently better improvements and neater farms are to be seen 
between the sixth and tenth mile limit, than between the first and 
the fifth, though the maximum of neglect occurs between the third 
and fourth mile ; while the maximum of neatness and order and 
thrift may be best seen between the ninth and the fifteenth mile. I 
state these facts as curious and amusing examples of how much we 
are all of us creatures of circumstances and situations, and as a way 
of warning travelers and sight-seers that they cannot well judge of a 
country unless they go beyond the third or fourth mile limit, and 
even to the tenth or fifteenth. — Cor. Country Cent. 

Economy in Faeming. — Joseph Harris, of Rochester, says that 
a grindstone, set true, and run by horse-power, for grinding tools, 
hoes, spades, and plow coulters, will pay for itself in a month. He 
makes his men grind their hoes every morning, and take a file into 
the field to sharpen them when they become dull. His men think it 
extravagant to grind away the hoes ; but he can buy a dozen hoes 
for less than he pays one of them for a week's work. Tools cost 
nothing in comparison to labor. It does not pay to give a man a 
dollar and a half a day to load manure with a dung-fork with one or 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 651 

two teeth out. A dull, rusty hoe will cost more in a week than a 
dozen new ones. Good working horses are cheaper than poor ones. 
A man and team cost about $600 a year, and it is poor policy to 
save $100 in the original purchase and lose $200 or $300 yearly in 
the amount of work done. — Exchange. 



AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. 

Few things contribute more to the advancement of agricultural in- 
terests in a community, than a properly organized and a well con- 
ducted farmers' club. It leads culturists into experimenting and 
improving themselves, that they may effectually assist in carrying 
out the objects of the association by improving others; and the re- 
sult of these experiments and improvements of, say twenty or thirty 
persons, make, when thrown together as a whole, a weekly or monthly 
collection, as the case may be, from which it were strange if each 
member was not able to choose some things of direct benefit to him 
in his calling. 

We have strong faith in farmers' clubs, both as a stimulus to the 
acquirement of knowledge, and as a school of practice for imparting 
it: and we would like to see them find an existence in every nook 
and corner of the country, and especially in every nook and corner 
•of the South. We need them in the South; not that our farmers 
are lacking in a good general intelligence, but because they are de- 
ficient, nevertheless. Taking them on an average, our section can 
already boast the best informed set of culturists in the world; but, 
unfortunately, their information does not invariably run in the right 
direction to be of most value to them at this time. Heretofore they 
were not necessarily brought hand to handle with the plow, so they 
depended on other arms and other heads to manage the aifairs of the 
farm, while they employed their "excellent leisure" in the acquire- 
ment of knowledge seldom connected with agriculture. As the ta- 
bles have since turned this information is practically a dead letter, 
hence the necessity of a new schooling, and the tracing out of new 
channels for thought and new fields for action. In this recently in- 
augurated era the Southern farmer must be his own husbandman, 
else failure will be likely to follow his own efforts, for the late ordeal 
has left few, willing to be employed, who could be safely entrusted 
with the exclusive management of a farm. 

Now, as the long evenings of winter are fastly approaching, is a 
good time to organize farmers' clubs. — Illustrated Journal of Agri- 
culture. 



652 THE SOUTHERN [November 

The Walker Agricultural Club. 

The Walker Agricultural Club met at Dr. Sterling Neblett's, Jr., 
and organized by electing the following officers: President, Mr. 
James Walker; 1st Vice-President, Dr. S. Neblett, Jr.; 2d Vice- 
President, Col. John L. Cralle; Secretary, Wm. M. Bagley; Trea- 
surer, Capt. James Featherstone. 

Quite an interesting and spirited discussion was entered into on 
the subject of the cultivation of wheat, in which all the members 
participated. The meeting was very pleasant, and the club promises 
to be a complete success. 

On motion, it was resolved that the Secretary be instructed to 
open a correspondence with manufacturers of all the leading fertil- 
izers, and request them to state the most favorable terms on which 
they will furnish the club with their fertilizers. 

The following members of the club were appointed delegates to 
represent the club at the several approaching Agricultural Fairs: 
To the Mecklenburg Fair, Capt. J. R. Featherstone ; to the Rich- 
mond Fair, Wm. M. Bagley; to the Petersburg Fair, Col. John L. 
Cralle. 

The club then adjourned to meet on the last Thursday in October, 
at the house of Mr. R. A. Blackwell. 

James Walker, Prest. 

W. M. Bagley, Secy. 



King George Agricultural and Pemological Club. 

The farmers of King George met at the Court House October 
5th, for the purpose of organizing a county club, having for its ob_ 
ject the promotion of agriculture, and thereby give more light to its 
farming interest. 

On motion, Major Jno. D. Rogers called Dr. H. D. Ashton to the 
chair, and Mr. Frank C. Fitzhugh was appointed Secretary. 

Resolved, That this be called the "Agricultural and Pomological 
Club." 

The following gentlemen were unanimously elected officers for the 
ensuing year: 

Dr. Richard H. Stuart, President; Mr. J. F. Dickinson, Vice- 
President; Mr. Frank C. Fitzhugh, Secretary; Mr. H. Byrd Lewis, 
Treasurer. 

On motion, the club adjourned to meet at King George Court 
House on Saturday, the 11th day of November, 1871, at 11 o'clock 
A. M. Dr. H. D. Ashton, Chairman. 

F. C. Fitzhugh, Secretary. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 653 

National Agricultural Congress. 

In August last Gov. Senter, of Tennessee, forwarded to all the 
Governors of all the States and Territories of the Union a circular 
soliciting their co-operation in a movement to inaugurate a National 
Agricultural Congress. In that circular Gov. Senter said: 

"While there is no branch of our national industry so large or so 
important, there is none that has received at the hands of those en- 
gaged so little of combined action in its behalf, and believing that a 
great public good in the interest of all portions of our common coun- 
try will be accomplished by this Congress, I desire earnestly to invite 
your co-operation and your aid in having present a representative of 
your people." 

The proposed Convention was held at Nashville on the 3d instant. 
A Constitution was adopted, the preamble to which recites the ob- 
jects of the Congress as follows : 

"To extend the usefulness of the various associations and societies 
organized for the purpose of promoting the interest of agriculture 
in the United States, and in order to create unity and harmony as 
well as concert of action in reference to those measures calculated to 
increase the efficiency of this, the most important of our national 
pursuits ; and especially to secure the proper consideration of ques- 
tions pertaining to the industrial and commercial interests of this 
large and productive class of our people." 

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: F. J # 
Lemoyne, of Pennsylvania, President; Enoch Ensley, of Tennessee, 
Oliver H. Jones, of Georgia, F. C. Johnson, of Indiana, John S. 
Marmaduke, of Missouri, John M. Billups, of Mississippi, G. C. 
Eisanmeyer, of Illinois, R. M. Patton, of Alabama, Robert Brow- 
der, of Kentucky, Duncan F. Kenner, of Louisiana, and Gordon N. 
Perry, of Arkansas, Vice-Presidents; J. B. Killebrew, of Tennes- 
see, Secretary; and F. H. French, of Nashville, Treasurer. 

St. Louis was fixed as the place for holding the next annual meet- 
ing. The time of meeting is the fourth Monday of May. 

A resolution was adopted authorizing the appointment of a com- 
mittee to prepare an address to Agricultural Associations of the 
United States setting forth the purposes of the Congress, and urging 
their co-operation therewith. 

The following resolutions were offered by Mr. Haynes and adopted : 

Resolved, That this Congress approves and adopts the following 
resolutions drawn by Commodore Maury, and lately adopted by the 
Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Memphis : 



654 THE SOUTHERN [November 

That the President of this Society be and is hereby instructed in 
behalf of the farmers of Tennessee, to petition the United States 
Government, through the State Department and the Executive, in 
favor of the establishment, by international co-operation, of a gene- 
ral and systematic plan of meteorological observations and crop re- 
ports, and to request the Government, in furtherance of this object, 
to invite the other nations to meet, in the persons of their leading 
meteorologists, at an early day, in conference a la that of Brussels 
in 1863, for the purpose of connecting with the plan now proposed 
the system that was there devised for the sea. 2d. For the purpose 
of arranging details. 3d. For the purpose, also, of providing for a 
general system of telegraphic meteorology and crop reports, to the 
end that our knowledge of the laws which control the functions of 
the atmosphere may be increased, and that accurate and useful fore- 
casts may be made at frequent intervals, as to the weather and crops 
in all countries. The President of this Society is required to re- 
quest that the United States Government will co-operate in this sys- 
tem of research by causing the plan that may be agreed upon in 
conference, to be carried out in this country, and to be adopted on 
board of the national cruisers. 

Resolved, That the President of this Congress transmit a copy of 
these resolutions to the several State Governors and to each of the 
Agricultural Societies and journals in the country, inviting their co- 
operation, and requesting them to support this measure with their 
influence and with similar petitions. 

Resolved, That this Congress requests each member of this body 
representing agricultural organizations, to present these resolutions 
before their respective Societies, and urge their co-operation in car- 
rying them into effect. 

It was further resolved that the editors of the various agricultural 
and horticultural journals of the United States be made honorary 
members of the association, and be respectfully urged to co-operate 
in furtherance of its purpose. 

State Agricultural Society. 

At a regular meeting of the Executive Committee of the Virginia 
State Agricultural Society, held in the city of Richmond October 
10th, 1871, the President, Mr. Lewis E. Harvie, offered the follow- 
ing resolutions, which were adopted: 

Resolved, That the sectional Societies of the State be invited to 
send delegates to the annual meeting of this Society, to be held on 
the 31st of October, to consider and adopt the wisest and most effi- 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 655 

cient method of enlisting the practical co-operation of these Socie- 
ties, and the farmers and mechanics of the State, in the promotion 
of the true interests of agriculture and the mechanic arts through the 
instrumentality of a State organization. 

2d. That where the annual meeting of the local Societies have 
already been held, the President thereof be respectfully requested 
to appoint such delegates. 

3. Resolved, That an invitation be hereby cordially extended to 
the Presidents of all local Agricultural and Mechanical Societies to 
attend our annual meetings and take part in the consultation above 
suggested. 

4. That the Secretary cause these resolutions to be published in 
the city papers, with a request that they be copied in all the papers 
of the State. 

On motion of General Lee, it was 

Resolved, That at the next meeting of the Executive Committee 
the question of making the Presidents of the different Societies 
throughout the State ex-officio Vice-Presidents of the State Society 
be considered and the sense of the committee be taken upon the 
subject. 

Resolved, That should it be the opinion of the Executive Com- 
mittee that such action would advance the cause of agriculture and 
the interests of this Society, that they recommend to the general 
meeting of the Society such changes in the Constitution as would 
accomplish that object. 

Piedmont Agricultural Society. 

Culpepeb, County, October 5, 1871. 

Mr. Editor — It may be interesting to some of your readers to hear 
occasionally from this portion of the State. It ought to be of much 
interest to all, and there ought to be numerous correspondents of the 
Southern Planter and Farmer in all parts of Virginia. Every 
county should be represented that we may all know what is being 
done, and be brought closer together, and take more interest in each 
other, and in the general prosperity of the agriculture of the State 
Everybody knows that we do not pull together enough. There has 
been sufficient individual effort wasted, since the war, to have pro- 
duced ten times the effects that are now visible had they been con- 
certed and concentrated. Let us then hear from every section what 
they are doing ; what they wish, and what they expect to do. 

It may not appear that we have done much in this county, and it 



656 THE SOUTHERN [November 

probably seems less than it actually is, from the cause above men- 
tioned, viz : that we have scattered too much. But we have some 
farmers among us who are full of enterprise and energy, and they 
seem determed that progress shall take the place of lethargy — that 
the whole community shall be aroused and excited by their efforts for 
the general good. It is hoped and believed that much will be accom- 
plished through the agency of the Piedmont Agricultural Society. 
This is a chartered stock company, consisting of a large number of 
farmers with a liberal capital subscribed. They have recently pur- 
chased an eligible location for their fair grounds, near the town of 
Culpeper, and are now engaged in laying out a track and construct- 
ing the necessary buildings. Their arrangements were not com- 
pleted in time to prepare for a fair this fall, but will be ready in 
ample time for next year, when we anticipate a rousing gathering of 
the people of this and adjoining counties. In the meantime we ex- 
pect to have frequent meetings of the Society for the discussion of 
all matters that pertain specially to our farming interests. These 
meetings, Mr. Editor, will need a mouthpiece, and, if agreeable to 
you, we will contrive to have them reported for the Southern Planter 
and Farmer, which will then become still more interesting to your 
increasing list of readers in the Piedmont section. 

Hereafter I hope to tell you some interesting facts in regard to the 
farming interests of this section which is certainly equal to any in 
the State, and to which, probably, less attention is given than to any 
other portion. Samoht. 



Goodwyn Agricultural Club. 

DISCUSSION OF THE LABOR QUESTION. 

The Club met at the residence of Mr. E. H. Hicks, August 26, 
1871, the president in the chair. 

The proceedings of last meeting were read and adopted. 

Upon the subject for discussion (Labor), Mr. N. A. Gregory first 
presented his views : I suppose, he said, the question will naturally 
resolve itself into this : " Which is best, the broad-acre, thin or no- 
manuring, old fogy, share system, or the progressive, high-farming, 
wages system?" Of course I sustain the latter, for really I can see 
but one beauty or advantage in the first system, and that is where 
gentlemen secure for themselves good, clever, accommodating " part- 
ners." They can occasionally have for a day or two the use of their 
miiscle on individual account. Now that is all I can see to confess. 
This thing of stimulating, with an interest in the crop, is all stuff, 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 657 



except so far as the desire to rid themselves of the presence of the 
white man, and the need of "hog and hominy" will carry it. A 
neighbor of mine has it in a nut-shell, I think, when he says, noth- 
ing but " hickory and honger will make a nigger work." But my 
greatest, first, and foremost objection is, that it strikes at the very 
root of all successful, progressive farming, and that may be encased 
in the word "improvement." And what knowledge of this word, 
what desire of knowledge, I ask, can you put into the head of an 
individual whose first aim, whose one absorbing idea is by one year's 
successful cropping to change his condition and get from under the 
white man ? He is taught this by his astute leaders, who so well 
know and dread the information imparted by his employer, and thus 
it is that the mere system of cropping is engendered. I ask these 
gentlemen to show me their grass lots, their clover fields, their barns 
with new shingles, their compost heaps, and their fences "horse-high, 
bully strong, and pig tight." The fallacy of these ideas upon broad- 
acre, thin-manuring, and share systems is so plain, I am almost 
tempted to stop here and ask gentlemen to come down from their 
classics and state their positions plainly, feeling it will be the best 
refutation, and worth more than all I could hope to say against them. 
To advocate this share system as a means of securing labor upon 
your individual farm is a consideration, and may be borne with ; to 
advocate it as an expediency, it must take a farmer of the " new de- 
parture " stripe to do it ; but to advocate it as a settled, fixed policy, 
under which we are to live, stamps it with the arrantest old fogyism. 
It is acknowledged that we find ourselves more directly in competi- 
tion with the cotton planter of the South, and more and more of our 
labor each year is gone. I ask, what has had sway ? what has been 
the general rule since the war ? Nothing new ; no, nothing at all 
but these same old ideas, and it is only of late that these gentlemen 
have been filled with fears that they are slipping away, and now I 
charge upon them, and to these old ideas, that they are, in a great 
measure, responsible for our agricultural status, and for the depopu- 
lation of our State, as they say, of the "very best labor in the 
world." Of course, if I scatter my manure thin, I can't compete 
with the cotton planter, but equally of course, if I cultivate improved, 
well manured land, I can compete successfully with him or any other 
planter. It is urged as being the safest and most profitable for the 
land owner. I hold that hard bargains never return any lasting 
good. It is as much a duty of interest with us to look to the condi- 
tion of our laborers as it is the farm itself, and that is the way to 
give them interest and attachment, and keep them out of the hands 
vol. v — 42 



658 THE SOUTHERN [November 



of the cotton planters. Ours is a hill country, and what soil we have 
must be preserved. It requires good plowing, good cultivation, and 
good manuring. * * My idea of the policy to be pursued is this : 
to hire for standing wages, and hire only enough to cultivate that 
land which can be made rich. I want tenant or share laborers only 
that I may occasionally hire them. Cultivating rich land will enable 
you to pay fair prices, and the condition of your laborers will in 
every respect be improved, and they will learn to bless and thank 
you for the good you have done them, and you, too, will stand a 
better showing to compete with the other classes, if you will only but 
learn to combine with your neighbors and put down high taxes and 
railroad freights. We need more of the leaven of concentration. 
We must have more working together. If I wished our country to 
prosper and improve, I would see the farm laborer, the share hand, 
the tenant, and the land owner as one family in ideas of interest, 
united in all things. Yes, united — with hands together, even through 
and across the dirty pool of politics. I wish those high in agricul- 
tural authority would preach this from the hill-tops. We have got 
fairs and the like, but they don't answer the purpose. We must have 
"rings," with a general head in each State, and through that we 
might make suggestions to the head of the "Department" said to be 
set apart for our especial benefit ; and then we might go to Washing- 
ton and demand to know in whose interest it was run. 

The President called upon several gentlemen for statistics to sup- 
port the share labor system. 

Mr. E. H. Hicks thought the President mistaken in regard to some 
he had furnished some time ago, for he had long since quit share hands 
in disgust. He could see nothing good to come of it. Does not igno- 
rance beget ignorance, and vice beget vice ? It looked very much 
like virtue and intelligence surrendering to barbarism. It is an ex- 
travagant system and fraught with the very worst consequences. It 
is begging the question to say when " we make we make, and when 
we lose we lose but little." Has the system really any merit ? There 
may be a few isolated cases of success. Let any gentleman start 
with this system, and no matter how rich and fertile his place may 
be, he can make it barren in six or eight years. What can we make 
of a partnership with an individual whose highest aim is a suit of 
" Sunday clothes .?" Concentration is the idea — a few acres culti- 
vated with profit. Concentrate your manure and your efforts. What 
would be the use of any of us sitting down and reading fifty or a 
hundred pages, and then when we get through be able to tell nothing 
about it, not profited at all ? And so with running all over the farm 
and then be able to show nothing for your labor. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 659 

Mr. Davis said he agreed heartily with the President in his views 
upon manuring. He thought our soil would not admit of as heavy 
applications of manure as the "Yankees" made. Our suns were 
too hot and the manure would parch up and ruin any crop. He had 
tried working with the negro under almost every system, and he had 
finally concluded that there was less to be lost with him working on 
shares than in any other way. He asked Mr. Gregory, under his 
idea, what was to become of all the labor ? It would be calculated 
to run it all out of the country. He was surprised to hear him say 
that he had any settled around him, much less to have them working 
on shares. He thought he had only a few under his immediate 
control. 

Mr. Gregory said he claimed to be a special benefactor of the negro 
in this, that he sought honestly to better his condition. His plan 
was to pay good prices, and in this way induce them to leave off 
farming to themselves. He had them settled on the outskirts, and 
carried on at home a system of improvement, and as that increased 
he would be able to call more of them in. He did not look upon any 
of these plans as money making, but bore with them simply as a 
means of procuring labor. 

