SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER 
VOLUME 35-36 
N. S. 
VOLUME 8-9 
187U-1875 
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SOUTHERN PLANTER AND FARMER 

VOLUME 35-36 
N. S. 
VOLUME 8-9 
L87U-1875 



MISSING: Vol. 3h #1-5, 7-12 

» 35 #1-7, 10, 12 



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THE SOUTHERN 

PLANTER & FARMER, 

DEVOTED TO 

Agriculture, Horticuitnre, and the Mining, Mechanic and Honsenald Arts. 

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.— Xenophon. 
Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the State.— Sully. 

L. R. DICKINSON, . . . Editor and Proprietor. 

T. L. PAYNE, .... Associate Editor and Business Agent. 



•t New Series. RICHMOND, VA., JULY, 1874. No. 6. 



It is always difficult, often dangerous, to effect a radical change 
in the political, social, or industrial interests of a country. Even 
when gradually accomplished, such changes are fraught with dangers 
which may well cause the most rabid reformer to pause ere he pre- 
cipitates a revolution. But when all these interests combined are 
at once, instantaneously subverted, it is certainly not at all astonish- 
ing that pecuniary loss and comparative social and industrial paraly- 
sis should follow. Indeed, that social disorganization, ruin and an- 
archy did not follow the close of the war in the South, must be 
attributed to the natural conservatism of the ruling class. But 
while we commend and admire this conservatism, we fear very much 
that too large a portion of it is doing much to hinder the material 
advancement of Virginia and the South generally. This clinging 
to the past, this standing by old landmarks, this devotion to old sys- 
tems, and pursuit of occupations that really belong to the past, and 
general indisposition to try new systems, to embark in new industries 
and effect other changes, rendered absolutely necessary by the al- 
tered condition of the labor system and other changes growing out 
of this, has brought bankruptcy to many Southern homes, and pro- 
duced an incalculable amount of trouble and disappointment. 

We hope, however, that our people have learned much by their 
bitter experience, and that the few new industries that have been de- 
veloped during the last six or eight years will be rapidly followed by 



THE SOUTHERN [July 



others, which will bring increased prosperity to the country. One 
of the first changes which is likely to effect great good, is the aban- 
donment of the old system of plantation management — employing 
large force and tending large crops of tobacco and wheat. Our 
laboring class is too indolent and unreliable to admit of this Such 
a system could only be profitable when the planters could command 
at all times the necessary amount of reliable labor to work it out 
successfully in all its details. This cannot now be done. A wed- 
ding, a funeral, or a fishing frolic will take all the labor off a half 
dozen large plantations for days even in the busiest season, and the 
crop, if tobacco, may be ruined by worms or frost, or it may fail to 
be planted at proper season, just that our nation's wards may be 
properly married, or buried, or enjoy the exhilarating sport of catch- 
ing cat-fish or eels out of some muddy pond. 

Having a knowledge of these facts from sore personal experience, 
we have from time to time, through the editorial columns of the 
Planter, urged upon our farmers the necessity of engaging in the 
production of such crops as required less continuous manual labor, 
and which are less liable to injury from temporary neglect. 

SHEEP RAISING. 

One of our hobbies, and one which we have urged repeatedly upon 
farmers as most likely to yield "satisfactory results on our impover- 
ished lands, is the raising of sheep. Many of our friends have 
experimented in this line, and are perfectly satisfied with their suc- 
cess. Col. Ruffin, in a communication published in the Planter 
some months since, gave a detailed statement of his success in rais- 
ing lambs for the New York market, and what he has done any 
other farmer may do if he will only give the time and attention re- 
quired. There need be no fear that the market will be overstocked. 
Practically, there is no limit to the demand, as our nearness to the 
seaboard gives ready and cheap access to all the large cities of the 
Atlantic coast, where good mutton and early lambs always meet with 
ready sale at profitable prices. Many men* however, are deterred 
from embarking in this profitable enterprise by the dread of dogs, 
and it must be confessed that their fears are not idle ones. We have 
almost daily accounts of splendid flocks decimated, and, in some in- 
stances, entirely destroyed by worthless curs, whose value would 
hardly be as one to a million compared with the loss they thus inflict 
upon the individual interest and that of the community. It does 
seem that this great nuisanc e ought and could be abated. It does 