Mr. Horner thought the question might be more appropriately 
discussed in another light, viz : What kind of labor shall we employ, 
negro or white man ? He could not see how Mr. Gregory could 
speak of them as the best laborers, when so many plans had been 
acted upon, none succeeded, and we were all confessing to a down- 
hill tendency. Farmers in the Northwest were growing rich, and if 
we had the same labor why can't we travel the same road ? He be- 
lieved the negro here received more in proportion for what he did 
than any labor in the world. Numbers of them supported large 
families (the labor of a single man), had time and money to educate 
their children, and yet, the farmer who employed them, in many 
cases, was not able to educate Ms children ! What good will a man's 
money or position do him if, with the negro, it requires all the care 
and attention that Mr. Gregory says it does. I had as lief work 
myself as to be a constant supervisor. We must get labor that will 
work without all this persuasion and attention. I think Mr. Hicks 
clearly right upon the manure question. We must put it on thick, 
economize labor, make grass lands, raise stock, &c. 

Mr. Cooper said this question will soon solve itself. But there 
is one thing — the labor is here, and it behooves young men of en- 
ergy to lay hold and work it to every advantage. For us negro 
labor is far preferable to the foreigner. I think it can be employed 



660 THE SOUTHERN [November 



profitably, both on shares and wages — a few to work the best land 
for wages, and then share hands on the balance. We can't afford to 
come down. We can't make a decent support — can't live, and move 
as we have been accustomed. Mr. Hicks, I am afraid, was badly 
whipped on the first hand. He failed to look to the number of dead 
heads he was supporting upon his farm. I have frequently remarked 
to the commissioners of the poor, in complaining of supporting the 
paupers of the county, that Mr. Hicks was then supporting double 
that number. 

Mr. Gregory said he could tell Capt. Horner that his beau-ideal 
of a laborer was not in existence. A farm — and especially with our 
labor — demands constant personal attention. A farmer may keep 
his skin clean, but it must be a little tanned. 

Mr. Chas. A. Gregory had employed native white labor since the 
war. He had found them quite tractable, better managers of stock 
and horses than negroes were, and he had frequently had them to do 
him a better day's work than he had ever got from his negroes when 
they were slaves, and without very much overseeing. 

Both sides agreed that wages and share hands both might be em- 
ployed ; but Messrs. Taylor, Davis and Cooper advocated the share 
system as a money system, whilst Messrs. Hicks and Gregory thought 
it ought to be tolerated only as a means of procuring labor. 

Capt. B. A. Capehart was present, and urged the members of the 
Club to take interest and an active part in the Central Agricultural 
Fair to be held at Henderson. 

Upon motion of M. H. Hester, the Club adjourned to meet at his 
house the last Saturday in September. 

Nath'l A. Gkegory, Secretary. 



STOCK DEPARTMENT. 



More Roadsters Wanted. 



A writer in the Petersburg Index commends the " Virginia Hurdle 
Club" recently formed in Richmond for the purpose of improving 
the horsemanship of our men, and cultivating a taste for a high stand- 
ard of riding horse, causing such animals to be more numerous and 
cheaper. Good riding horses are scarce. A buggy, with a tolerable 
trotter to draw it, or even a pacing pony to ride, may be scraped up 
for an afternoon excursion, but a good roadster, a hunter, an animal 
that under the saddle can prove the combination of endurance, ac- 
tivity, and speed, though formerly common in Virginia, is now rarely 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMLR. 661 



found in her borders. It is mainly by athletic exercise as well as 
climate that the Englishman has been made the hardy being that he 
is, and it is from the demand for such an animal, and the consequent 
systematic breeding that the English hunter is the superb animal that 
he is. Why should owners of grass farms in the South waste time 
and money in trying to produce trotters of. fabulous speed, when if, 
perchance, they should succeed, there is no use for the animals, be- 
cause there are no suitable roads on which to displa}^ them ; and there 
never can be good roads where there is no abundant hard natural 
material for making them. The stout roadster, on the contrar} 7 , is 
needed everywhere, and most so in Virginia; and for pleasure pur- 
poses, as we have said above, he should combine with stoutness, the 
other characteristics of activity and fleetness. 



Treatment of Horses. 

The Arab loves his horse only less than his wife and children, and 
the horse loves him quite as well, if not better than either. There 
is little that the animal needs to know that he does not readily and 
completely comprehend. What horses most need to make them both 
serviceable and safe are companionship and confidence. A good 
horseman talks to his horse, pets, if he sometimes punishes him, and 
when he does a meritorious deed conveys to him the fact that he 
recognizes and appreciates the service. Besides this, and better, be 
assures the horse that he has faith in him. He handles his feet, puts 
himself in positions where he might hurt him if he would, and, when 
any accident occurs, he tries to throw some responsibility on the ani- 
mal, which the horse generally perceiving, accepts and governs him- 
self accordingly. — Hearth and Home. 



Cabbages as Feed fop Milcb Cows. 

I have had a little experience in this line, and am highly pleased 
with the result ; they come into feeding for milch cows after corn 
fodder has been killed by frost, and at a season of scarcity of other 
green food; their value as a milk producing feed, I think, stands 
fully equal to any other green food I have ever fed ; and the product 
that can be grown upon an acre is very large. Probably the most 
difficult part is the storage for winter use. To get the most benefit 
with the least labor in storing and feeding, is the object (or should 
be) of those who raise any crop for green food for stock ; hence it 
will be necessary to have some conveniences for storing and feeding 



662 PLANTER AND FARMER. [November, 

the crop after it is grown. For myself, I think the feeding should 
begin as soon as green corn fodder is injured by the frost ; that is 
usually the last of September or first of October ; the milch cows 
are then carried on with a good flow of milk, which is much better 
than to let them fall away, and then try to bring them back by high 
feeding. I find that in changing feed we should begin moderately, and 
increase, as the animals get used to the feed, to the full amount desired 
to be fed ; then keep on steadily with that until another change is 
desirable, or of necessity must be made. Variety is of great benefit 
for all farm stock, and changes are often of great benefit to neat 
stock, more so than at first appears. The feeding of cabbages in 
connection with hay and meal, will be found very beneficial ; at least 
such has been my experience for the past two years with them. — 
Cor. Country Gent. 



Wintering Calves. 

It is a common belief among herdsmen that it is as much of a task 
to carry a calf through the first winter as it is the second. It has 
been a fancy of ours to handle calves for threescore years. About 
the first hard work we tried to do was to yoke up the calves and teach 
them to go at the word of command. In our boyhood it was the 
practice to feed them nubbins of corn or a few oats besides their hay, 
and when we began on our own hook we fed carrots, apples, turnips, 
and potatoes. Forty years' experience have convinced us that there 
is little trouble in getting through the first winter, if the calf is in 
fair condition to begin with. We prefer one or all the articles above 
named to grain. 

Calves should have a place by themselves, where they can enjoy 
their food undisturbed by older animals. A good shed is indispens- 
able ; good early cut hay, and free access to good water, are equally 
important. Straw or leaves for bedding should not be overlooked. 
Nov/ if you will visit them once or twice a day, always with regu- 
larity, with a quart apiece, if twice a day, of finely chopped carrots, 
you will be pretty sure to find them glad to see you, and ready for 
their rations. We give the carrot preference because experience has 
shown us that for a calf it has no equal. Regularity is more im- 
portant with a calf than older animals, though it pays on all. With 
these provisions, we have scarcely failed in keeping our number as 
good in spring as in the fall. We have used a stable, but prefer a 
good yard and shed with a place where they cannot get on the food 
with their feet. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 663 

Nothing is more detrimental to a calf than to be exposed to the 
malicious horns of older and larger homed animals, who seem to take 
pleasure in hearing them bellow when pressed to the wall of the barn 
by their malice. It may not be amiss to say here that he is a wise 
herdsman who. in wintering his herds and flocks, is careful to pro- 
vide for the weaker animals, by giving them a chance among their 
equals, or in a place where they can eat in peace and be at rest. — ■ 
Fredonia Censor. 



Fattening Sheep in Winter. 

We believe the winter fattening of sheep, to be sold for the butcher 
the latter part of March or first of April, might be made a profitable 
thing for the farmer, even with the somewhat limited demand for 
mutton so general in our country. A few of our farmers have tried 
it in a small way, and are satisfied the hay, roots and grain fed, 
brings them a better return than it would if converted to money by 
any other means. 

Whoever wishes to try it, should begin on a small scale, and learn 
the business from experience. Begin with a lot of fifteen, or at 
most twenty, and see how you succeed. Some essentials are to be 
observed at the outset, among them these: Have a good feeding 
shed, well ventilated and lighted, and provided with some sort of a 
feeding rack, constructed in such a way as to save fodder, which is 
indispensable. Furnish a supply of pure water, and keep salt, 
ashes, &c, where the sheep can have access to it. Keep the yard 
or pen well littered, that the sheep may have a dry chance to lie 
down. Absolute quiet is indispensable to fattening sheep. Mr. 
Jurian Winnie, an experienced sheep feeder of New York, found 
that sheep in a secluded shed, visited only to be furnished with feed, 
litter, &c, fatted much faster than those in sheds situated where 
there was considerable passing and re-passing. Feed clover hay 
twice a day, and barley, oat or pea straw once a day, at noon. For 
provender give corn, or corn and oats, with peas and oil cake, if not 
too expensive. Whole grain fed to fattening sheep has been found 
to give better results than ground grain. Give roots of some kind 
twice a week. The manure (and litter) of fattening sheep forms a 
most valuable fertilizer for light run out land. — Maine Farmer. 



Quality in Pork. 

We all know what a difference there is in pork. Breed has some- 
thing to do in this matter, but not so much as many suppose. It is 



664 THE SOUTHERN [November 

the hind of feed that makes kind in pork. Use milk or whey 
largely, and your pork is sure to be soft, flabby, and will fry away 
at least half. What is left is not relish able. Hence our dairy pork 
is our poorest pork, varying according to the amount of grain that 
is fed. So still-fed pork is in bad repute. Miscellaneous feed 
makes ordinary pork, often quite ordinary. Slop will not do; there 
seems to be too much water. 

The grains are what is wanted to make good, sweet pork, pork 
that is solid and will fry well. Rank pork is unendurable, and yet 
there is much of it, and some people like it, like the pork from large 
strong hogs. 

A dirty, offensive sty is an element no doubt in producing strong 
or even fetid pork. 

Have clean quarters, a clean animal, good ventilation, and feed 
grain. For drink give cold, net in any way foul, water. Corn for 
feed is the best, and old corn at that. Do not house too close, nor 
feed too sharp ; look to the convenience of the hog ; and fat him so 
that he is in good condition, not overfat, with possible diseased parts 
about him in consequence, the pork being affected by it. 

Old corn submitted to heat will yield most pork, but it is doubtful 
whether the quality is as good as when fed raw. So probably with 
all the grains. 

We have had chances to note clear distinctions in the quality of 
pork. Where the dairy is excluded and the grains are fed, there is 
good solid pork; and, unless the hog is old and large, we find it to 
be sweet. We find it difficult to get good pork among the dairymen, 
that is, pork that will not fry away too much, and is of a No. 1 
keeping quality. This among all breeds, for all are kept here. We 
are fatting a pig for our own use, of mixed breed of Chester White 
and Berkshire, and we feed him old corn, ground, and give him wa- 
ter for drink. We expect the first quality of pork, and we shall not 
be disappointed. W T e have practiced this for years, and seen it prac- 
ticed, and with unvarying success. The pork is always solid ; cooks 
well in all forms ; is sweet and toothsome, and more w T holesome than 
the rank bacon. We have no difficulty in keeping our pork. — Cor. 
Country Gent. 

MANURES. 



Properties of Plaster. 

Gypsum attracts. It is not only a manure in itself, but it attracts 
the manure from the atmosphere that comes in contact with it also ; 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 6Q5 

it catches and holds the fertility of the ground that in some soils es- 
cape. Lime will do this — so will clay. Clay, dried and powdered, 
is an excellent thing to put on a barn-yard, or cover a compost heap 
with, or work through the heap ; hence we use gypsum and lime in 
our stables and privies. Gypsum is best; it has the most attraction, 
besides other properties. A little should be kept by every farmer for 
use, even at a high cost, as the benefit is sometimes more important 
than the high price. But we waste our manure. We not only per- 
mit its strength to escape, but we are glad to get it out of the way. 
The same recklessness extends to the land. It is well our soil has a 
good proportion of clay to hold its strength. We must conserve. 
The time is not far distant when we shall be compelled to do it. 
Already there are symptoms of lack in our soil; we do not raise as 
heavy crops as we used to — here and there a field, here and there a 
farm is less productive. It is not so much that we need plaster here 
in the West to hold the strength of the soil as to use it to abstract 
it from the atmosphere, and to save the ammonia of our barn-yards 
and stables. For this let us always keep a little on hand. Let us 
save and improve our manure, and thus save our farms. — Coleman s 
Rural. 

Leaves for Manure. — Forest leaves are another great auxiliary 
to the manure heap, and consequently "making the most money 
from the farm." Every acre of forest leaves, when the rotten mould 
is three or four inches deep, is sufficient to manure an acre in the 
field, equal, in my opinion, once every five years, to twenty loads of 
barn-yard manure. It contains two out of the four bases required 
for plant food, viz: potash and nitre; also a large amount of vege- 
table matter. I have heard of a man who lost all his farm but 
twenty acres, inherited from his father, by dissipation, and who, on 
concluding to reform, having no manure nor stock, collected, from a 
few acres of pine growth, the leaves and mould which he spread and 
ploughed into his worn out acres. By this means alone he brought 
the land up to a high state of fertility, so that it produced more than 
the whole farm formerly did. — Chautauqua Farmer. 

Lime on Green Sward. — A writer in the Journal of the Royal 
Agricultural Society, describing the permanence of the action of 
lime, says that he knows a piece of ground containing 166 acres 
which formerly grew nothing but heath. A good dressing of lime 
was applied on the surface of the sward which has nearly doubled 
its value. This was done several years ago and totally eradicated 
the heath. The lime to this day appears in full action, as its effects 



606 THE SOUTHERN [November 

usually testify, from the richness and sweetness of the herbage, the 
texture of which has been entirely changed by the application of 
lime. — Maryland Farmer. 

Mulch as a Manure. — An experienced farmer once found, by 
experiment, that where he mulched his wheat land with veitch, he 
had an increase of crop of twelve bushels per acre; and he invaria- 
bly found that land which had been sheltered during the previous 
winter from the action of the atmosphere, frost, cold, etc., was al- 
ways more fertile than any portion of his adjoining land, even under 
a high state of cultivation. Our use of mulch upon small fruits, also 
confirms the above theory, for a good mulch invariably increases the 
production from fifteen to twenty-five per cent., as well as contributing 
very materially to the size, color and cleanliness of the fruit. We 
believe that mulching will always pay. — Horticulturist. 

Value of Marl. — At a recent meeting of the Chuckatuck (Va.) 
Agricultural Club the subject discussed was : " Calcareous Manures: 
the value of marl as a fertilizing agent; when it should be applied; 
condition of land requiring it ; action on the soil producing fertility ; 
remedy when over-marled." Captain C. said that the practice of 
Edmund Ruflin in bringing up his land to the highest state of fer- 
tility, was by the use of marl and clover ; when clover would not 
grow, he would use marl to make it rich enough to grow clover, and 
when Mr. R. had gotten all his land up to the highest state, he moved 
to another farm of old piney fields of the poorest class, for the spe- 
cial purpose (Captain C. thinks) of experimenting with his pet marl; 
cut down the pines, plowed with bull-tongue, and harrowed often, 
and by the use of marl (200 bushels per acre) brought the land up 
from 6 to 30 bushels of corn, this being always his first crop after 
clearing. In clearing woods, he would simply cut down the under- 
growth, haul the marl on before belting large trees, two years after 
put in corn, and have fine crops. Captain C.'s own old field during 
the war had grown up in pines ; he cut down the pines, let them lie 
two years, and then burnt up brush and hauled on marl, 200 bushels 
per acre, and it gave now the best corn he had ever raised on the 
land; he thought the marl had acted better than a heavy dressing of 
stable manure. Had found part of his lower field fired by over-marl- 
ing, done by former owner 25 years before ; would recommend clover 
and grasses as a remedy, and also long and coarse manure, which he 
had known to succeed with a neighbor. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 667 




f orf {cultural §eprfnunf. 



Catalogues of Fruit. 



The first inquiry made by one about to plant an orchard is for a 
list of fruits adapted to his section ; and as long as he continues to 
plant he will continue to need a revised list. How can correct and 
reliable catalogues be obtained ? Two methods naturally suggest 
themselves : 1st. Special lists may be made by district and State 
Pomological Societies. 2d. A general catalogue can best be furnished 
by the National Society. It is to the combination of these two sources 
of correct information that we now call attention, in connection with 
the resolution offered by Col. Flagg, of Illinois, at the late session 
of that Society in this city. Heretofore any member has had the 
right to "star" as successful or very successful any fruit which by 
accident, or otherwise, had obtained a place on the catalogue, and in 
years gone by there was a fatal facility for getting names upon the 
list. 

At this session there was a commendable disposition manifested to 
stop this indiscriminate recommendation of fruit, and the resolutions 
of Col. Flagg, which were adopted, are certainly a step in the right 
direction. Now let our State societies see to it, before each meeting 
of the National Society, that correct lists of fruit adapted to their 
latitude and soil be furnished to the chairman of the General Com- 
mittee on Fruits of that Society ; and while even this may not cor- 
rect all the abuses of which there is so just a complaint, it will greatly 
alleviate them, and soon make the catalogue of the American Society, 
what it is not now, good authority as to value of varieties. 



Discussions of the American Pomological Society, 

One great advantage which will result from the new rule as to re- 
commending varieties adopted by the American Pomological Society, 
will be that a much greater proportion of the time given to discus- 



668 THE SOUTHERN [November 

sions can be devoted to conference and comparison of views concern- 
ing the diseases, insects, and other obstacles to successful fruit culture. 

Heretofore at least two-thirds if not three-fourths of the time of the 
Society has been taken up with what our confrere of the Western 
Mural calls a militia muster-roll of fruits to be "starred " by any 
and everybody. Now that the endorsement of a State society, or 
of at least three well known pomologists, is required to secure favor- 
able mention of any variety; the usual call of the "roll " may be 
dispensed with, and the whole matter of revision of the catalogue 
referred to a committee consisting of members from each State. 
Such action will afford time for the proper discussion of subjects of 
paramount interest, such as pear blight, mildew, rot, orchard culture, 
curculio, " et id omne genus" It is at least as desirable to know 
how and why certain varieties succeed in certain localities, and why 
they fail in others, as it is to be told (frequently by irresponsible 
parties) that they are or are not profitable. 

While we do not think that the late session of the American Po- 
mological Society was more of a failure than its predecessors as to 
the amount of information gained and distributed, still we think the 
Society has always failed to give a sufficient portion of its time to 
diseases, insects, climatic influences, and kindred subjects. Let us 
hope for an improvement at the next session in Boston. 



The Next State Fair. 