LIBRARY 

William & Mary 

College 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 



seem that such an impediment to the successful raising of one of the 
most profitable of our domestic animals could and ought to be re- 
moved by the united action of that large class of our citizens who 
are personally interested. We consider this matter of legislative 
interference for the protection of sheep against dogs of sufficient 
general importance to be made a test question in the choice 
of a representative to the Legislature. There is not the 
shadow of a doubt that the friends of sheep are very largely in the 
majority in the State, and that the noise of the dogs and their 
friends would soon be silenced if they would only speak out with 
determination. 

The enclosure law, as it now stands, is based upon proper princi- 
ples — the local option clause leaving it with the people of each com- 
munity to decide for themselves whether it is desirable in their lo- 
cality or not. With some very slight modifications this law would 
be acceptable to the larger part of those interested. But the dog 
law is one that is of general application, and its best results can 
only be reached by making it universal in its application. 

There exists no natural or acquired right in one individual to keep 
an animal -to devour the unoffending animals of his neighbor, and 
the fact that the owners of dogs preponderate in any immediate 
neighborhood does noc give them the right to destroy the sheep of 
the minority, or prevent that minority from raising sheep from fear 
of their destruction. 

Let the farmers of the State, then, determine that they will sup- 
port no man for the Legislature who is not pledged to the passage 
of a law for the protection of sheep against dogs. This is the only 
way we can accomplish anything. The laws on this subject pre- 
vailing in most Northern States, making the owner of the dog re- 
sponsible for the damage done, are very good there, but would be 
utterly nugatory here, from the fact that in many instances, indeed 
the majority of cases, the dog is about the only property he pos- 
sesses. The only way we can reach the matter is to tux the dog 
heavily, and make payment of the tax a condition precedent to 
voting. We would gladly see a tax of two dollars or more imposed 
upon every dog, and believe that such a law would soon yield a 
revenue that would enable us to discharge some of our obligations. 

RAISING GRASS. 

The general introduction of sheep will necessitate the seeding of 
grass, and at the same time greatly facilitate securing a good set. 



416232 



THE SOUTHERN [July 



It is a notorious fact that sheep will set any place in grass. Their 
constant treading and close biting has a tendency to kill out the 
coarser grasses and improve the finer, sweeter and more nutritious. 
The keeping of sheep would in a few years cover many of the un- 
sightly galls that disfigure the hillsides of the State with a luxuriant 
coat of green, and add very much to the fertility and money value 
of the farms. 

A large part of the land of Virginia, however, will not raise much 
grass in its present condition. Such land should, as speedily as 
possible be improved by the plowing in of a crop of fallow peas, 
which will grow on the very poorest soils, and, with very little help, 
produce a luxuriant crop of vine. We cannot too earnestly recom- 
mend to the owners of impoverished farms to avail themselves of this 
cheap and* rapid improver, which nature provides for them. Gene- 
rally a crop of wheat sown upon pea fallow will give a good 
yield and leave the land in fine condition for grass. Grass seeded 
in February on wheat will rarely fail to catch, and as the wheat is 
removed early, it will make considerable growth during the summer 
and fall. Under our present system, fields not in cultivation are 
left bare, or grow up in weeds or briers. If we could substitute for 
these a good crop of clover, furnishing feed for large flocks of sheep, 
the profits arising from them would add greatly to the wealth of the 
whole country, and the improvement of the land would be rapid and 
sure. 

COUNTRY ROADS. 

We have never been in a country where the roads were as uni- 
formily bad as they are in the State of Virginia. If they are to be 
taken as an index of the spirit of public improvement among the 
people, it is certainly at a very low ebb. Nothing adds more to the 
appearance of a country than good roads, and the value of the land 
of this State would be greatly enhanced if the roads were as good as 
they might be made with a very slight additional outlay. The weak 
point in the present system is the appointment or election of super- 
visors, who are totally incompetent and not in any way interested 
further than to secure their two dollars a day. Only men who know 
something about such matters should have the supervision of roads, 
and then, as far as possible, men who are interested in the appear- 
ance of the country and condition of the roads, should be chosen. 
One of the best methods of securing and keeping up good roads is to 
let them out by contract to private parties for a series, say of ten 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 



years, to be put in order and kept so for a given yearly compensa- 
tion, taking bond with security for the faithful performance of the 
contract. A per capita tax, not exceeding two dollars, for each per- 
son liable to work on the road, would keep the roads in excellent 
order. In conversation with a Pennsylvanian, who came here to buy 
land and went away without purchasing, he gave as a reason, that 
the roads were in such a condition .that he could haul nothing over 
them if he raised it for sale — and he further remarked, that several 
of his acquaintances who had been here went back with the same 
opinion. Our farmers would do well to look to this matter as, 
unless it is speedily attended to, the sale of our lands and the im- 
provement of the State will be indefinitely postponed. 



COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AGAIN. 

We give place in this number to a long article from the pen of 
Mr. Ott, on the subject of " Commercial Fertilizers." Our object 
in this matter, as in everything else, is to do justice. We believe 
that without the use of commercial fertilizers the course of improve- 
ment will of necessity be very slow, and that there is no subject of 
more vital importance to the agricultural interest of the State than 
this. We wish to see it thoroughly discussed in all its bearings, that 
our people may know what is the nature and cost of every ingredi- 
ent used ; then with the manufacture of these articles in reliable 
hands we may reasonably hope to get value received for the money 
paid out for them. 

We know of no man more competent to give a fair exposition of 
this subject than the Secretary of the Southern 'Fertilizing Com- 
pany, and we hope that he will give us more on the same subject. 
The columns of the Planter are open to him at all times. The 
article referred to was written at the request of the editor of the 
iV. C. State Journal of Agriculture, and first appeared in that 
paper. 

While we believe that a good article of fertilizer can be produced 
at much smaller*price in proportion to its value than any now in the 
market, yet we think that this result can only be attained by a re- 
turn to a cash system. So long as fertilizers are sold on indefinite 
credits, depending upon the ability and disposition of the farmer for 
payment, with the loss by bad debts necessarily attending such a 
method of doing business, so long will those who buy have to pay 
high prices. 



THE SOUTHERN [July 



THE GRANGES. 

The rapid progress which the Society of Patrons of Husbandry is 
making in Virginia is indicative of a feeling among our farmers that 
a change of some kind is necessary. We do not belong to that class 
of our sanguine individuals who are always expecting impossibilities 
of every new thing. But we are confident that the Granges are 
going to work great and permanent good in this State. Our farmers 
being brought together in intimate personal relations, will be of great 
mutual benefit to each other, imparting and receiving imformation 
and inspiring among them a spirit of emulation which can be pro- 
ductive of good only. 

We do not consider this movement a war upon other trades and 
professions. Whatever antagonism may exhibit itself must grow out 
of the legitimate protection it seeks to give to the interest of the 
producing classes. Farmers in Virginia are between two classes, both 
of whom are striving to make a living out of them, and in many in- 
stances without giving an adequate return. The laboring class, 
upon the one hand, as a general rule, demand higher wages than the 
products of their labor will justify, than the work performed is in- 
trinsically worth, and failing to get what they demand by fair means 
they resort to cheating, lying and stealing as a means (to use their 
own language) of getting even. 

We have in Virginia very few of what would in the North be con- 
sidered skilled laborers. After an experience of three years with 
them, our former experience having been where good white laborers 
could be gotten, we are of the opinion that take farm work generally, 
including all the odd jobs, seeding, &c, that are to be done, one good 
hand, such as would command $15 per month in Ohio, Indiana and 
Kentucky is worth more than two hands, such as can be hired in 
Virginia for from $8 to $10. The other class with which the farmer 
I as to contend with may be styled the money class, and is made up 
of commission merchants, bankers, manufacturers, &c, the profits 
of these classes are in many instances enormous. We do not wish 
to deprive any one of the legitimate profits of trade, but when we 
see nearly one fourth of a crop absorbed by commission storage, in- 
surance, and such like charges, we are very apt to think there is 
something beyong legitimate profit somewhere. 