We are happy to learn that the prospects for an exceedingly fine 
exhibition are unusually good. The entries already made in the 
stock and implement departments are beyond those of any previous 
year, and we anticipate a good turn out of our people from all parts 
of the State. We also have ground to hope for a good exhibition in 
the horticultural and pomological departments, although candor com- 
pels us to say that the premium list is not as full and attractive as 
the importance of the subject demands, nor are the special articles, 
for which competition is invited, arranged with much care. This 
may have been excusable in years gone by, but now that the fruit, 
vegetable, wine, and flower interests have assumed such prominence 
in our State, the neglect calls for a word of criticism. In future Ave 
hope to see more prominence given to these interests by our great 
State Association, and in the mean time urge our fruit growers, gar- 
deners, and florists to show that they are entitled to such considera- 
tion by making a large and attractive exhibition of fruits, flowers, 
and vegetables. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 669 

Fall Apples — Roots—Virginia. 

Washington, October 16, 1871. 
Mr. Editor — In this short article I propose to make some brief 
suggestions on matters from top to bottom — on branch and root. It 
is now about the season — last of October and November — for secur- 
ing winter apples for next spring's use ; and roots to feed stock during 
the winter ; and no part of a farmer's many operations can be more 
profitable than raising plenty of Roots — as carrots, beets, and tur- 
nips, as a good practice for restoring or preserving fertility of land; 
while feeding them to all kinds of stock, including horses and sheep 
is highly beneficial, as I have proved by many years' use. Few per- 
sons who have not tried it know the value of feeding a few carrots 
daily, through the cold weather, to horses ; it keeps their digestion 
good, makes their coat smooth and bright, and keeps them more 
lively. During the warm part of the year they get more or less 
green, moist feed, which tends to healthiness ; then, on the approach 
of cold weather, they are put on exclusively dry feed, which is inju- 
rious, when they need a continuance of some succulent feed, to keep 
up a good condition; and for horses nothing is so good as carrots — 
say about a peck a day — and horses like them very much ; they also 
soon learn to like beets. Cows give more and better milk when 
they have carrots or beets daily. In the West we used to raise from 
three to five hundred bushels to the acre very easily, at a cost of 
from six to ten cents the bushel. Turnips are good for all except 
milch cows — but are apt to give an unpleasant flavor to milk and 
butter. We always found carrots and other roots of great value for 
sheep. We saved our roots either in pits, or frost-proof cellars under 
the barn ; always washed clean and cut up pretty fine ; and we found 
them the cheapest feed we could raise when properly managed. 

It is hardly necessary here to go into details on the best mode of 
planting, gathering, and saving roots, as every farmer will consult 
his means, convenience, and circumstances in the case. All I desire 
is to enforce upon the mind the usefulness and value of raising and 
feeding roots liberally during the cold months to all the stock. 

There is no product of the farm that can be made so profitable, 
generally, as winter apples — aye, more properly, spring apples — for 
it is an easy matter to keep them through the winter sound and juicy 
for spring and early summer, when they will command a high price, 
much more than adequate to pay for the trouble of securing them. 
All that is necessary is to gather and sort them without bruises, 
specks, or defects ; lay them away in dry, cool places, but not cold 



670 THE SOUTHERN [November 

enough to freeze ; it is better to put them in barrels or small boxes 
than to throw them in large heaps, as there is less pressure and 
better ventillation. With proper care, and very littb more danger 
and expense, many sorts of choice apples can be as safely kept until 
May and June as till February, and they will sell for nearly double 
the price when kept a little longer. 

They should be carefully gathered — excluding all anyway defec- 
tive for early sale or use — and placed in barrels or boxes, without any 
bruises or being wet — and by no means be allowed to fall on the 
ground. They should be picked as late as possible before frost. 

A very cheap and convenient basket for picking apples can be 
made of corn-husks, by wreathing them into a rope as big as a small 
ear of corn, and then winding them into a small basket, about the 
size of your hat; then driving in little sticks, like pipe-stems, an 
inch apart around the rim ; after which make the little basket fast on 
one side to a slim handle, long enough to reach the high fruit ; then 
gently crowd the edge or rim under the apple, so that the stem will 
come between the small sticks, which readily takes off the apple 
without bruising. 

This is one good and safe way to gather fine apples for long keep- 
ing ; and there are many others, among all of which different grow- 
ers will choose to suit their own tastes and convenience ; but, in my 
opinion, none is better than these corn-husk baskets, which can be 
made at home, by most any one, and good fresh material is at hand 
just at the right time— and never bruise the fruit. 

But my particular object, in this article, is to stimulate more 
attention and care to long keeping apples for spring and summer 
markets ; as the enhanced price for such fruit is much more in pro- 
portion than the increased cost of saving and supplying them. Be- 
sides the pleasure of having well preserved, juicy apples at that time 
of the year, health is promoted thereby, in the free use of them, in- 
stead of so much "green stuff" as is often substituted therefor. 

And here the general principle or fact may be enforced that, other 
things being equal, every community and locality is more healthy, 
happy, and prosperous where plenty of fruit is raised, and eaten in 
abundance throughout the year, while, where this is done, farmers 
are generally more thrifty, and particularly in a region so eminently 
favorable for fruit growing as Virginia is, both as regards soil and 
climate, there should be no lack, particularly of apples, grapes, and 
pears ; and this State should not be outstripped in this respect by 
Ohio and Pennsylvania, when the subject is well understood. 

Pomona. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 671 



THE ORCHARD. 



Hale's Early Peach, 

Mr. Editor, — As I promised I send you a few notes in favor of 
Hale's Early Peach, so much abused, and noticed in your September 
number. 

I have 600 Hale's Early, and last year was the first time that they 
produced. The crop was a failure, and it put me to study out what 
was the cause. I noticed that the tree was remarkably vigorous, and 
at the same time hardy. It passed through a frost that destroyed 
all the blooms of every other peach whilst Hale's Early stood un- 
touched and in perfect flower, letting its fruit to perfection at least 
two weeks earlier than any peach I know of. I am satisfied that its 
vigorous growth was the cause of the fruit rotting about the time it 
should have matured, it having made a growth of from 4 to 6 feet 
that season. My conclusions were, that upon the same principle 
that the vine with too much vigor of growth sloughed its fruit, so 
must Hale's Early, or the same thing, I, therefore, this season, let 
the grass and weeds take possession of the orchard to check the 
rapid growth of my trees, and the result was a success, as I think I 
am the only one who realized a profit from Hale's Early in our 
county. My trees paid me well — the crops selling for §600, which 
I consider a good yield for so young an orchard; and if I had not 
made a mistake in handling them, they would have realized more. 
I am now fallowing my orchard for oats to be seeded this month, 
and over them I shall seed grass, and by allowing my orchard to re- 
main in grass, expect to make Hale's Early a success. 

F. W. Lemosy. 

We are glad to learn that Mr. Lemosy has found a way to secure 
a crGp of Hale's Early, and hope he may continue to succeed both 
with his peaches and his magnificent vineyard at Laurel Hill. 

We see from an article in a late number of the Norfolk Virginian 
that the Hartford, Ives, Delaware, Martha, Concord, Catawba, Scup- 
pernong and Mish all succeed well with him as market grapes, while 
he looks to the Norton as his main dependence for wine. — Ed. 



Storing Winter Apples. 

A correspondent of Laivs of Life, who claims to have had ex- 
tended experience, is " decidedly of the opinion" that apples keep 
far better when put into close boxes or barrels, and secluded as much 
as possible from the air. When thus stored, he says they will come 



672 THE SOUTHERN [November 

out in the spring full and plump as when taken from the tree. Many 
varieties, as the Talman Sweet, Spitzenburg, and those kinds that 
are not considered as long keepers and shrivel badly, will do 
well treated in this way. I have, he continues, found universally, 
that they keep better to let them lie without picking over. It is 
much better to pile them into a large bin across the cellar, say six 
or seven feet high and four or five feet wide, and cover them up 
tightly, than to lay them on shelves. I once saw such a bin that a 
man had kept through the winter. About the first of April he 
thought he would open the windows on the side of the cellar next 
the bin to let in the air that they might keep better. I was at his 
place and he called my attention to the fact. Two windows just over 
the bin were opened about ten days or two weeks, and the apples 
exactly opposite the windows about one-third rotted for as much as 
a foot in depth, and the remaining part on either side were not rot- 
ted at all. Another instance: A neighbor of mine had about 500 
bushels in a pile in a cellar. As they became a little specked he 
commenced picking over; when about half done, got tired and con- 
cluded to let them go. When marketed about six weeks after, found 
that about one-third of those picked over were not fit for market, 
while all but about one-twentieths of the others were good. This I 
have seen in numerous instances. If you wish to try the experi- 
ment, make a box as tight as a carpenter can make it, and when 
picking from the orchard fill it and nail it fast. Let it lie in the 
orchard till it is in danger of freezing ; then put it in the cellar. 
Put the same quantity on shelves for trial. I am pretty sure one 
experiment will convince. — Nomologist. 



Keeping Apples in Saw-Dust. — Saw-dust is said to be an ex- 
cellent material for packing apples in for preservation, and we are 
inclined to believe it true. Last fall we packed a few Ben Davis 
and Wagner apples in dry saw-dust — made as dry as it could be by 
thorough exposure to the sun and air. Just saw-dust enough was 
used to fill up the interstices between the fruit. The box was placed 
in a dry, well ventilated cellar, and elevated about three feet from 
the ground. At present (Feb. 25) the apples show a remarkable de- 
gree of preservation and improvement. They have colored up more 
highly than any specimens of the same varieties that we have ever 
seen. They are as firm, fair, sound and plump as at the time of 
packing, while the Wagner, stored in the usual way, is past its sea- 
son, in fact gone. — Western Nomologist. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 673 

How to Provide an Orchard. — We recommend all those who 
have not the comfort and profit of a good orchard of choice fruit to 
go to work at once to provide themselves, even though it be on a 
very small scale. 

Prepare the ground you intend to devote to this purpose by deep 
and close plowing and subsoiling. Make it rich by a liberal appli 
cation of dissolved bones, and then plant out a selection of the best 
varieties of peaches, apples, pears, plums and cherries, with a few 
quinces. Buy Southern-raised trees from a nurseryman of charac- 
ter and reputation. Avoid tree peddlars. — So. Farm and Home. 



THE VINEYARD. 

A New Device in Grape Culture. 

Three years since. Mr. E. F. Underhill, late Clerk of the Assem- 
bly, and for many years a well known stenographer and journalist 
in this city, removed to Brocton, Chautauqua County, and com- 
menced the cultivation of grapes. In learning the practical details 
of vineyard cultivation and management, the idea of a simple device 
suggested itself to him as a substitute for the tediously applied, and 
often costly and insecure, substances which had alwayfe been used to 
tie vines to stakes or trellises. This, after two years' of experiment, 
he perfected in a little implement which he calls the vine-lock. It 
is made of wire, and has forms adapted to securing the shoots or 
canes, whether their growth is perpendicular, oblique, or horizontal. 
It has the merit of simplicity and cheapness, and, being made of 
metal, can be used for years, while each season the grape-grower has 
always been compelled to get a new stock of material for ties. 
When once attached to the stake or trellis, it remains there for use 
until by decay it breaks and falls off. While it holds the vine with 
perfect security, there is sufficient space within the lock to admit of 
the shoot or cane attaining its full growth. When it is considered 
that on every acre of grape-vines, from five to ten thousand ties are 
necessary each season, making hundreds of millions in the aggregate 
vineyards of the country, the value of a little contrivance like the 
vine-lock, which will save half the labor of tieing, can be easily 
seen. — N. Y. Tribune. 



The Delaware Grape. — This, to our fancy, almost the best 
hardy grape in the market, always attractive, with its compact 
bunches, clear color and fine flavor, has one drawback : it is in many 
locations a poor grower. 
vol. v — 42 



674 THE SOUTHERN [November 

A medical friend of ours in Philadelphia, advises us of his great 
success in remedying this, by inarching it on Rogers' 15, a vigorous 
grower. The Delaware, on this stock, made a growth of nine feet 
the first season. The Clinton, or any other free growing variety, on 
the Delaware may be worked, may remove the only objection ever 
made to this very popular grape. — Ex. 



Air Treatment of Wines. — The theory of the air treatment of 
wine is based upon the assertion "that currents of rapidly moving 
air through fluids or solids prevents mold and decay of any kind, 
quickens and promotes, however, healthy alcoholic fermentation and 
the germination of all vegetation except destructive moulds and 
fungi." 



VEGETABLE GARDEN. 



Celery in Winter. 

In regard to the management of celery in winter, the G-ermantown 
Telegraph remarks : " We pursue two modes, and find both to answer 
Well. The first is to remove the celery to high and dry ground, dig 
a straight trench spade deep, stand up a row of plants singly, then 
three inches of soil, then another row, and so on until about half a 
dozen rows are finished, when commence another bed, and so on. 
The soil should be packed in firmly and banked up, so that the tops 
of the celery are just covered, then spank off roof-fashion to turn the 
rain. Over this two wide boards, nailed together, should be placed, 
as a security against moisture, or straw can be bent over and secured 
at the bottom with bean poles. Celery put away thus carefully, ought 
to keep till May. For remember it is water, not frost, as some say, 
that rots celery. Frost adds to its tenderness. 

" Another plan is to sink barrels into the earth, so that the tops 
are two or three inches below the surface, then stand them compactly 
full of celery, without any soil, put tight covers upon them, so as to 
exclude all moisture, and then a couple of inches of soil. By this 
mode, somewhat more troublesome than the other, and which we 
adopt for only a portion of the crop, it kept well for the last four or 
five years until all was consumed, which was late in the spring. 

" If preserved in the rows, it should be well banked up, the water 
protected against, and a covering of straw or corn fodder laid cross- 
wise." 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 675 

a ~~ : 

Cost and Profit of Gardening. 

Mr. J. J. H. Gregory delivered three lectures, recently, at Cornell 
University, on "Market Gardening and Market Farming," in which 
he gave some common sense ideas about the cost and profit of garden- 
ing. The expense of raising an acre of cabbage, including manure, 
time, labor, &c, $150 ; market value of the crop, $300 ; gain, $150. 
An acre of onions cost $260 ; price $500 ; gain, $240. Squashes 
cost per acre, $140 ; price $180 ; gain, $40. Market farming must 
be carried on within twenty miles of the city. Ten acres is enough 
for a farm, five for a gardener. More is gained by cultivating one 
acre well, than two acres half as well. He must carry his own pro- 
duce to market in his own wagon. The ground must be fairly stuffed 
with manure. Two crops must be cropped off of the same ground 
year after year. Hot beds are absolutely necessary, and incessant 
care is unavoidable. It is a business that requires capital, energy, 
and hard work, both early and late. Small gardeners will often 
make their land pay $500 to $1,000 per acre annual income ; but 
the average farmer can hardly hope to get more than $100 to $150. 
— Am. Rural Some. 

Soil for Autumn and Winter Cabbages. — The importance of 
a hard seed bed for onions is generally recognized in gardens, but 
beyond this a good many cultivators go little or no further. I have 
long observed that broccoli, cauliflowers, cabbages, grow better if the 
ground has been trodden or rolled firm previous to planting. Firm 
planting is also helpful t© a good start. Especially has this been 
seen to be the case with autumn cabbages planted towards the end of 
September to stand the winter. — Field. 



A Curious Way to Raise Cabbage. — Take a large head of cab- 
bage, strip off the outer leaf, and slip off the bud found at the root of 
the leaf. Take this bud and simply set it in rich dirt, like any other 
plant. The result will be a fine growth of early cabbage plants with 
heads larger and sounder than can be raised in the ordinary way. I 
don't know whether this plan is new to you or not, but to me it was 
when I first saw it. This plan of raising cabbage is much practiced 
in Iowa. Let some of your readers try it. — Pacific Rural Press. 



To Preserve Potatoes. — This method as recommended by the 
Board of Agriculture, is to dig, in a very dry spot, trenches six feet 
wide and eighteen inches deep ; spread straw to pile the potatoes 



676 THE SOUTHERN [Novembe 

into the shape of the roof of the house, and to cover tight and close 
with straw, six inches thick, and then with earth fifteen or eighteen 
inches more, flatted regularly and firmly, and sharp at the top, raised 
from three to five feet above ground. If there should be any appre- 
hension of moisture, dig a trench at a few yards off, deeper than that 
in which the potatoes are laid. The drier they are, when thus packed 
up, the safer they will be. — Industrial Gazette. 



FLOWER GARDEN. 



Keeping Plants in the Cellar. 

It may interest some of your lady readers to know how those who 
cannot afford the luxury of a green-house can keep their tender 
plants all winter. My cellar is dry, cool, and dark. About the 1st 
of November I have the orange, lemon, petersporum, and oleanders 
carried into the cellar. These are all in large tubs, except the latter, 
which I have placed in one when taken in, and then the roots cov- 
ered up with soil. These plants are watered once a week while they 
are in the cellar with tepid water, and they keep in fine order. In 
the Spring the foliage looks fresh and green. The scarlet geraniums 
we have taken up with a spade, the earth shaken from the roots, and 
the geraniums tied in bundles of five or six together, and then fast- 
ened to the beams of the cellar without further protection. In April 
they look wilted, but when transplanted into the open air, they soon 
recover and grow luxuriantly. I have been very successful in grow- 
ing the scarlet salvia from seed sown in pots in February, and then 
placed in a room facing east, where the temperature is even, but low. 
They are transplanted in beds in the garden in May, and with me 
they always grow and blossom luxuriantly until frost. The climbing 
«eobea I have taken up in the fall, and transplanted into an eight- 
inch pot, and then placed in this room. I water it freely when first 
taken up. Last winter this vine grew finely, covering one side of 
the room with its beautiful and delicate foliage. — Cor. JSF. Y. Tribune. 



Growing Pond Lilies. 

On seeing my dish of pond lilies and admiring their beauty and 
fragrance, I asked, why is the pond lily so little cultivated ? a flower 
so much admired and so easily grown, yet in many places so rare. 
The answer was : it is not universally known that it can be grown so 
•easily. Many ask the question, where did you get those pond lilies ? 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 677 

We tell them we raise them. " What ! raise pond lilies ?" We reply, 
yes — raise them as easily as corn or potatoes. And as many seem 
interested about them, I thought I would tell the lovers of flowers 
how we raise ours. 

A few years ago, my husband seeing some growing in a distant 
pond so nicely and spontaneously, thought he would try them in his — 
a small pond of a few rods extent at one end of his field. He brought 
home a root and set it in. This was done by wading in barefoot, and 
taking it between the toes and pressing down in the mud. It soon 
made its appearance above the water, and now the pond is pretty 
well covered with leaves and lilies, and it does not have that sicken- 
ing appearance that standing water usually has, but is made the 
home of one of the most beautiful kinds of flowers instead. We 
know of no insect that troubles them ; neither frost nor wind affects 
them ; nothing molests them but mischievous boys, who love the flow- 
ers, but will take no pains to raise them themselves. Now I would 
advise all who love this sweet lily to get a root and set it in some 
pond that they can have access to, and they will soon reap a rich re- 
ward for a little trouble. — Maine Farmer. 