We see frequent hints that this is a political movement which 
is usually persistently denied by those connected with the order. 
Now it appears to us that while the objects are not truly political 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 7 

the results must be so. We need great reforms which can only be 
effected through legislation, and whatever a majority of the people 
desire can be so accomplished. We believe, therefore, that the 
Granges will shape legislation in the Southern and Western States 
for years to come, and that so far the effects of this movement will 
be political. Upon the contrary, however, this order does not pro- 
scribe any class but simply leaves the individual members to choose 
between candidates (and they will give preference to) those whose 
principles and views coincide with their own. 



FOREIGN LABOR AGAIN. 



We are just in the receipt of a letter from a prominent Virginia 
farmer, requesting our opinion of the practicability of introducing 
Chinese laborers into Virginia, and their value as compared with the 
negro, and also other farm laborers We know little about them 
ourselves and therefore make the following extract from a paper 
read before the Social Science Association and published in the N. 
Y. Times. It is from the pen of Mr. Mare of California : 

" Probably the greatest difficulty w T hich California will have to 
deal with will be the Chinese problem. There is nothing which the 
State requires so much as an abundance of cheap labor, if the fields 
are to be tilled, the mines worked! and the factories built. Ordinary 
domestic servants are now paid $ 25 or $30 per month in gold, in 
addition to their maintenance. European immigrants, willing to en- 
gage in manual or servile work, come but slowly into the State. 
The Chinamen are eager to come. They are versatile, hardy, in- 
dustrious and obedient. Some of them excel in hard out-door labor ; 
some are excellent cooks and laundresses ; some are skillful opera- 
tives in factories. But they are of a different race, of heathen reli- 
gion, of difficult speech, and altogether are an offense to multitudes 
of white persons, who regard them as trespassers in the labor market. 
The hostility of the multitude toward the Chinese surpasses any hos- 
tility manifested at the East toward the African, except in the ex- 
treme heat of passion evoked by the civil war. It has been quick- 
ened by the utterance of some of the newspapers and public speak- 
ers. It does not lesson as years roll on. Last year the cargoes of 
immigrants were so large that the city was on the verge of a riot, 
and the Chinese companies were forced to telegraph, "Send no more 
emigrants." This year, in consequence, the arrivals have been less 
numerous. 

Those who employ large numbers of the Chinese are exposed to 
a great deal of .popular censure ; those who defend or advocate 
their rightfl are assailed very much as the anti-slavery men were 
assailed in years gone by. Yet the Chinese immigration is by no 



THE SOUTHERN [July 



means parallel with the system of African slavery, and should not be 
discussed on exactly the same principles. The evils objected to in 
Chinese labor are very different from those which were offensive in 
African servitude. A most extraordinary summary of their faults 
was once made in this arrangement that they were too frugal, too 
ingenious, and too industrious for Americans to compete with. 



NOTES FOR THE MONTH. 

After one of the coldest and most backward Springs we have ever 
known, June came in hot, and while we write, the thermometer is 
trembling among the nineties, having gone above one-hundred several 
times. The great heat following rain has injured the wheat, and the 
yield will hardly be as large as was anticipated earlier in the season. 
It is, however, satisfactory in most cases, and for the area seeded we 
think that we cannot complain. From many sections we have com- 
plaint of "the chinch-bug, and we fear that without a very wet season 
the corn and oat crops will be very much injured by their depre- 
dations. On our own farm and those of our neighbors, we see great 
patches both of oats and corn indicating by their dry and shriveled 
appearances that these little pests have been at their work of 
destruction. Insect life of every kind seems to be more abundant 
this year than we have ever known it. 

The majority of our farmers are now in the height of their busy 
season. Oats and grass require cutting, and corn and tobacco need 
the plow, hoe and cultivation, so that there is no time for idling. 

STACKING GRAIN. 