Fresh Blown Flowers in Winter. — Choose some of the most 
powerful buds of the flowers you would preserve, such as are latest 
in blowing, and ready to open ; cut them off with a pair of scissors, 
leaving to each, if possible, a piece of the stem three inches long ; 
cover the end of the stem immediately with sealing-wax, and, when 
the buds are a little shrunk and wrinkled, wrap each of them up 
separately in a piece of paper, perfectly clean and dry, and lock 
them up in a dry box or drawer, and they will keep without corrupt- 
ing. In winter, or any other time, when you would have the flowers 
blow, take the buds at night and cut off the end of the stem sealed 
with wax, and put the buds into water, wherein a little nitre or salt 
has been diffused; and the next day you will have the pleasure of 
seeing the buds open and expand themselves, and the flowers display 
their most lovely colors and breathe their agreeable odors. — Manf. 
and Builder. 



The Rose on the Lawn. — Few persons, says an English journal, 
are aware of the magnitude to which the rose may be grown, or the 
splendid effect it can be made to produce on a lawn or pleasure 
ground; yet with a sufficiently strong stem, and a system of careful 
and patient training, there can be no reasonable doubt that the stand- 
ard roses could be grown to the size and form of the ordinary exam- 
ples of the Weeping Ash. — Ex. 



678 THE SOUTHERN [November 



jjoultyg g*jjai[tomtt 



Diseases of Poultry. 

The Cholera has been unusually fatal in certain poultry-yards 
near Richmond, one gentleman having lost more than one hundred 
fine fowls ; another sixty or seventy ; and yet another fifty or sixty. 
In each instance every effort to discover a local cause has failed ; and 
what is more unfortunate, the usual remedies recommended in the 
standard poultry works have all failed in staying its progress. On 
inquiry, we learn that the epidemic has been more fatal to Asiatic 
breeds than to others. This I attribute to the desire of breeders to 
raise a large number, and, as a consequence, many of the yards are 
too much crowded for healthy exercise and sufficient range. Poul- 
try must have sound food, fresh water, and good range, to ensure 
health. 

A new Disease, and a very fatal one, is now prevailing in some 
of the poultry-yards of this section. Most persons call it cholera, 
for want of a better name ; but the cases we have seen have no re- 
semblance to ordinary cholera. In one yard we saw three Cochins 
that seemed to be in good health in the morning, but within two 
hours thereafter they were dead. A partial examination of one of 
the bodies disclosed an enlargement of the heart and liver, but fur- 
ther than that the fowl appeared to be free from disease. Many 
similar cases have been reported to us, and efforts are being made to 
ascertain the cause and a preventive. 

Hard Crop is generally produced by feeding young fowls on corn 
meal dough exclusively. The quickest remedy is, to open the crop, 
empty and wash it out, and then sew it up. The usual remedy is, 
to pour tepid water down the throat of the chick, and then gently 
work the ball until it is softened sufficiently to pass off. — Ed. 



Sitting Hens. 

All hens are not good sitters or mothers, and, as a consequence, 
all fertilized eggs, even though given when fresh to a broody hen, 
do not produce chickens. The best sitters are those that turn their 
eggs often — that leave their nests regularly to feed and bathe, and 
that return promptly without waiting to be reminded of their duty. 
Some hens, instead of sitting upon their eggs, merely stoop over 
them, and consequently do not impart the necessary heat fi&r suc- 
cessful incubation. Others leave their nests at irregular periods, 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 679 

never turn their eggs, and exhibit no interest in the work they have 
undertaken. All such are worthless as mothers, and if they succeed 
in hatching a few chicks, are too indolent to provide for them. They 
sometimes lay well, but, as a general thing, are best suited to the fat- 
tening coop and the table. — Ed. 



Change of Feed. 

Poultry thrives best where careful attention is given to their feed 
and water. If fed on wheat only they get tired of it, and soon lose 
appetite, flesh, and sometimes health. The best plan is to feed corn 
meal mush in the morning, soaked wheat, oats or barley at noon, and 
corn at night. Boiled potatoes and wheat bran make a good soft re- 
past for morning change. Raw onions, sliced thin, make an excel- 
lent appetizer, as all fowls relish them. Cabbage leaves, turnip 
tops, or lucerne, are all healthy green food, of which poultry are 
very fond. A spoonful of sulphur, in soft food, once a week, and 
red pepper once a week, will prove advantageous to the feathered 
family. — Ed. 

Most Valuable Breeds of Poultry. 

One of our experienced poultry breeders, after trying most of the 
new breeds, classifies them thus as regards value for the million : In 
situations where eggs for use or market are more the object than any- 
thing else, he recommends the French Houdon, the Dominique and 
White Leghorn breeds. For a fowl for general purposes, and com- 
bining large size, good laying properties, quiet habits, easy fattening 
and tender flesh, he prefers Partridge Cochins, Dark Brahmas, Light 
Brahmas, Buff Cochins. These are all hardy, and every way desi- 
rable. — Practical Farmer. 

Crosses. — A cross between the Brahma and common barn-yard 
fowl, makes a large fine bird for the table. A few Brahma cockerels 
added to each barn yard will prove invaluable to those who wish 
early spring chickens. — Ed. 



Web-Footed Poultry. 

Ducks. — Our experience is, that ducks lay fewer eggs than 
Brahma or Houdon pullets; that the young are as liable to disease 
and harder to raise than chickens ; and that they are too dirty for a 
small yard or garden. Where water is convenient and ranges ample, 
they may pay. As we have no fancy for quacks of any sort, we do 
not cultivate them. — Ed. 



680 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Geese. — Not more than three geese to one gander ought to be 
kept for breeding, and they require a wide range, affording plenty of 
grass and still water. A goose-house for four should not be less than 
8 feet long by 6 feet wide, and high enough for a man to stand in 
upright. A smooth floor and good ventilation is necessary. Over 
the floor a little clean straw should be spread every second day, after 
removing that previously used. A compartment about 2J feet 
square should be assigned to each goose for laying and sitting, and 
w T hen one is hatching the gander and other geese must be shut out 
from her. Wherever a Toulouse goose lays her first egg, she is very 
pertinacious in there depositing the remainder. The Toulouse goose 
is a very good layer, but rarely requires to sit; and if she does, is a 
very bad mother. Where laying geese are kept together, and they 
are liable to interrupt each other, remove the eggs daily, and mark 
on each the day it was laid. They will continue good for three 
weeks, but the freshest eggs should be sat upon. If geese keep well 
to their separate nests, let the eggs remain. — Canadian Poultry 
Chronicle. 



How to Get Plenty of Fresh Eggs. 

In a long communication to the G-ermantoivn Telegraph upon the 
subject of poultry, Mr. E. Dwight, of Hudson, Michigan, considers 
the question, " How to get plenty of good flavored fresh eggs with 
little trouble," and thinks if there is any secret in it he has discov- 
ered it, and makes the same public for the benefit of all interested. 
He says : 

"Once, thirty years ago, I was troubled just as my neighbor now 
is. I fed my hens plenty of corn, and got but few eggs. I reasoned 
upon the matter, and happened to think that the constituent parts of 
milk and the white of eggs were much alike. Now, it has long been 
known to milkmen that wheat middlings and bran are about the best 
of any feed to make a cow give milk ; why not, then, the best to 
make the hens lay eggs ? I tried it, and since then have had no 
trouble. My mode of preparing the feed is to mix about five parts 
of bran with one of middlings. In the morning I w T et up with wa- 
ter about four quarts of the mixture in a large tin pan, taking pains 
to have it rather dry, though all damp. This I set in a warm, sunny 
spot, south of their shed, and they walk up, take a few dips, don't 
seem to fancy it like corn, and start off on a short hunt for some- 
thing better, but always coming round in a short time for a few more 
from the dish of bran. There is little time during the whole day 
but what one or more are standing by the pan and helping them- 



1871.] FARMER AND PLANTER. 681 

selves. I am careful to mix for them just as much as they will con- 
sume during the day. At night, just before they repair to the roost, 
I usually throw them about a pint of shelled corn, well scattered, so 
that each one can get a few kernels. If your hens don't incline to 
eat this feed at first, sprinkle a little Indian meal on to it. I would 
like all who complain of not getting eggs to try my plan, and they 
will never be sorry." 



Interesting Facts About Eggs. 

Number of Eggs a Hen will Lay. — It has been ascertained 
that the ovarium of a fowl has been composed of 600 ovules or eggs. 
Therefore a hen during the whole of her life cannot possibly lay 
more eggs than 600, which in the natural course are distributed over 
nine years in the following proportion : 

First year after birth, 

Second " " 

Third " " " 

Fourth " " " 

Fifth " " " 

Sixth « « " 

Seventh " " " 

Eighth " " " 

Ninth " " " 
It follows that it would not be profitable to keep hens after their 
fourth year, as their produce would not pay for their keep, except 
when they are of a valuable and scarce breed. — Cr. K. G~eyelin on 
Poultry Breeding. 



16 to 


20 


100 to 120 


120 to 


135 


100 to 115 


60 to 


80 


50 to 


60 


35 to 


40 


15 to 


20 


1 to 


10 



Flavor and Color of Eggs. — There is a vast difference in the 
flavor of eggs. Hens fed on clean, sound grain and kept on a clean 
grass run, give much finer flavored eggs than hens do that have ac- 
cess to stables and manure heaps and eat all kinds of filthy food. 
Hens feeding on fish and onions flavor their eggs accordingly. The 
richer the food the higher the color of the eggs. Wheat and corn 
give the best color, while feeding on buckwheat makes the eggs col- 
orless, rendering them unfit for some confectionery purposes.— 
Farmer and Gardener. 



The Sex of Eggs. — Eggs containing the germ of males have 
wrinkles on the small ends ; on the contrary, eggs which are smooth 
at the extremities, and nearest to roundness, produce females, while 
those pointed at end usually engender males. 



682 



THE SOUTHERN 



[November 



\t\ geprinmti 



Experience of an Apiarist. 

Mr. Editor — When I last communicated with the Planter and 
Farmer I feared I should have to feed my bees extensively to pre- 
pare them for winter, as the summer yield of honey had been almost 
nothing. To ascertain whether I was gaining or losing, I placed a 
hive on a small platform scales. The bees seemed very busy, but 
that was no sign that they were gaining honey. I found that I lost 
more honey than was gathered from August 31st to September 22d. 
As it may interest some of your readers to see the daily work or 
daily loss or gain of one hive of bees in the latter part of the season, 
I append a copy of my "Bee Diary." 

Hive No. 38 weighed 51 pounds gross, August 31st. 



49 


u 


a 


September 5th. 




49 


a 


a 


September 17th. 




51 


a 


a 


September 19th. 




48f 


a 


a 


Sept. 22d, bad weather. 


51 


a 


a 


Sept. 23d, 2J lbs 


. gain. 


53£ 


a 


a 


Sept. 24th, 2f lbs. gain 


^i 


a 


a 


Sept. 25th, 1J 


a 


56 


« 


a 


Sept, 26th, J 


a 


58 


a 


a 


Oct. 1st, 2 


a 


62 


a 


a 


Oct. 2d, 4 


a 


80 


a 


a 


Oct. 9th, 18 


a 


85 


a 


a 


Oct. 10th, 5 


a 



This yield of honey was gathered principally from a weed called 
by some " stick weed " or "iron weed," also from the smart weed, that 
grows on low ground or damp places. I also saw some of my Italians 
visiting the red clover blossoms, and they seemed quite busy on them, 
although there are comparatively few heads of red clover so late in sea- 
son. I also found young bees hatching out very rapidly. In some of the 
hives the bees were hanging out almost like they were swarming. In 
fact, a neighbor had a swarm to come off last week, which is the 
latest swarm I ever knew of. 

I now feel no uneasiness in regard to my bees having enough of 
stores to carry them through the winter, for some hives gathered 
much more than No. 38. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 683 

I find a diary of facts valuable to refer to, not only in regard to 
bees, but in all farming operations. I have kept a farm diary almost 
continually since 1849. W. R. Polk. 

Westham, October 10,fL871. 



Wintering Bees. 

It is settled beyond a doubt in my own mind, by the experience of 
others as related in the Bee Journal, and by my own experience for 
several years in the apiary, that bees to winter well, must have suffi- 
cient ventilation to carry off the excessive moisture which accumulates 
in well stocked hives. This moisture arises partly from the exha- 
lations from the bodies of the bees, but mostly, I think, from the 
surrounding atmosphere, which constantly holds in suspense a greater 
or less amount of moisture, according as its temperature is higher or 
lower. The warm atmosphere of the hives is capable of holding a 
considerable quantity, until it is condensed by coming in contact with 
the cold walls of the hive, at some distance from the cluster of bees. 
There it condenses, first into minute drops of moisture, and after- 
wards, if the cold increases, into frost. The constant accumulation 
of the quantity, by repeated thawing and freezing in a hive that has 
no efficient means of ventilation, gradually encroaches on the space 
occupied by the bees, finally reaching those on the outside of the 
cluster. These grow benumbed, cease to eat, lose their vitality, grow 
cold, the frost forms on their bodies, and they die where they stand. 
The frost continues to penetrate the cluster, if the cold weather is 
prolonged, until finally the last bee dies covered with frost. The 
warm days of spring then melt this frost, and on examination, 
the whole mass of bees are found dead and wet as if just dipped from 
a basin of water. I found one hive in that condition last spring. 
The entrance to this hive was left open, but the honey-board was left 
on tight, without any upward ventilation, as an experiment. All my 
other colonies wintered well on their summer stands, having their 
entrances open three or four inches wide, and the front and rear 
openings in the honey-boards (half an inch wide, and extending the 
whole length of the hive) uncovered, but the middle opening closed. 

For the coming winter I have adopted Mr. Langstroth's plan with 
some modifications. I shall omit the outside covering of the hive, 
believing that it is better to have the hive of a single thickness of 
board, say seven-eighths of an inch, in order that the heat of the 
sun may easily penetrate it, and warm up the hive almost daily, thus 
giving the bees an opportunity to bring to the central part of the 



684 THE SOUTHERN [November 

hive fresh supplies of food from the outer combs. This plan may 
lead to a somewhat greater consumption of honey ; but if a swarm 
of bees will give its owner from fifty to one hundred pounds of sur- 
plus honey in a season, as mine have done the past summer, he ought 
to be entirely willing to have them eat all they need during the 
winter. At all events, one of two things must be done, to winter 
bees successfully, in addition to their having a supply of food and 
thorough ventilation — they must either be kept in a repository where 
frost cannot enter, as a cellar, trench, ice-house, or the like ; or they 
must be put where the sun can warm them up occasionally. 

I have removed all the honey-boards, placed two one-half or three- 
quarter inch strips across the frames, and covered the whole top of 
the frames with any old woollen garments that could be found about 
the house. These need no cutting or fitting. Pack them in as you 
would pack a trunk, (the roof or cover of my top box is movable, 
and I like it much better than the old plan of having it nailed on,) 
two, three, or half a dozen thicknesses will make no difference. The 
moisture will pass through as readily as the insensible perspiration of 
our bodies will pass through our bed covering. The hives will re- 
main dry and the bees warm. I have no fear of losing a single swarm 
the coming winter, although several new ones which I bought are 
quite weak, owing to the sudden closing of the honey harvest a month 
earlier than last year, in consequence of the drought. — B. Bickford 
in Am. Bee Journal. 



Transporting Honey to Market. 

One great difficulty in the way of supplying the large markets 
with good honey in boxes, has been in getting it there in good con- 
dition. The comb being new and filled with heavy honey, if not 
very carefully handled, is broken down, and is soon churned up into 
a mushy mass. This is particularly the case in warm weather, and 
but little better success has been met with in holding it back till 
winter. Express and other transportation companies seem to have a 
particular spite at brittle things, and take extra pains to tumble them 
about. Most of the large honey raisers find it necessary to accom- 
pany their honey to market and see to handling it themselves. The 
section honey box has so far proved successful as a shipping package. 
It is only necessary to take the sections apart, and under each sheet 
of coinVinsert a block of wood half an inch square and five inches long 
coated with hot beeswax, as a support, and as the comb is generally 
fastened at the top and sides, this holds it firm. I have shipped 
boxes thus prepared over a thousand miles by river and railroad, that 
arrived in good order. — D. L. Adair, in Southern Farmer. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 685 



atrg gepntmetti 



Better Care rather than More Cows. 

The anxiety to secure the greatest amount of butter and cheese, 
has led many of our farmers who are engaged in the dairy business 
to increase the number of their cows beyond what they can properly 
care for, or their land, as usually managed, can sustain to good ad- 
vantage. To increase their dairy products, they must increase the 
amount of milk, and in the opinion of many, the easiest, if not the 
only sure way to do this, is to add to the number of cows kept, and 
following out this practice they have been increased beyond the limits 
of profitable production. 

While all will admit that the profits of the dairy may be increased 
by care in the selection and breeding of cows, very few seem to rea- 
lize that the cows they now have can be made for more profitable by 
extra feed and care. This is unquestionably the fact, as the expe- 
rience of many in the business goes to show. It is, in fact, the expe- 
rience of every one, for all must be aware that the yield of the same 
animal varies in quantity and quality, in different and also in the 
same season, with the quantity and quality of food. The great 
yields of butter and milk from single cows, and recorded as wonder- 
ful, are in a great measure to be attributed to extra care and feed ; 
and had the same cows received only common attention, very seldom 
would their yield rise above the common average. The celebrated 
Oaks cow, in the first year, with ordinary keep, produced only 180 
pounds of butter. The next year, in addition to her former allow- 
ance, she had 12 bushels of corn meal, and yielded 300 pounds of 
butter. The third year the amount of corn meal was increased to 
35 bushels, and over 400 pounds of butter was produced. The fourth 
year, one bushel of meal was given each week, and in addition, all 
the skim milk, and in 172 days the amount of butter made was 480 
pounds. So with other cows, it holds good, that the more of the 
right kind of food consumed, the greater will be the returns. Cows 
differ in the amount of milk they will produce from a given amount 
of food, but the yield of even the poorest may be increased, by giv- 
ing them extra care and attention. 

Much of the food given goes to support life in the animal, to fur- 
nish material for growth, for animal heat and respiration, and it is 
only that which is consumed beyond what is wanted for the health 



686 THE SOUTHERN [November 



and vigor of the cow which yields a direct profit to the owner. Now 
the quality of the cows remaining the same, the smaller the number re- 
quired to consume a given amount of food the greater will be the profit, 
for a smaller amount will be expended in sustaining animal life, a 
less amount of capital will be required, the risk of loss from disease 
and death will be lessened, and a smaller amount of care and labor 
will be required. We do not hesitate to say that there are but few 
dairies in the country which would not be more profitable, were the 
number of cows diminished : and further, that were the same amount 
of food and care now given to the cows of the country, bestowed 
upon two-thirds of the number, not only would the amount of dairy 
products not be diminished, but, were the cows properly selected, the 
aggregate would be largely increased. If the quality of the cows 
can be improved by a change, it should be done ; but it is poor 
policy for a farmer to increase the number of his cows, until he has 
forced those he has to the utmost limit of production, and has an 
extra supply of food left.- — Bonhams Mess. 



Management of Dairy Cows. 

A certain German farmer was visited, one day, by some cheese- 
makers from over the border, who desired to buy of him all the milk 
of his cows for the purpose of making cheese. Not being able to 
agree upon the terms, he finally proposed to let them take the en- 
tire charge of his cows, and agreed to furnish feed amply sufficient, 
the dairymen assuming the whole care of feeding it out, and paying 
a fixed price by measure for all the milk. " I found myself at once," 
says he, "under the necessity of selling almost half my cows, because 
the dairymen required nearly double the quantity of fodder which 
the cows had previously had, and I was well satisfied that all the 
produce I could raise on my farm would be far from sufficient to feed 
in that way the number of cows I had kept. I was in despair at 
finding them using such a quantity of the best quality of feed, though 
it was according to the strict letter of the contract, especially as I 
knew that I had given my cows rather more than the quantity of 
food recommended by men in whom I had perfect confidence. Thus, 
while Thaer names twenty-three pounds of hay, or its equivalent, as 
food sufficient for a good sized cow, I gave mine full twenty-seven 
pounds. But, if the change effected in the management of my cows 
was great, the result was still more striking. The quantity of milk 
kept increasing, and it reached the highest point when the cows at- 
tained the condition of the fat kine of Pharoah's dream. The quan- 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 687 

tity of milk became double, triple, and even quadruple, what it had 
been before ; so that, if I should compare the product with that pre- 
viously obtained, a hundred pounds of hay produced three times 
more milk than it had produced with my old mode of feeding. Such 
results, of course, attracted my attention to this branch of farming. 
It became a matter of pleasure ; and my observations were followed up 
with great care, and during several years I devoted a large part of 
my time to it. I even went so far as to procure scales for weighing 
the food and the animals, in order to establish exact data on the most 
positive basis/' — American Stock Journal. 



Be Careful. — Man's inhumanity to cows is often illustrated by 
abuse of the animal for restlessness caused by the pain inflicted in 
milking, by sharp finger nails. Mr. J. Furnam, Segel, Iowa, writes 
to the New York Farmers' Club, that one of his cows had always 
been very sensitive ; but that after he commenced milking by clasp- 
ing his fingers clean around her teats, so that his nails could not 
hurt her, she became gentle. Some cows will bear the pressure of 
the finger nails, and not resent it ; while others will flare up on the 
first grasp, and knock the pail across the yard ; then come pounding 
and kicking. Let us be careful with our cows, and not act without 
thinking. — Prairie Farmer. 

The Best Grass for Butter. — If you aim at a great flow of 
milk, feed clover ; if you wish rich milk and well-flavored butter, 
feed young timothy and white clover ; if you aim at the best results, 
both in quantity and quality of butter, feed on fresh pastures of white 
clover and timothy in summer, and early-cut timothy and wheat bran 
in winter. The grass must be cut when heading out ; or better, young 
aftermath well cured. — Valley Farmer. 

About Milking. — Five per cent., and perhaps ten, can be added 
to the amount of milk obtained from the cows of this country, if the 
following rules are inexorably followed : 1st. Never hurry cows, in 
driving to and from the pasture. 2d. Milk nearly at equal intervals. 
Half-past five in the morning and six at night are good hours. 3d. 
Be especially tender of the cow at milking time. 4th. When seated, 
draw the milk as rapidly as possible, being always certain to get it 
all. 5th. Never talk or think of anything else besides what you are 
doing while milking. 6th. Offer some caress and always a soothing 
word when you approach a cow and when you leave her. The better 
she loves you, the more free and complete will be her abandon as 
you sit by her side. 



688 THE SOUTHERN [November 



Pttlutttfc QtkiL 



Building Paper — Felt. 

In our last issue we noticed the recent introduction of a new build- 
ing material made of straw. It is a stiff pasteboard of two kinds — 
one plain, the other saturated with coal-tar. A similar material, 
weighing 12 to 16 ounces to the square yard, is also manufactured 
from the reed-cane of the Southern cane-brakes, disintegrated by the 
explosive force of steam, the cane being blown from large cylinders 
similar to cannon. Building-paper is also made from woolen rags, 
beaten up into pulp, and run off upon a paper-machine into rolls, 
and then saturated with tar. 

In building frame-houses in the neighborhood of New York, it has 
become the general practice to interpose paper-felt, plain or tarred, 
between the rough boarding on the studs and the outer covering or 
clap-boards. This is done to keep the house cool in summer and 
warm in winter. 

The paper-felt is also put under tin and slate roofs, to keep out 
heat and cold. It is also used for deafening floors and inner parti- 
tion walls, and to secure warmth. For inside work, the plain unbit- 
umenized paper-felt is used. 

Paper-felt has also been used in the West as a substitute for plas- 
ter. When used in this way, laths of even thickness are put on 
from half to three-quarters of an inch apart, and the felt tacked, or 
glued and tacked on, putting the edges together without lapping. 
The felt is in rolls, and the strips are tacked up and down the centre 
before tacking the edges. A strip of strong paper or cloth is pasted 
over the joints, covering the tack-heads, and then it is whitewashed 
or papered. Or the studs are sheathed inside with dressed lumber, 
and then covered with the felt-board tacked on, and then papered. 
The Virginia Cane-Fibre Company make a felt specially for this 
purpose, saturated with resin-size, so as to prevent the absorption of 
moisture or dampness, and avoid swelling, warping, or shrinking. 
This felt is tacked on sheathing-boards or laths, as above described, 
or is tacked on the studs without any backing except for a few feet 
above the floor, and is sometimes fastened down with ornamental 
strips or beading of wood, tacked on so as to form square or other 
shaped panels, keeping the felt firmly in its place on the walls and 
ceiling. 

It is claimed that thick paper-felt, as a substitute for plaster, has 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 689 



the following advantages : It can be put up in winter-time as well as 
in summer; it is warmer than plaster, and will not crack; can be 
easily repaired if damaged; the time lost in waiting for the plaster 
to dry is saved; and the cost is less than half that of plaster. There 
is but little ordinary labor required in putting it up. 

The expense of lining a frame-house with paper-felt is very small — 
only about ten dollars for a frame-house 22 feet wide, 30 feet deep, 
and 20 feet high, covering all the four sides with the cane board. 
Even in building a laborer's cottage, this additional expense could 
be afforded, to keep it dry and warm. 

It is asserted that frame-houses in the North-West, lined with this 
material, have kept out the frost with the thermometer below zero, 
and that the entire cost of the lining has been saved in fuel in a 
year or two. 

In reference to brick houses and buildings already erected, we 
have received the following suggestions : 

In brick houses, when the object is merely to secure warmth, (the 
ordinary lath and plaster being used,) the paper-felt can be put on 
the studs before the laths are nailed on. It can also be put under 
the floors and roof, and in the partitions, and the incidental advan- 
tage of deafening will be secured at the same time. 

In houses already built, the paper-felt can be put under the car- 
pets, to serve the double purpose of keeping the floors warm and 
protecting the carpet from wear. If the cellars are lined, nothing 
will then freeze in them, and the rooms over the cellars will be kept 
warm. The lining can also be easily put in stables and workshops. 
Where there is much suffering from the cold, it may even be desira- 
ble to use the paper-felt.' in the shape of a movable frame or screen 
of panels placed temporarily against the walls of the rooms. 

There is no longer any reason why there should be so much dis- 
comfort in country houses in winter time. When a room is not lined 
with the paper-felt, it will take several hours to warm it; most of 
the caloric generated by the fire in the room is absorbed by the cold 
walls. But it is very different with a room well lined with paper- 
felt; that is warmed in a few minutes. 

Paper is well known to be an excellent non-conductor ; but the use 
of thick paper-felt for the purposes indicated above appears to be of 
recent origin. 

Great improvements in this manufacture may be anticipated — 
such as, for example, making the paper-felt fire-proof as well as 
water-proof. — Exchange. 
vol. v — 44 



690 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Farmers do your own Repairing. 

It may be well for men in most of the trades or professions to each 
do his own work, or rather to confine his attention to one particular 
branch of business ; but with the farmer it is different. He must be 
able to do many kinds of work which might be considered as belong- 
ing to some other branch of industry, if he would be successful. Iso- 
lated as they are, in many cases, from those of other occupations, it 
is often a great waste of time to be obliged to leave the farm to have 
some job of repairing done. Many a time, in the busy season, it 
costs the farmer more for his time and travel than what he is obliged 
to pay for the work. Another item is the fact, that, if he make the 
necessary arrangements, he can make and repair many articles which 
he has been obliged to use, during the rough and stormy weather, 
when it is uncomfortable working out of doors. 

I was in a shop, not long since, one very rainy day, when a farmer 
came in who had traveled three miles to have some trifling repairs 
made upon his harness. Now with fifteen cents worth of material, 
he might have done half a dozen similar jobs, and remained at home 
with a dry jacket. A ball of shoe thread and one of wax, with a 
pair of harness needles and an awl, will save any farmer who uses 
horses a vast amount of trouble and vexation. And it is the same 
with a " thousand and one " items, which I have not time to mention. 
Many persons not acquainted with farming seem to think that with 
a hoe, and a few other simple articles, a farmer is ready to go to 
work ; but they will soon find, if they try it, that a farm of a hun- 
dred acres requires a more varied and extensive stock of tools than 
any other occupation in which the same amount of capital is invested. 
It is true that a farmer can make many of the articles required, if he 
possesses a reasonable amount of spunk and ingenuity. Therefore 
we say make and repair all that you can yourself, and thus be in a 
degree independent. Remember the old adage that " a stitch in time 
saves nine," and you have taken a long step towards prosperity. — 
Maine Farmer. 



The Spiky Roller. — The spiky roller is much recommended by 
some English writers for mellowing clayey soils. It is also said to 
act beneficially in passing over old meadows that are grass bound, 
for the purpose of making the grass more thrifty. The spiky 
roller is merely a wooden roller with iron teeth or spikes driven into 
it. They are to be about seven inches long, driven three inches into 
wood, set four inches apart in diagonal rows around the roller ; the 
outer ends are to be sharp and square. — Am. Rural Home. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 691 



Jfcfyttijk g^Ht[tment. 



Carbolic Acid. 



So much has been said about carbolic acid, and it is now so largely 
used in medicine and the arts, that more information ought to be 
popularly disseminated in reference to it. It is not a new thing, but 
most of its applications are of a new date ; and as nearly every per- 
son who has taken out a patent has given it a new name, we are often 
perplexed to recognize the precise article that is meant. It may 'be 
well to look into this labyrinth of names before proceeding to a de- 
scription of the article itself. 

Carbolic acid was discovered by Runge in wood tar in 1834, and 
was so called by him. It is a pity that other chemists have not ad- 
hered to the original name, as we should thus have been saved much 
confusion. Six years after Runge's original discovery, a French 
chemist named Laurent made some of the pure acid, and proposed 
to call it Phenylhydrate, from the Greek word meaning to illuminate, 
because it was supposed to be a constituent of illuminating gas ; and 
still later, such names as phenylic acid, phenol, phenyl alcohol, coal 
tar creosote, coal oil acid, phenylous acid, and sundry others were 
proposed. All of them ought to be dropped, and the original name 
of carbolic acid retained. It is really and truly an acid, capable of 
combining with bases to form salts, but is not strong enough to drive 
out many other acids from their compounds. 

Carbolic acid has been ready formed in the bile and urine of various 
animals, and is the product of the dry distillation of vegetable mat- 
ter; and can be made by conducting the vapor of acetic acid or 
alcohol through a red hot tube. For technical purposes it is almost 
always made of coal tar, and as its boiling point is between 360 and 
365 degrees Fahreinheit, it is from the dead oil that the greater por- 
tion is obtained. 

The details of the manufacture of carbolic acid may be consulted 
in works on chemistry, but its properties and uses may well occupy 
our attention for a few paragraphs. When pure, it consists of long 
needles of a peculiar smoky odor and caustic burning taste ; its spe- 
cific gravity is 1.066, and it fuses at about 98 degrees Fahrenheit. 
It absorbs moisture from the air, and runs to water, and it requires 
twenty times its weight of water to dissolve it. Alcohol and ether 
dissolve it in all its proportions, and acetic acid is a better solvent 
than water. Concentrated solutions act powerfully on the skin, turn- 



692 THE SOUTHERN [November 

ing it white and afterward red brown, and the spots afterward peel 
off. Gelatine and albumen are precipitated by it, and this property 
has suggested its use in tanning. It is a dangerous poison ; a few 
drop- will kill a dog, and plants are at once destroyed by a weak 
acqueous solution. 

Runge recommended carbolic acid for embalming bodies, and as a 
disinfectant, and tried many experiments to show its value for this 
purpose ; but little attention was bestowed upon his assertions, and 
it is inly recently that the substance has obtained proper recognition 
from medical and other authorities. 

Extensive use is now made of carbolic acid to destroy the odor of 
stables; a carbolate of lime is prepared and sold for this purpose. 
As an insect exterminator, few agents can be compared with carbolic 
acid, and it is naturally applied by physicians for such cutaneous dis- 
eases as are caused by insect life. Several cases of death have been 
reported in consequence of an incautious use for this purpose. Three 
women who bathed themselves with a sponge with carbolic acid, to 
cure the itch, were immediately attacked with dizziness, and soon 
became unconscious. Two of them subsequently died, and the life 
of the other was saved with difficulty. When used as a wash for men 
and lower animals, it must be taken very weak, and in small quanti- 
ties at a time. Dogs have been sadly tortured with it in the vain 
hope of killing fleas. 

The odor of carbolic acid is sometimes disguised by mixing it w T ith 
camphor, when it is required to keep moths out of furs and clothing. 
No doubt the preservative property of coal tar is largely due to the 
presence of this powerful agent. 

All manner of soaps, ointments, and even troches, are made with 
carbolic acid, which must be used with caution, as the poisonous char- 
acter of the acid suggests at once that it ought not to be tampered 
with. A new application of carbolic acid is proposed nearly every 
week, and it has become one of the most important of our chemical 
products. — Scientific American. 



Specific gravity test for Potatoes. — It is generally under-, 
stood that the value of potatoes depend upon their specific gravity. ■ 
and that the heavier the potato the greater the amount of nitrogenous 
matter it contains. This has suggested the idea of a convenient test 
by which the excellence of different varieties can be readily deter- 
mined, and which consists in the use of saline solutions of different 
degrees of strength. If, assuming one variety as a standard, we 
make a solution of such strength that the potato will float at about 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 693 

the middle of the mass, neither falling to the bottom nor rising to the 
surface, and apply the same test to other potatoes, we may conclude 
that if one fall to the bottom it is better, or if it rise to the top it is 
poorer than the standard. A series of standards has been suggested, 
therefore, by Dr. Neslee, of definite percentages of salt and water, 
thus producing a sliding scale applicable under any circumstances 
for the test in question. 



Scientific Farming consists altogether and solely in deriving the 
greatest possible profit from the soil. Lessen the labor and increase 
the yield, is the sum of the whole. To do this, everything must be 
done at the right time, and in the best manner. By draining, the 
water must be got rid of; by cultivation, weeds must be destroyed; 
by manure, the soil must be enriched; by rotation of crops, the 
largest yield must be secured ; by improved stock, the feed must be 
economized and made of more value ; and the how-to-do-all this is 
the sum and substance of agricultural science. Books on farming 
relate the experience of successful men, the experiments they have 
made, and the results they have attained. Any and every farmer, 
who, by the use of his reasoning powers, is enabled to raise one bushel 
of corn per acre more than he has hitherto done, by improved methods, 
is a scientific farmer, however much he may disown the name ; and 
not only has he done a good thing for himself, but the world at large 
is, to some extent, better for his efforts and success ; his mission, as 
a man, has been to that extent fulfilled, and he will leave the world 
better than he found it. — Hearth and Home. 



Artificial Rain. — At Stoke Park a tract of twenty acres is 
irrigated by artificial rain, the system being quite successful. The 
water was applied every night last summer in showers, excepting 
when natural rain made it unnecessary. The apparatus consists of 
■pipes laid in the ground, supplied from an elevated reservoir, into 
which water was pumped by machinery. The financial exhibit made 
by the results of the experiments is said to be a good one. The in- 
terest on the money invested in the necessary machinery, and the 
cost of operating it, aggregating $95 per acre for the entire tract of 
twenty acres. Likewise the income per acre aggregated $200, being- 
made up of the proceeds of one crop of grass and grazing in Autumn 
of 1870, and two crops of hay in 1871. The net profit was thus 
$105 per acre. On land of the same tract and same character, used 
for the same purpose, but where the irrigation was omitted, the net 
profit per acre was but $45. — English paper. 



694 THE SOUTHERN [November 



goastjjolb Department. 



Spirits of Ammonia, 



"A Housekeeper" in Hearth and Home urges her sisters in house- 
hold labors to procure a supply of spirits of ammonia, and gives the 
folic ting directions for using it: 

" For washing paint, put a tablespoonful in a quart of moderately 
hot water, dip in a flannel cloth, and with this simply wipe off the 
wood-work ; no scrubbing will be necessary. For taking grease- 
spot from any fabric, use the ammonia nearly pure, then lay white 
blotting-paper over the spot and iron it lightly. In washing laces, 
put about twelve drops in a pint of warm suds. To clean silver, mix 
two teaspoonfuls of ammonia in a quart of hot soapsuds, put in your 
silverware and wash it, using an old nail-brush or tooth-brush for the 
purpose. For cleaning hair-brushes, etc., simply shake the brushes 
up and down in a mixture of one teaspoonful of ammonia to one pint 
of hot water ; when they are cleaned, rinse them in cold water and 
stand them in the wind or in a hot place to dry. For washing finger- 
marks from looking-glasses or windows, put a few drops of ammonia 
on a moist rag and make quick work of it. If you wish your house- 
plan bs to flourish, put a few drops of the spirits in every pint of water 
used in watering. A teaspoonful in a basin of cold water will add 
much to the refreshing effects of a bath ; nothing is better than am- 
monia-water for cleansing the hair. In every case, rinse off the ammo- 
nia with clear water. Ammonia is used as a rising in cake-making, 
etc.', but I cannot recommend it for that purpose ; and ten drops in 
a wine-glass of water is said to be an excellent remedy for headache 
and acidity of stomach, but I don't believe in newspaper doctoring, 
and so will not endorse the remedy. However, for a score of fair 
and square, needed practical household purposes, spirits of ammonia 
is invaluable, and I'm not afraid to proclaim it. Farmers and chem- 
ists are profound concerning the native article in its free state, and 
admit its all-important service in the economy of nature ; but farm- 
ers' wives throughout the country really know very little of the man- 
ifold uses that can be made of a pint of the spirits " kept in the 
house," bottled and labelled. I say emphatically, labelled, because 
it is a sin not to have all such things so conspicuously marked that 
no mistakes need occur. Let me add here, by way of caution, that 
ammonia directly applied is not good for the eyes. It has a way of 
melting them that is anything but agreeable. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 695 



Seasonable Receipts. 

Minced Meat. — Five pounds of beef or tongue, two pounds of 
suet, seven pounds of sugar, seven pounds of apples, three pounds of 
raisins, three pounds of currants, three nutmegs, two ounces of cin- 
namon, a desert spoonful of ground allspice, one small teaspoonful of 
ground mace, the juice of two lemons, and the grated rind of one ; 
moisten it with equal portions of wine and cider, brandy to the taste. 
Boil the meat in water which has been salted in the proportion of 
one teaspoonful of salt to every quart of water. When it is tender 
stand it away to get it perfectly cold before it is chopped. Wash, 
pick, and dry your currants, prepare the spices, and seed the raisins. 
Pare and core the apples, chop them fine, chop the meat very fine, 
add the fruit, sugar, and spice, lemon juice and grated lemon rind, 
also the brandy and wine. Mix the whole thoroughly ; it will be fit 
for use the following day, If you wish to keep your minced meat 
for several weeks, chop the meat and add the currants, raisins, sugar 
and spice, but leave out the apples, lemon, wine and cider; mix the 
other ingredients, and merely moisten it with brandy ; pack the mix- 
ture tightly in a stone jar, and cover it close. When you wish to 
make it into pies, take out some of the meat, chop your apples, and 
mix with it in the proportions given above. Moisten with cider, and 
add wine and brandy to your taste. — Practical Planter, 



To Prepare Lard to Keep. — To one gallon of Jard, before it is 
rendered, add one ounce of sal. soda, dissolved in a gill of water. 
Do not fill your pots more than half full, as the soda makes it foam 
and boil over. No other water is required than that in which the 
soda is dissolved. When your lard is done it will be as clear as 
spring water — no foam — and the cracklins will be eaten up. Strain 
through a coarse cloth into jars, and set to cool. Lard put up in 
this way will keep for two years, hard and firm, throughout the sum- 
mer. — Souih-Lan d. 

Buckwheat Cakes are many times better and more wholesome 
when made light and thin. At night mix the flour with milk-warm 
water, a little salt, and a half a teacupful of good yeast into rather 
a stiff batter, and set it in a warm place to rise. In the morning 
thin the batter with milk, and add soda dissolved in hot water. They 
should not be baked up wholesale and pitched into a deep dish — that 
makes them heavy, but laid in neat piles on a flat plate, and baked 
as fast as needed at the table. 



696 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Chicken Salad. — A New England housekeeper thus writes in 
Hearth and Some, I use all the meat of a tender chicken, not re- 
jecting the dark part, as some do. An equal weight of celery is the 
rule, but I seldom use so large a proportion, say two-thirds of celery. 
For dressing, the yolks of two raw and two hard-boiled eggs, one 
large tablespoonful dry mustard, stirring in one direction ; add a 
little sweet oil, stirring constantly until a third of a half-pint bottle 
is added, the juice of a lemon, then more oil, in all two-thirds of a 
bottle, a little vinegar, a teaspoonful or more of salt. This must be 
made very slowly and stirred a long time. I have had it so white 
that it looked like rich cream, and so stiff as to hold the spoon upright 
in the bowl. It is about perfect for a salad of any kind. I do not 
mix salad until just before it is to be set upon the table, but the dress- 
ing may be made several hours before using, if kept covered. 



To Season Sausage Meat. — For thirty pounds of meat, eight 
ounces of pepper, and two teacups of sage. The following is a tried 
and convenient receipt : To one pound of meat add one tablespoon- 
ful of salt, one teaspoonful of black pepper, one teaspoonful of sage ; 
mix well. To any given number of pounds of meat, count the spoon- 
fuls of seasoning as above directed. — Exchange. 



Salve for Chapped Lips and Hands. — Take two ounces of 
white wax, one o*unce of spermaceti, four ounces of oil of almonds, 
two ounces of honey, quarter of an ounce of essence of bergamot, 
or any other scent. Melt the wax and spermaceti ; then add the 
honey, and melt all together, and when hot, add the almond oil by 
degrees, stirring it till cold. This is superior to glycerine for chapped 
hands, sun-burns, or any roughness on the skin. 



Oyster Pie. — Take a deep pan and line it with pie crust, or puff 
paste ; put it in the oven to bake ; when done, fill the pan with 
oysters that have been washed nicely ; put in pepper, salt, and a half 
cup of butter ; dredge flour over them and cover with puff paste 
rolled thick ; when the top crust is done the pie is ready for the 
table. 



"JViJI you dake^sumding ?" said a German teetotaler to a friend, 
while standing near a tavern. " I don't care if I do," was the re- 
ply. "Veil, den, let's take a valk." 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER. 

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, NOVEMBER, 1871. 

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION AND ADVERTISING. 

Subscription One Year, 82.00 

ADVERTISING. 

1 square, 10 lines or less, one insertion $ 1 00 Y z page, six months $35 00 

1 square of 10 lines for six months 6 00 3^ page, one year, _ 60 00 

1 square of 10 lines for one year 10 00 1 page, single insertion 15 JO 

%, page, six months 20 00 1 page, six months GO 00 

iipage, one year, I 35 00 1 page, one year 100 00 

PAYMENTS. 
Subscriptions— in advance. Advertising— annual— quarterly in advance. All others in advance 



<£bitortal §tparfment. 



Salutatory. 

The announcement was made in the October number that this journal had 
changed bands. Having taken entire control, I respectfully announce myself 
as Editor and Proprietor of the Southern Planter and Farmer. 

It is with no little distrust that I have assumed the management of a first 
class agricultural journal. My position is the more embarrassing when Ire. 
member that all of my predecessors were gentlemen widely and favorably 
known from their connection with the great interests of agriculture. By their ex- 
cellent management the exalted reputation of this journal has been established 
throughout the country, and in many quarters it is held as authority on the 
subjects it undertakes to represent. The duty devolves upon me to maintain, 
if possible, this high ana influential standard. 

I forbear to make any promises of what I will do in carrying out this pur- 
pose, preferring thp* the journal shall " speak for itself." It is proper to state, 
however, that I will be assisted by several gentlemen of ability and experience, 
whose names do not appear, but whose contributions will be readily recognized 
by all who have been accustomed to consult the pages of the Planter. Other 
regular contributors will be secured hereafter. Whatever improvements expe- 
rience may suggest will be introduced. In short, no effort will be spared to 
make the Southern Planter and Farmer the leading agricultural monthly of 
this country. 

Its pages are always open to those who wish to impart or elicit information 
on any agricultural question. All who may desire to aid in the promotion of 
our industrial interests are cordially invited to send us communications. 

All communications for the Southern Planter and Farmer, on any business 
connected with the journal, should be addressed to 

JOHN W. BISON, 
Editor and Proprietor Southern Planter and Farmer, 

No. 2 Columbian Block, Richmond, Va. 



698 THE SOUTHERN [November 






To Our Subscribers. 

We hope that our subscribers will exert themselves to enlarge the subscrip- 
tion list of the Planter. They can "do much good" in this direction by sug- 
gesting to their neighbors, who are not subscribers, the importance of sending 
in their names and the amount of subscription. Let every subscriber forward 
us at least one additional name, and we will commence the New Year with 
brightened hopes and stronger resolves. 

Acknowledgments. 

The Proprietor takes this opportunity to express his grateful acknowledg- 
ments to his friends of the press for the many kind words of encouragement 
which thev have extended to him in their notices of the change of proprietor- 
ship. He assures them that he will studiously endeavor to fulfill their friendly 
predictions. 

The Crops Abroad. 

The Philadelphia Ledger thinks it is extremely probable that for some time 
to come there will be a large demand abroad for American grain and bread- 
stuffs. The reports of this year's crops in Europe indicate less than an average 
yield. In England, the wheat is not only deficient in quantity but poor in 
quality, and it is anticipated that a hundred million bushels will have to be 
imported this winter to supply the deficiency. The English potato crop is 
short, although the Irish crop is an average one. From the Continent the re-" 
ports are better than those from England, but at the same time no ability is 
indicated to supply the English deficiency. The late war seriously interfered 
with agricultural operations in both France and Germany, and this has pro- 
duced there an exceptional demand for grain. Where crops are grown they 
are good, but the surface cultivated is not sufficient to supply the home demand, 
s^ that both countries will be importers. One of the natural sources of sup- 
ply of Europe in such cases, would be the corn-growing region embracing 
Hungary, the Danubian Principalities, Southern Russia, and Austria, but from 
these districts the reports generally indicate small crops, Roumauia being the 
only Danubian province likely to produce a full yield. Hence Europe, always 
an importer of wheat and corn from America, will, this winter, make an unu- 
sually heavy demand upon us. 

State Chemist. 

The farmers of the State of Tennessee are endeavoring to induce the Legis- 
lature to appropriate a sum of money sufficient to employ a chemist, whose 
duty it shall be to aid in the improvement of agriculture. It is proposed to 
have him analyze the best as well as the poorest soil of the State, in order to 
show what causes the fertility of the one and the barrenness of the other. It 
is also proposed that attention be given to ascertaining the comparative value 
of different manures, and of waste products, that may be made available for 
the purposes of agriculture. 

The Constitution of Virginia (Art. IV., Sec 16) gives the General Assembly 
" power to establish a Bureau of Agriculture and Immigration, " and we hope 
to see the day when this provision may be carried into successful operation. 
An analysis of Virginia soil would come within the province of such a bureau. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 699 



Ifg The County Agricultural Fairs. 

It affords us great pleasure to chronicle the gratifying success of the Agri- 
cultural Fairs held, during the month of October, in the counties of Pulaski, 
Wythe, Rockbridge, Campbell, Augusta, and Frederick. The exhibition of 
cattle at most of these Fairs has never been surpassed in Virginia. The suc- 
cess of the fairs was owing, in no small degree, to the harmonious arrangement 
of the order in which they were held. Exhibitors were thus enabled, in several 
instances, to go from one Fair to another, thereby increasing the attractiveness 
of each — a system which should be observed, as far as practicable, every year. 

The Fairs at Petersburg and Danville were held simultaneously. When 
this paragraph was written we had no reports from either place, but do not 
doubt that the Fairs were, in every respect, as successful as those which pre- 
ceded them. The last county Fair in this State will be held at Boydton, in 
Mecklenburg county, on the 8th of November. 



Premiums for Essays. 

The Ohio Agricultural Society offers premiums of $100 each for the best 
essays on the following subjects : History and description of the best milk 
cattle, together with the directions founded on actual practice, giving full de- 
scription of the characteristic indications of the best milkers. Also, directions 
founded upon the practice for breeding, rearing, feeding and managing. His- 
tory and description of the best breed of sheep profitable to the farmer, both 
for carcass and fleece, and adaptation to Ohio climate an system of agricul- 
ture, together with directions founded upon actual practice of breeding, rear- 
ing, fattening, etc. History and description of the best strain of farm horses, 
together with directions founded upon practice, of rearing, breeding, managing 
and educating, or breaking the young. The best practical means of preserv- 
ing and restoring the fores s of Ohio. The reports are to be sent to the Secre- 
tary's office in Columbus, before the first of January, 1872, at which time the 
rewards will be made by a committee of the board. 



Wire Grass. 

Mr. Editor, — Will not you, or some of your many readers, give us some 
plan for killing Wire Grass? It has ruined our garden, and is about to ruin 
our entire farm. The farmers here say there is positively no killing it, but we 
believe there is something that will kill it, if known. We have heard it 
affirmed that salt, if rightly applied, would kill it. We have tried, by way of 
experiment, salt and kerosine oil together, and they certainly will kill it, but 
the question is, don't they cost too much ? and isn't there a cheaper way of 
killing it? If you would bring the subject to notice, and free discussion 
among the farmers, I am sure you would confer a favor upon many of your 
subscribers, who are giving up their farms, and themselves, on account of this 
pestersome and obstinate wire grass. 

We sincerely hope some one may be able to give us some plan for its total 
destruction- H. W. C. 

Halifax Co., September \Wi, 1871. 



700 THE SOUTHERN [November 



" In Union there is Strength." — We have occupied considerable space 
in this number -of the Planter with the proceedings of the " Agricultural 
Congress" in Nashville, and of the Executive Committee of the State Agricul- 
tural Society, in favor of more concert of action among agriculturists. We 
are glad that this subject is engaging such general attention at this time, and 
trust that the movements which have been inaugurated to promote State and 
National co-operation among the farmers will be eminently successful. 



Recent Land Sales in Virginia. — Mr. D. M. Digges, land agent at Gor- 
donsville, has recently sold farms in Albemarle county, to Dr. Robert Bird, a 
native of Scotland, but for the last sixteen years a surgeon in the civil service 
of the British army ; to Mr. Sam'l P. Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and to Mr. 
John Michels, of England, all of whom have taken possession. Mr. D. is 
hopeful, from the increased inquiries, to report a great improvement in the 
busineess. 



Freight on Manure. — One of our contemporaries says, that if our railroad 
corporations were animated by the same broad principles of self-interest which 
govern the directors of the English roads, they would carry manure, even lime 
and plaster, at a mere nominal toll, well knowing that only manure can in- 
crease the freight of those farm products, the transportation of which alone 
supports the road. 



A Good Suggestion. — Our contemporary, the Farmers' Gazette, makes a 
suggestion in regard to small premiums awarded by the State Agricultural 
Society, which has our hearty concurrence. The suggestion is, that instead of 
offering small amounts of money for premiums, the Society should substitute 
a year's subscription to a home agricultural paper. The advantages are thus 
succinctly stated : 

1st. The Society would aid in disseminating that information for which it 
was established. 2d. The people would be benefitted by reading the journals. 
3d. The papers would receive that material assistance which they all need, 
thus resulting in practical good all around. 



New Publications Received, 

We have only time and space in this issue of the Planter to acknowledge 
the publications received during the month of October, viz : 

Blackwood's Magazine for October : Leonard Scott Publishing Co. 

Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, 1870, 519 pages. 

Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, for Nov. 1871. S. R. Wells, 
New York. $3 par year. 

Printers' Circular, R. S. Menamin, Phila- $1 per year. 

Wood's Household Magazine for Nov. S. S. Wood & Co., Newburgh, N. Y. 
$1 per year. 

Oliver Optic's Magazine. Lee & Shepard, Boston. $2.50 per year. 

Church's Musical Visitor. Cincinnati. A new and excellent musical mag- 
azine. $1 per year. 

Peters' Musical Monthly. New York. $3 per year. An old favorite. 

Schedules of premiums of Fairs in Louisiana, Texas and Tennessee. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 701 



CATALOGUES AND TRADE LISTS. 

From Hopes, Brother & Thomas, West Chester, Pa. ; J. Wentz & Co., Ro- 
chester, N. Y. ; Wood & Hall, Geneva, N. Y. ; " How to Start a Nursery," W. 
F. Heikes, Dayton, Ohio; " Ashes," Higgins, Reybold & Co., Delaware City, 
Delaware. 

[This department will receive more attention in future issues.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Don't Leave the Farm. 

Come, boys, I have something to tell you, 

Come near; I would whisper it low — 
You are thinking of leaving the homestead. 

Don't be in a hurry to go ! 
The city has many attractions, 

But think of the vices and sins ; 
When once in the vortex of fashion, 

How soon the course downward begins ! 

You talk of the mines of Australia — 

They're wealthy in gold without doubt ; 
But ah ! there is gold on the farm, boys, 

If you'll only shovel it out. 
The mercantile trade is a hazard, 

The goods are first high and then low ; 
Better risk the old farm awhile longer — 

Don't be in a hurry to go. 

The great busy West has inducements, 

And so has the busiest mart, 
But wealth is not made in a day, boys — 

Don't be in a hurry to start ! 
The bankers and brokers are wealthy ; 

They take in their thousands or so — 
Ah think of the frauds and deceptions — ■ 

Don't be in a hurry to go. 

The farm is the safest and surest, 

The orchards are loaded to-day ; 
You are as free as the air of the mountains, 

And monarchs of all you survey. 
Better stay on the farm awhile longer, 

Though profits come in rather slow ; 
Remember, you've nothing to risk, boys — 

Don't be in a hurry to go. 



A Pennsylvania man found two turkey eggs, as he thought, in the woods and 
set them under one of his hens. They were hatched out eagles. 



702 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Useful Suggestions. 

Goats and Rats. — A correspondent of the Germantown Telegraph says: 
Being sadly plagued with rats about my house and farm buildings, I tried in 
vain to catch them ; they are too cunning to be trapped, and to lay poison 
I dare not for fear of killing my dogs, cats, and hogs, and to wait for them with 
a gun was a loss of too much time, though I have dropped three at a shot. At 
last I purchased two goats, which I kept about my fold, barn and stables the 
pig styes being m the fold. In a short time all the rats emigrated — they evac- 
uated the place, cleared right out, every Jack of them, and I have not seen a 
single rat about the place for upwards of three years, but my neighbors who 
are within eighty rods have plenty of all sizes and ages. Perhaps it is not 
generally known that where there are many horses stabled together very little 
sickness prevails if there is a goat kept about the yard and stables. 

Disposing of Stone. — Here and there a large boulder still haunts the fields. 
The easiest way to dispose of such is to bury them. If the material is needed 
for building purposes, blasting would be resorted to, but most farms would to- 
day present a better appearance, and be less infested with weeds, if they had 
originally possessed no stone to make into tumble-down walls or unsightly 
buildings. What to do with the stone annually taken from the cultivated 
fields, is a question that often puzzles the farmer, and too frequently he solves 
it by dumping them into the fence corners. Better bury them. Select a low, 
wet spot — a sink-hole, perhaps — throw out some dirt from the bottom, and 
dump the stones in. Then cover them with the dirt, and you have mended a 
wet spot, got rid of the stones, and yet placed them where, if future necessity 
requires, they may be available. — Am. Rural Home* 

To Remove Foul Air from Wells. — It is well known that many accidents 
occur to persons going down into wells to clean them, owing to the noxious gas 
in such places. To remove the gas before descent is made into any well, a 
quantity of burned but unslaked lime should be thrown down. This, when it 
comes in contact with whatever water is below, sets free a great quantity of 
heat in the water and lime, which rushes upward, carrying all the deleterious 
gas with it; after which the descent may be made with perfect safety. The 
lime also absorbs carbonic acid in the well. Always lower a light before de- 
scending ; if it is extinguished, there is still danger of suffocation. 

Coal Ashes for Walks. — To three bushels of coal ashes, not sifted very 
fine, add one bushel of very fine gravel. Add water to these, and mix them 
until they become about as soft as mortar. Spread over the walks, the surface 
of which should be previously slightly broken and raked smooth and even, by 
spreading it with a piece of board. It will become hard in a few days. — 
Household. 

Cuttiyg Glass. — Any hard steel tool will cut glass with great facility when 
kept freely wet with camphor dissolved in turpentine. The ragged edges of 
glass vessels may also be thus easily smoothed by a flat file. — Boston Journal 
of Chemistry. 



1871.] PLANTER AND FARMLR. 703 

Good Health. 

Salt— Its Fffect on the Blood. — Dr. Stevens, a French physician and sur- 
geon, saw a butcher killing a pig. He observed that he stirred the blood of 
the animal, and added a handful of common salt to it, while stirring, which 
immediately made it crimson ; and on stirring being discontinued, the blood 
remained fluid. The change of the color of the blood awakened his curiosity. 
The butcher could give no explanation of the phenomenon except that it kept 
it from jellying and spoiling. Dr. Stevens seized a vessel, caught some blood, 
and made several experiments by putting salt in it, and found that the blackest 
blood was instantly changed to a bright vermillion by salt." " Oh !" said he, 
" here is a fact which may lead to a practical rule." 

He had observed in cases of yellow fever in the army, that the blood 
drawn was very black and fluid, and on adding salt it became vermillion, and 
retained its freshness; whereas putridity of the blood is one of the character- 
istics of the yellow fever. He, therefore, abandoned the usual mode of treating 
it, and gave his patients a mixture of various salts, and in a very short time 
reduced the mortality of fever in the West Indies from one in five to one in 
fifty. — Am. Farmer. 

Celery. — Many persons become so much affected with nervousness, that the 
least annoyance greatly agitates them, and when they stretch out their hands 
they shake like aspen leaves on windy days. By a daily, moderate use of the 
blanched stalks of celery as a salad, they may become as strong and steady in 
limbs as other persons. Every one engaged in labor weakening to the nerves, 
or afflicted with palpitation of the heart, should use celery daily in season, and 
onions in its stead, when not in season. — Educational Gazette. 



How to Cure a Cold. — As the season for colds is now upon us, it may in- 
terest our readers to learn what high medical authority says is the best treat- 
ment of these troublesome attacks. The advice is to eat nothing at meals but 
a piece of toast, drink freely of cold water, walk twice a day till you are in a 
gentle perspiration, and go to bed very early. — Fred. Herald. 



Fact, Fancy and Humor. 

Nothing Like Grammar. — Harper' s Magazine tells of a boy named Bob L., 
who was called on at school to parse the sentence, " Mary milks the cow." He 
commenced thus : " Cow is a noun, feminine gender, third person, and stands 
for Mary." * Stands for Mary !" said the excited professor, " how do you 
make that out?" " Because," answered the noble pupil, " if the cow didn't 
stand for Mary, how could Mary milk her?" 

Explosive Eggs. — A California paper recently announced that there is a 
hen on Griffin's ranch that lays explosive eggs — that is to say, her eggs burst 
immediately after tbey are laid. The explanation was afterwards given, that 
the hen in question is in the habit of roosting on the limb of a locust tree, 
about twenty feet from the ground, and she lays her eggs from that lofty perch. 
Of course they "explode" when they strike the ground. 



704 THE SOUTHERN [November 

Chignons. — The Western Rural says that the entire clip from Mr. Loomis' 
fine flock of Cotswolds was taken by the manufacturers of chignons, to be em- 
ployed in the manufacture of those adjuncts of the modern female toilet. 
Courage, ye long wool growers. A single chignon for each woman in the 
United States, of ordinary size, will require for their construction double the 
amount of long wool produced last year in the svhole country. 

An Invalid once complained to his neighbor of a Shanghae which the latter 
kept. The bird was a terrible nuisance, and gave him no peace day or night. 
" But," said the sceptical owner, u my cock crows only four or five times a day. 
I don't see how that can annoy you so much." " Because," replied the suf- 
ferer, " you don't take into account all the times when I am expecting him to 
crow." 

Gardening for Ladies. — Make your teds early in the morning instead of 
lying thereon; sew buttons on your husband's shirts; do not rake up any 
grievances ; protect the young and tender branches of your family ; plant a 
smile of good temper in your face, and carefully root out all angry feelings ; 
cultivate all womanly graces, and expect a good crop of happiness. — Exr. 

Child&en's Scrap Book.— It is well to save childish pictures and wood cuts 
of various kinds — many of which give children an excellent idea of places — 
and paste them into an old ledger or copy-book. They help pass away many a 
childish hour, and are at once innocent and instructive. With the help o^ 
questions from their elders, they aid children to think. 

Rabbits for Food — They have begun in Canada to cultivate rabbits as an 
article of food, and in European countries, hundreds of miles of coast lands are 
used as? rabbit warrens, and their product furnishes a cheap and nutritious 
food for millions, while the furs have considerable value in trade. 

Indiana dogs have carried sheep stealing to such an extent that the Legisla- 
ture has offered a bounty on every dog skin produced, and the honest farmers 
now find puppies the most profitable crop they can raise. 

Machinery for the manufacture of quilted comfortables for beds has been in- 
vented 9x\& introduced in Philadelphia, performing in a few moments the work 
which required many days by hand. 

A cranberry bog at Cotuit, Mass., it is estimated will produce 1,200 barrels 
of fruit this season. There are several acres that will produce 100 barrels 



There are but thiTty thousand land owners in all England, and one hundred 
and fifty of these own more than one half the territorial surface of the country. 

Alameda county, Cal., raised 13,000 pounds of figs last year. There is no 
reason why all our Southern States should not raise figs easily and abundantly. 

A Mar/land hawk made a dash for a chicken, and pinned himself to the 
sharp point of the lightning rod on the farm house. 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



11 



V 





ftil fi Ufa 



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3 O 1 



AND 



•4: 1 © 



EAST 




RIO 



Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 



o 



6/. 






12 



rLAHTititt Aitfi) r-ABMER 




The Watt Plow, 



PATENTED BY GEO. WATT, 



Took all of the First Premiums 



CimSURfc WS3T. PHIL. 



in the Plowing match of the Border Agricultural Fair at Danville, 8th November, 
1867, against all the most Improved Plows, from North and South, and took pre- 
miums at the Fairs of last year (1869), as follows: 1. At the Eastern Alabama 
Fair, at Opeliks, ; 2. At the State Fair of North Carolina, at Raleigh ; 3. At the 
Border Agricultural Fair, at Danville, Va. ; 4. At the South Carolina State Fair, 
at Columbia ; 5. At the Valley Agricultural Fair, at Staunton, Va. ; 6. At the 
Lynchburg gricultural Fair; 7. At the Rockbridge Agricultural Fair, at Lexing- 
ton, Va. ; 8. Received the highest ratings at the great Field Trial in August last 
at the Experimental Farm of Pennsylvania, at which over fifty diiferent patterns 
of Plows were tested. 

Duriug the months of October and November, 1870, the WATT PLOW has com- 
peted, in closely contested field trials, with the leading Plows of the United States, 
and has been awarded over TWENTY FIRST-CLASS PREMIUMS, including Di- 
plomas, Medals, and Silver-Plate, at the following places : Macon, Eatonton, An- 
derson, Thonmsville, and Augusta, Georgia; Charleston and Columbia, South Car- 
olina; Raleigh and Wilmington, North Carolina. 

At the Virginia State Fair there was no trial of Plows. 

" By their works ye shall judge them." 



Agents for the Climax Reaper and Mower, Excelsior Reaper and Mower, the 
best Grain Drill and the best Hay Rake and Gleaner, which we have selected as 
the best. 

We sell in addition to the Implements of our own make all PLOWS and PLOW 
CASTINGS, and all kinds of FARM MACHINERY used in this country whether 
made in this city or elsewhere, and at the lowest prices of this or other markets; 
and we will supply all kinds of SEEDS for field or garden purposes. 



T. J. Randolph, Sr., President. W. W. Flanuagan, Treasurer. 

CHARLOTTESVILLE WOOLEN MILLS. 

These Celebrated Mills offer to the trade a superior line of 

HEAJVY -WOOLEISr GOODS, 
FOR THE FALL TRADE OF 1871. 

Samples mailed merchants on application. Address, 

J3. C. MARCHANT, Sup't., 

Charlottesvlle, Va. 
For sale in Richmond by T. R. Price & Co., Duckwall & Rouss, Levy Bros., 
Cardozo, Fourqurean & Co. oot — 3m 



Ai>Vi^Tl.-UJNO i-.tlEK.' 



13 



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TALBOTT & SOWS, 

(SUCCESSORS TO TALBOTT & BRO.) 

]VIaiiiifacturers of 

PORTABLE, STRICTLY PORTABLE AND STATIONARY 



STEAM E 



WITH EITHER CYLINDER, FLUE, Oft TUBULAR 



CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, 

GRIST, SUMAC, BARK, AND PLASTER MILLS, 

SHAFTING, HANGERS AND PULLEYS, 
HYDRAULIC PRESSES, 

and all other kinds of 

Wrought Iron Work, Brass and Iron Castings, Machinery of every description, &o. 
may— tf 1@^1. 



14 PLANTER AND FARMER 

RURAL PIEDMONT LAND AGENCY, 

DAVID D. M. DIGGES, Proprietor, 

OFFICE, GORDONSVILLE, VA., 

Has for pale, near Kailroad, hundreds of Improved FARMS, large and small 
tracts, in Orange, Albemarle, and adjoining counties. Can furnish several th< u- 
sand acres in a body. Send for Catalogues ! ! dec — tf 



EO. A. LANCASTER, J. WILCOX BROWN, P. J. WRIGHT, J. L. WILLIAMS. 

LANCASTER & CO., 

Stock and Exchange Brokers & Bankers, 

Ho. 1113 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 



BROWN, LANCASTER & CO., 

STOCK AND NOTE BROKERS, 

No. 30 South Street, Baltimore, Md. 

LANCASTER, BROWN & CO., 

No. 23 Nassau Street, New York. 



RICHHOMB WM: 



m?i 



RICHMOND DAILY WHIG. 



Giving a complete and detailed history and review of the times> presenting and 
considering all matters and interests that engage the attention or involve the well- 
being of the people. 

One year, . . . . $8 00 I Three months, . . . $2 00 
Six months, . . . . 4 00 j One month, ... 75 

RICHMOND WHIG AND ADVERTISER (Semi-Weekly Edition). 

Every Tuesday and Friday, reproduces from the daily edition whatever has 
general interest or value, and especially whatever concerns the country reader. Its 
commercial and financial reports will always be found full and reliable. 

One year, . . . . $5 00 1 Three months, . . . $1 25 
Six months, . . . . 2 50 | One month, .... 60 

RICHMOND WEEKLY WHIG. 

Every Wednesday. Contents carefully selected from the Semi-weekly and Daily 
editions, so as to exibody all important news and valuable information, and afford 
data for correct opinions on all questions of public moment. 
Single copy one year, . . $2 00 I Single copy three months, . . 50 

do. do. six months, . 1 00 j do. do. one month, . . 25 



o Xji tcj :ra 

5 copieB to names and one extra, $9 00 
10 copies to names and one extra, 16 00 
20 copies to names and one extra, 27 1 
50 copies to names and one extra, 55 00 



5 copies and 1 extra to 1 address $8 50 
10 " " " " » 15 00 

20 « " >< « " 25 00 

50 " " " " « 50 00 



Remittances should be made by Check, Draft, Post Office Money Order, or Regis- 
tered Letter. MOSELEY & SHIELDS, 
sept— tf Richmond, Va. 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



15 




ORGANS 



AND 



MELODEONS, 



THE NEW HAVEN MELODEON COMPANY is unsurpassed in the successful 
M mufacture of the above Instruments. Their patronage has been so great near 
home, where their Instruments are best known, that it has not been necessary to 
appoint remote agencies, nor rely on constant puffing in order to sell their Instru- 
ments. 

Without claiming a conceited and bombastic superiority over all others, we do claim 
the fullest equality with the very best. 

Illustrated Catalogues sent free by applying to New Haven Melodeon Company, 
New Haven, Conn., or 

T. L. D. WALFOED, 

nov— ly No. 914 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 

Tlie Old X5ozi3.iici.ioi3., 

Organ of the Viryinia Historical Society, and the Best Literary 
Magazine Published in the South. 

M. W. Hazlewood, G. Watson James, Editoss. 



The OLD DOMINION is essentially a Southern magazine, having for its object 
the development of Southern literature and the preservation of the history of Vir- 
ginia. It now numbers among its contributors, both in the literary and historical 
departments, many of the leading writers of the country. The OLD DOMINION 
is now in its fifth volume, and is firmly established. Subscription $2.50 peraanum. 
Address 

M. W. HAZLEWOOD, 

1011 Main Street, Richniond. 
AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. nov-tf 

TEE SOUTHERN MAGAZINE', 

DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OP 

SeleiM Articles from the Best American ant Foreip Periodicals, 

AND 

Original Papers on General Literature, Science, Art, and the Educational 
and Material Development of the Country. 

Teems — $4.00 per annum. To Teachers, $3.00. A Specimen number sent on 
receipt of 25 cents. Canvassers wanted in every State. 

Address the Publishers, MURDOCH, BROWNE & HILL, 

Oct— «tf 54 Lexington Street, Bait-more. 



18 PLANTER AND FARMER 

THE DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINE 

GENERAL AGENCY, 

909 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 



BOTYIME PAPKE PATTKBNS. 

GENERAL AGENCY, 
909 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA. 

Messrs. AVERY & CO. call the attention of every lady, and especially house- 
keepers and heads of families, to the fact that they are able to furnish a machine 
which makes a perfect lock stitch ; runs as light as any machine manufactured ; 
makes as little noise ; will do any description of work from the finest fabric to the 
heaviest, and is bo simple that any ordinary child can manage it with ease. And 
also, that they are prepared to furnish a cut paper pattern for any and every de- 
scription of Ladies', Gents', or Children's Clothing of any size, at any time. 

Catalogues free. AVERY & CO., 909 Main Street. 

j. E. Aveby. [oct — 6m] E. P. Morriss. 

ENCOURAGE HOME ENTERPRISE. 



CAPITAL, $300,000. 



A. G. McIlwaine, President ; D'Arcy Paul, D. B. Tennant, Vice 
Presidents ; D. P. Facklen, Consulting Actuary ; S. B. Paul, Sec'y. 
Dr. D. W. Lassiter, Dr. James Dunn, Medical Directors. 

jNO. N B.VnIoN, j General A gents, 1301 Cary St., Kichmond, Va. 

Invests all Reserve from Premiums in the State. 
oct— ly __ ____ 

ENCOURAGE HOME ENTERPRISE. 

Fire. Marine. 

Merchants and Mechanics Insurance Co. of Va. 



CAPITAL, $250,0Q0. 



. Y. STOKES, President. JOHN F. LAY, Secretary. 

JOHN B. WILSON, Assistant Secretary. 

OFFICE 1301 CARY STREET, Under New Corn Exchange. 

[oct— ly] 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 17 



JOHNW. RISON, 

Wholesale and Retail 

SEVrGGX 

Corner Main and Third Streets, 

:R.ioniui:o:Nrii>, va, 





BISON'S COUGH MIXTURE 

Is only Prepared by JOHN W. RISON, Druggist, and is warranted to cure any 
Cough, if not too long standing. Price, 50 ceuts. 

RISON'S TOBACCO ANTIDOTE 

Is only Prepared by JOHN W. RISON, Druggist, and is warranted to remove the 
desire for Tobacco. Price, 50 cents. 

Rison's Cough Mixture and Bison's Tobacco Antidote 

Should be found at every store in the country. Ask for RISON'S and take no 
others, as they are warranted. 

A FULL STOCK OF 

DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, OILS, PAINTS, 

WINDOW GLASS, 

And everything else to be found in a First-Class Drug Store, which will be sold as 
low for cash as can be bought in Baltimore or New York. 

Virginia Snake Root, Slippery Elm Bark, Dogwood Bark. Ginseng, 
Seneca Root and Beeswax, 

Bought for cash, or taken in exchange for anything in the Drug line, at market 

prices. 

Q^ All orders from the Country will have prompt attention. 

JOHN W. EISON, Druggist, 

oct — ly Richmond, Va.. 



18 PLANTER AND FARMER. 



JOHN W. BISON'S 

SOVEREIGN TOBACCO ANTIDOTE. 

Warranted to Remove all Desire for Tobacco. 

It is purely vegetable, and contains nothing injurious; and if used according to 
the directions, and it does not destroy all desire for Tobacco, the price will be re- 
funded. Price, Fifty Cents per box. 



Richmond, Va., November 28, 1868. 
Dear Sir — The "Tobacco Antidote" prepared by you according to the recipe 
you have submitted to me, and the ingredients of which I bave examined, is purely 
vegetable, entirely harmless, and contains nothing in the least injurious. It is not 
disagreeable to the taste, and, as a home article, I hope you will meet with r>ady 
sale for it ; and I believe that if the directions are followed, it will do all you claim 
for it ' JOHN DOVE, M. D. 



Piedmont Life Insurance Comp'y, Richmond, 'an. 8, 1869. 

John W, Rison, Esq.: 

Dear Sir — Knowing many who are slaves to the use of Tobacco would like to 
quit it, I would recommend your "Antidote" as a sure remedy. I certify to its 
efficacy because, after having used Tobacco for fifteen years, I was enabled to quit 
it without inconvenience after using your " Antidote," and have now no desire or 
taste for Tobacco. W. C. CARRINGTON. 



TESTIMONY FOB BISON'S TOBACCO ANTIDOTE, 

Selected from some of the most reliable Papers published in Vir- 
ginia and other States. 

From the Central Presbyterian. 

The Tobacco Antidote of our friend, Mr. Rison, has already found a wide-spread 
demand, and its tale is rapidly extending. An order was filled last week from one 
house in New York for 2.880 boxes. * * * * They come in also from 
New Orleans, from Texas, and various o her quarters. We have no interest in re- 
commending this preparation except, first, the desire to promote the interest of a 
most worthy gentleman, in whose integrity the whole community places the highest 
confidence. * * * * Next, and chiefly, oar wish is to aid those who 
desire to free themselves from bondage to a habit which few will assert to be bene- 
ficial. * * * * We wish it great success on account of the inventor, 
and most for the good it may be expected to effect. 



From the Lynchburg News. 

We invite attention to the Tobacco Antidote prepared by John W. Rison, of Rich- 
mond. Va., aud for sale by Falkner & Craighill, of this city. A " tobacco worm" 
ourself, since we were fifteen years of age, we take pleasure in stating that a week's 
use of the Antidote has entirely destroyed all desire or taste for tobacco in any 
form whatever. Those who knew our fondness for a " chaw " or " puff " can judge 
of the complete efficacy of the Antidote in the cure it has effected in a bad habit to 
which we feared we were a complete slave, but which, thanks to Mr. Rison, we are 
now wholly freed from. We unhesitatingly advise all who wish to quit the use of 
tobacco to try the Antidote. It will do everything that is claimed for it. 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 19 



From the Richmond Dispatch. 

Rison's Tobacco Antidote, manufactured by John W. Rison, of this city, is 
already attracting very general public attention, and the rapidly increasing sale is 
the best evidence that can be furnished of Its real value as an antidote against the 
craving desire for tobacco. Mr. Rison is a well known druggist of this city, and 
we have the assurance of those who have used his Antidote that it will effect aU 
that is promised when the directions are followed. 



From (he Richmond Whig. 

The Tobacco Antidote — There are very many men in every community who 
admit that tobacco is injurious to them, and some go even so far as to say that it is 
killing them, but that they are powerless to stop : ts use. To such we bring words 
of comfort when we announce that Mr. John W. Eison, of this city, one of our 
most enterprising, intelligent, and reliable druggists, has prepared an antidote, 
which he claims will destroy entirely all appetite for the weed. 

oct — ly 

HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINl^ MlTKi 

To meet the increasing demand for these Goods, I am prepared to supply them 
either in large or small quactitieA 

Pure Globules, Vials Cork, Sugar of Milk, Alcohol, Tinctures, for external use, 
Labels, Domestic Cases and Chests, at various prices. Domestic Works, &c, &c, 
always on hand (See List of Works below.) And, in fact, a fall list of Medicines, 
both in pellet and liquid, are kept constantly oa hand, and purchasers may be 
assured of their purity and reliability. 

Being in regular communication with the manufacturers and publishers, any 
orders for goods not in stock will be promptly filled. 

I have also on hand a large assortment of SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS of the 
best quality ; also Trusses, and Abdominal Supporters. 

JOHN W. I&X^OINJ", 
Wholesale and Retail Druggist, Proprietor of 
Rison's Tobacco Antidote, Richmond, Va. 



TARBELL'S HOMCEOPATHY SIMPLIFIED. 12mo » $1 50 

A plain guide for Domestic Practice — giving the symptoms of disease in plain 
terms, with remarks upon Diet, Nursing, and the Domestic use of Water as an 
aid in the treatment of disease. 

FRELEIoH'S HOMOEOPATHIC PRACTICE. Royal Octavo.. $3 00 

This is a large work, embracing the history, diagnosis and treatment of disease, 
including those peculiar to females, and the management of children — with a 
Materia Medica. (Eleventh edition.) It is suitable for a Physician, Student, or 
Domestic Practice. 

JAAR'S FORTY YEAR'S PRACTICE. Royal Octavo $4 00 

" The most important results of more than forty years' practice of Homoeopathy, 
with personal observations regarding such curative indications as are truly reli- 
able and practically verified in actual cases of disease. 

MALAN'S FAMILY GUIDE. 16mo. Flexible 50 cents. 

A small Manual, fitting into the Medicine Chest, or s citable for the pocket. 

ELLIS' FAMILY HOMCEOPATHY. 12mo $1 50 

For general family use, and so arranged as to be easily understood. oct — ly 



20 PLANTER AND FARMER 



VIRGINIA NURSERY AND WINE COMPANY, 

PROPRIETORS OF 

HERMi T AGE MuRSERiES! 

RICHIJ^LOlSriD, -V A.- 
JACOB FULLEK, Rockbridge, President. 
JOHN M. ALLAN, Richmond, Secretary. 
L. W. ROSE, Richmond, Treasurer. 

JOHN D. H. ROSS, Rockbridge, 1 Directors 

RO. P. RICHARDSON, Reidsville, N. C, j - Uirectors - 



FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES, 

SHRUBBERY, dc, dfcc. 



200,000 Apple Trees, 50,000 Pear Trees, 

100,000 Peach Trees, 100,000 Grape Vines, 

50,000 Plum, Cherry and Apricot Trees. 

A ifnll assortment — embracing all the new and approved varieties. Trees well 
grown, vigorous, and warranted true to name. Also, a large stock of 

SMALL FRUITS: 

STRAWBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, GOOSEBERRIES, 

Our stock of Ornamental Trees, 

&c, is large and well selected. 

Catalogues furnished upon application, and correspondence invited with all in 
wan" of Trees, and information upon the subject of Fruit Culture. Address 

ALLAN & JOHNSON, 

oct — ly General Agents, tfo. 2 Columbian Block, Richmond, Va. 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



DENTISTRY 



All Dread Removed— Teeth Extracted Without Pain ! 



Dr. GEORGE B. STEEL, Dentist. 

BTo. 73 3, Main Street, Richmond! Va. 



By the use of " Nitrous Oxide Gas," manufactured in its purest form by myself, 
and daily administered to numerous patients, I am extracting teeth WITHOUT 
PAIN. 

J&@F* The patient is not rendered unconscious, but feels no pain. 
Delicate ladies and little children inhale this Gas with impunity. It is perfectly 
safe and pleasant, as the following testimonials will show : 

BEAD AID HO &OHJG-JER HESITATE : 
[From the Professor of Natural Sciences at Richmond College.] 
" I have inhaled Nitrous Oxide, as prepared by Dr. Geo. B. Steel, who also, at 
my request, administered it to a member of my family, from whose mouth several 
teeth were extracted without pain, and without any subsequent unpleasant effects. 
I consider its inhalation perfectly safe, while its effects are altogether pleasurable. 
I recommend its use with entire coD&dence. " B. PURYEAR, 

" Richmond College, May 4, 1869." 



[From Horace Ford, Esq.] 
"I inhaled 'Nitrous Oxide,' as prepared by Dr. Steel, and had several teeth 
extracted without pain and without any subsequent unpleasant effect, though not 
wholly unconscious while uuder its influence, I felt no pain whatever. I recom- 
mend its use to all who would have their teeth extracted without pain." 



[From John P. Snead, Esq., Fife's Post Office, Goochland.] 
" A member of my family, to whom Dr. Steel administered his 'Nitrous Oxide 
Gas,' and extracted a number of teeth in a very short time without pain, gladly and 
unhesitatingly recommends its use to sufferers from aching teeth ; and from per- 
sonal experience, pronounces it one of the greates: of blessings." 



I also perform all other operations, pertaining to the science of Dentistry, in the 
most satisfactory manner. 

Remember the place, No. 723 Main Street, five doors above the Spotswood Hotel. 

GEORGE B. STEEL, Dentist. 

Franklin Davis. Samuel C. Kent. 

RICHMOND NURSERIES. 

On Brooke Turnpike, one mile and a quarter from City 

FRANKLIN DAVIS & 00., Proprietors. 

TWO HUNDRED ACRES IN NURSERIES— 1,500,000 Apple Trees, 500,000 
Peach Trees, 150,000 Pear Trees, 100,000 Plum, Cherry, Apricot, Nectarine and 
Quince Trees, 1,500,000 Grape Vines, Currant, Gooseberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, 
and Strawberry Plants ; 50,000 Asparagus, and Rhubarb ; 1000,000 Osage Orange 
for Hedging. 

This stock is remarkably thrifty and well grown ; the selection of varieties has 
been made with great care, and comprises those best adapted to this latitude for 
general cultivation ; also varieties suited to particular localities and for spebial 
purposes. ( 

Correspondence desired with those who contemplate planting orchards, and to 
those who wish to plant largely, great inducements will be offered. All persons 
interested in fruit culture are respectfully incited to visit the Nurseries. 

Descriptive catalogues furnished on application. Oct— 6m. 



rit 



22 



PLANTER AND FARMER 



VICK'S 
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE 

OF 

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, LILIES, 

AND 

Otter Hardy Butts for Fall ElantM, 

Is now published, and will be sent free 
to all who apply. Address 

JAMES YICK, 
sept-2m Rochester, N. Y. 

I'jUNE MIXED TULIPS FOR FALL. 
i Cheaper than Ever. 

By Mail, 35 cents, per dozen ; $1 25 per 
100. By express, 50O, $5 : 1,000, $8. 
Send stamp for Illustrated Catalogue of 
Bulbs and Winter Blooming Plants. 
F. K. PHOENIX, 
sept-2m Bloomington, Illinois. 



LEATHER BUYERS, 

SHOEMAKERS & SADDLERS, 

will study their interest by calling at, or 
ordering from 

MGHBBRG ft SCHAAP, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Leather 
and Findings. 

1402 Main St., Ridtm&nd, Va. 
oct-lt 



Iron and Wire Fences. 

Iron Ox Hurdle Fence, Iron Sheep 
Hurdle Fence, Wire Webbing for Sheep 
and Poultry Yards, Iron Farm Gates, 
Guards for Stable Divisions, Store Fronts, 
Factories, ftc., Tree Guards, 

Ornamental Wire Work, 

For Porches, Greenhouses, &c. 

WIRE BAILING 

For Cottage, Garden, and Cemetery en- 
closures. 

Mosquito Netting and every variety of 

Wire Work. Every information furnished 
by manufacturers. 

M. WALKER & SDKS, 

sept-6m* 805 Market street, Phila. 



MARSHALL, IttElOH & CO., 

Wholesale Dealers in 

HATS, CAPS, FURS, TRIMS, 



STRAW GOODS, 

1315 Main Street, Richmond, Va. 
0. M. Marshall, 
W. N. McVeigh, Jr., 
Harvey McVeigh. oct-3m 



A. H. ROBINS, 

APOTHECARY. of 12 years experience. 
For purity, accuracy and reliability, un- 
surpassed. 

Family supplies of Pure Medicines at 
moderate prices, and in any quantity de- 
sired. Call aud examine. 

Second St., between Clay and Ldgh, 
Richmond, Va. oct-6t 



LAMB KNITTING MACHINE— The 
best investment a farmer can make. 
Waves from 4 to 6 profits between his 
wool and cloth. Makes every article of 
knit goods needed in a family. No wide- 
awake farmer can afford to be without 
one. For circulars and samples address 
LAMB KNITTING MANUFACTURING 
CO., Chicopee Falls, Mass. 
oct-3c 



HEIKES' N U RSER8ES. 

A full stock for the Fall of 1871. Ad- 
dress for Price Lists, viz: No. Descrip- 
tive; No. 2, Wholesale; No. 3, Dealer's 
Wholesale ; No. 4, Retail. 
(Established 1822.) W. F. HEIKES. 
oct— 2t Dayton, Ohio. 



Dr. H. A. H. GODDIN & CO., 

Sole Manufacturers and Proprietors o. 

V 



Si 



Talisman, Liver Pills, Uterine Powders, 
Compound Gentain Bitters, and Aromatic 
Gten tain Cock Tail bitters. 

Sold by John W. Rison, 

oct-Gm Richmond, Va. 



APPLE SEEDLINGS 

In large quantities at the lowest rates. 
See Price List No. 2. 

W. F. HEIKES, Dayton, Ohio, 
oct— 2t - 

DR. GARNETT'S COMP' UND VEG- 
ETABLE BITTEKS, composed o*' 
the most active Vegetable Tonics known 
to the Profession, have proven their effi- 
cacy beyond all doubt (attested by nu- 
merous certificates) in all th > various 
forms of debility resulting from any and 
every tvpe of disease As a preventative 
of AGUE and FEVER, BILIJUS FEVER 
aud all malarious diseases, they act like 
a charm They are now being recom- 
mended by many of the Physicians of 
Richmond Price only 75c a bottle. — 
Only try a bottle aud be convinced. To 
be had at, Da G^rnett's Drug Store, 
corner of 7th and Broad streets, No. <)38, 
nd at other Drug Stores. oct-3t 



ADVERTISING SHEET. 



23 



ARTHUR ROONEY, 



CD 










20 Governor and 1207 Franklin Streets, 
nov-tf 

HOUSE & SULLIVAN, 
Proprietors of 
Langley's Celebrated 

ROCKY MOUNTAIN TONIC, 

Tpe Purest and Best Bitter 

Nuw before the Public. 

Wholesale Depot, No. 915 Bank Street, 

Between 9th and 10th streets, 

nov-6na Richmond, Va. 



Url CANVASSING- AGENTS EARN 
$10 to $20 daily. New Monopoly 
Sells in every family to entire satisfaction 
Agents 'wanted. Address MYERS M'F'G 
CO., 104 John St., N. Y. nov-lt 



RIFLES, SHOT-GUNS REVOL 
VERS, Gun Material. Write for 
Prioe List, to GREAT WESTERN 
GUN WORKS, Pittsburgh, Pa. Army 
Guns, Revolvers, &c , bought or traded 
for. Agents Wanted. nov-4t 



THOROUGH- BRED ANGORA GOATS 
of A. Eutychides Importation. 
Having taken the flock recently imported 
to this country by Mr. A. Eutychides-, 
■who owns large flocks of these silk-bear- 
ing animals in Asia Minor, I am now 
prepared to fill orders for same at very 
low rates. For sample of fleece and price 
list address 

WM. ROSS COVELL, 
Angora Stock Farm, 
sept-6m* near Orange C. H., Va. 



HOUSE AND 8I'iN WORK. WHI- 
TENING, GLAZING, and every- 
thing appertaining to ti>3 business, done 
in the best stvle on reasonable terms, by 
CHARLES H.GRAVES, 
Marshall St., betweeu 3d and 4th Sts., 
Richmond. nov-6t 



EDDINGS, BALLS, PARTIES, 

and Country Stores furnished 
with Confectioneries, Cakes, Candies &c, 
in any part of the country, by 

ANDREW PIZZLNI, Jr. 
807 Broad St., Richmond, Va. 
nov-6t 



SCUPPERNONG, FLOWERS', Thomas 
and Tender- Pulp Grape Vines. — We 
have for sale at our Vineyards in White- 
ville, an extensive supply of layered 
^cuppernoog, Flowers', Thomas and 
Tender-Pulp Grape Vines. Parties wish- 
ing to purchase, can obtain a Descriptive 
Catalogue, containing prices, directions 
for planting, cultivation, arboring, &c, 
by applying to us, enclosing stamp. A. I. 
BUTNElt & D. P. HIGH, Whiteville, Co- 
lumbuH Co., N. C. noY-2fc 



HOW TO START A NURSERY. 

Second edition. Price 25c. Price list 
of Trees, Plants. Seedbngs, Root Grafts, 
&c, free. HEIKES' NU ISERIES, Day- 
ton, O. (Established 1822.) oct— 2t 

"M¥Rfc^N~F0WsT _ TREES.--Tu. 
lip, Linwood, Ash, Elm, Beech, 
Maple, Chesuut, Hemlock, &c. Price, 
$2 per thousand, and upwards. Some 
varieties by mail, 50c. per 100- Send 
stamp for circular. Interests all. 
oc*-2t A. BATTLES, Girard, Pa. 



|7AMILY BOOT AND SHOE STORE. 

ABRAHAM GUNST, 
Dealer in 

Boots, Shoes, Hats and Trunks, 

511 Broad St , bet 5th and 6ih, 
Richmond, Va. 
Repairing neatly done, and Custom 



Work made to order. 



nov-lm 



BLOOM1NGTON NURSERY, Illinois. 
20th Year ! 000 Acres ! 3 3 Green- 
houses! Largest Assortment, Best Stock, 
Low Prices. Trees, Shrubs, Plants, 
Bulbs, Seeds, Stocks, Grafts, &c. 100 
Page Illustrated Catalogue 10 cents. 
Bulb, Plant, Seed Catalogues, all for 10 
cents. Wholesale Price List, free. Send 
for these, before buving elsewhere. 
F. K. PHOENIX, 
aug-3m Bloomington, 111. 



»*11 or Sorgo, in 10 hours 



how made — of C der, Wine 
F. SAGE, 



Cromwell, Conn. 



sept-3m 



PLEDGE & JACKSON, 

Manufacturers ot, and Wholesale 

and Retail Dealers in 

DOUBLE REFINED 

French ant American Candies, 

Foreign and Domestic Fruits, &c, 
817 Broad St., Richmond, Va. 
J. W. Pledge late of A Pizzini & Co. 
Thos. Jackson, late at Broad aud 2d sts. 

gig^Parties furnished at short notice, 
either iu city or country. oct-Gin 



24 PLANTER & FARMER 



SCHEDULE OF TRAINS 0VE1 THE SHORT LIKE. 



GOING INTO EFFECT 22d JANUARY, 1871. 



Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Route 



TO ALL POINTS, NORTH, EAST AND NORTHWEST. 



TRAIN No. 1. — Through Mail Train via Washington leaves the Depot, corner of 
Byrd and Eighth streets, daily, at 12.45 P. M. Arrives in Richmond daily at 2.20 
P. M 

The Train leaving Byrd street depot at 12.45 P. M., on Mondays, Wednesdays, 
and Fridays, connects at Acquia Creek with the Steam r Georgeanna for Baltimore. 
Arrives in Richmond on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 2.20 P. M. 

TRAIN No. 2. — Through Mail Train via Washington, leaves the depot, corner of 
Byrd and Eighth etreets, daily (Sundays excepted), at 8.30 P. M. Arrives in 
Richmond (Mondays excepted) at 3.30 A. M. 

Through Tickets and Through Baggage Checks to all principal points in the 
North, East and Northwest. 

Freights contracted for and forwarded daily, with dispatch, to all points North 
and West. 

SPECIAL NOTICE.— The Accommodation Train will run as far as Milford Sta- 
tion daily (Sunday? excepted), leaving Richmond, corner of Broad and Eighth 
streets, at 3.30 P. M. Returning, will leave Milford at 6.28 A. M. and arrive at 
Richmond at 8 50 A. M. 

Apply at Company's Office, corner of Broad and Eighth streets. 

J. B. GENTRY, 
General Ticket and Freight Agent. 

Ed. T. D. Myers, General Superintendent. feb— tf 

SOTTHEBH GKBOHO BI 

921 Main Street, Richmond, Va., 
WALSH & REDDY, Proprietors. 

Now open to tho public the finest quality of 

PAINTINGS, CHKOMQS, ENGRAVINGS, LITHOGRAPHS, 

etc., etc., ever exhibited in our city, 

A good stock of Mirrors, Oval Frames, Photographs, etc., always on hand, aud 
the cheapest and best in the market 

Fine writing Desks, Albums, Bibles, Gold Pens, School Books, and Stationery at 
lowest rates. 

0^* Come and see our Gallery. Give us a call before buying elsewhere* We do 
all kiuda of Framing. [oct— Gm*] WALSH & REDDY. 



Smith's Improved Patent Well Fixture. 




■$k 



We commenced the manufacture of these Well Fixtures in 1859. In 18(fc our 
Mr. H. M. Smith patented a very important improvement, which added greatly to 
the efficiency and durability of the Fixture ; since which time the sale has largely 
increased and extended. In February, 1870, our Mr. I. T. Smith patented a device 
which secures absolute safety to the Fixture from accident in the hands even of the 
most'careless or willfully negligent person, and we now challenge the world to fur- 
nish so perfect a water drawer as Smith's Patent Well Fixture. 



I*. O. Box S, 



H. M. SMItfH & CO., 



njov — tf 



Richmond, Va. 




The Improved 



Family Sewing Machine 

THE BEST 

IN THE MARKET. 

SEVEN HUNDRED THOUSAND 
IkAftde, Sold and ixx TTjso. 

Sales in 1870, 127 833; 44,625 more than any other company. 
Sales in 1859, 86,781 ; increased sales for 1970, 41,052. 
Sales for 1871, now indicated, 200. 0~0. 
It is the award of merit by the people— the best of all premiums. An indis- 
pensable necessity. A friend that should be in every family. Machines Repaired. 
Machine Twist, Cotton, and Oil forfsale. S*nd for circular. 

SCHAFFER & STRONG, 

General Agents for Virginia and North Carolina, 
nov — 6m 913 Main street, Richmond, Va. 



J 




WILLIAM KNABE & CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

*cb >ft> ^5©* : w>oi ^^ 
Ware riooms— Ko. 350 West Baltimore Street, 




9 



WHITENING, GLAZI JV,G^ 
^.n^ Everything Appertaining to the Business, 

DONE IN THE -BEST STYLE, ON SEASONABLE TERMS., 



BY 



CHARLES H. GRAVES, 



nov— lm 



Marshall street, between Third nnd Fourth, Richmond, V;i. 



THE OLD VIRGINIA 

PIEDMONT LAND ADVERTISER, 

PUBLISHED BY 

J. W. DOLIN, Real Estate Agent, 
Cla«,rlc>ttejsr*7-±11©, Trixrsiial^t. 

This Agency has in hand, for sale, a number of valuable Farms and other Real 
Estate in Albemarle and other Piedmont counties, as well as Dwelling and Business 
btands in Charlottesville and near the University of Va. Send for a Catalogue. 

nov— tf