It is frequently a question whether it is better to stack grain be- 
fore threshing, or haul it directly from the field to the thresher. 
We are decidedly in favor of stacking for several reasons. In the 
first place, farmers are too busy now to thresh. Their teams have 
all they they can do without imposing upon them the additional bur- 
den of turning the thresher. If left in the field until corn is laid by, 
the grain is apt to waste or be injured very much by weather, and 
the straw will not be near so good. It requires a very short time to 
haul the grain and stack it in some convenient place, and when the 
time comes to thresh, the team will only have to turn the thresher 
instead of some being engaged in hauling and some in threshing. 

Another good reason for stacking is that the grain may then be 
left safely until the weather is cool, and the labor will not be so ex- 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 9 

hausting to man or beast. The most favorable time for threshing is 
some dry time in September or October, when the ground is too 
hard to plow and the teams would otherwise be idle. 

In our June number we gave full directions for taking care of hay. 
We only now suggest that it is not too late to sow Hungarian grass 
and that if any one has a rich spot unoccupied, it will pay very well 
to plow it up and sow this grass at the rate ;of one-half bushel per 
acre. With favorable season a yield of one and a half to two tons 
of good hay may be expected. 

BUCKWHEAT. 

We are of the opinion that Buckwheat can be made a profitable 
crop in Virginia. It will make a very fair yield on our light lands 
and always commands a good price. In our experience it has proven 
the best covering for grass, and if we wished to be perfectly certain 
of a stand of clover or grass we should seed with buckwheat the 
last of July or first of August. As food for poultry we have found 
it cheap and excellent, producing abundance of eggs. When sown 
for this purpose near the house it need not be cut at all, as it will lie 
on the ground all winter and keep sound. The chickens are very 
fond of scratching for it. A little patch that we sowed near our 
house last summer was the constant resort of the fowl during the 
winter, and they layed well so long as the buckwheat lasted. As a 
fallow crop it ranks next to peas, and may be sown much later and 
and yet make much sufficient growth to give a good grop to plow 
under. The greatest objection to buckwheat is the difficulty of har- 
vesting and saving it. It will pay, however, to raise for bees, pigs 
and poultry, each of which will gather a share of its produce, with- 
out giving us the trouble of harvesting it. 

\/ TURNIPS. 

Ruta bagas or Swedish turnips shculd have been sown last month, 
though it is still time, provided the ground is rich and in good me- 
chanical condition. But no time should be lost in getting them in. 
The best manure for turnips of any kind is well rotted stable 
manure; failing in that, superphosphate, at the rate of not less 
than 500 pounds per acre, and 1,000 pounds is better, should 
be applied. We have succeeded in making very satisfactory crops 
on poor land by the use of superphosphate alone. It has one ad- 
vantage over stable or farm-pen manure. It has no seeds of any 
kind to grow up and interfere with the crop. 



10 THE SOUTHERN [July 

The best method of preparing the ground is to select a piece as 
free as possible from weeds, and, if convenient, one that has been 
plowed early in the season. Break thoroughly and pulverize with 
the harrow; then cross-plow and harrow again, 'and continue this 
process until the ground is in perfect condition ; then sow the fertili- 
zer broadcast and rake again, and then throw into low ridges 20 to 
24 inches apart, and drill in the seed on top of these ridges. In 
the absence of a regular seed drill, a goose quill stuck through the 
cork of a bottle will answer a very good purpose. Fill the bottle 
with seed, and try it first on the floor or a paper, to see how rapidly 
it discharges, and regulate your motion along the drill accordingly. 
After sowing, it is best to press down the top of the drill to make 
it solid and retain the moisture. A light roller will be best, and in 
absence of this we use a hoe or spade to pack it down. 

When the young plants appear, they will be liable to the attacks 
of the fly. To prevent this, sow over them in the morning, when 
wet with dew, soot, ashes or lime. Either will usually prove a suffi- 
cient protection against the ravages of insect enemies. After the 
plant gets to some size, thin out to 10 or 12 inches apart, and keep 
free from weeds and grass. The same directions apply to the ordi- 
nary white turnip, except that it should be sown later-^-say from the 
25th of July to the 10th of August — and we have made excellent 
turnips sown as late as the 1st of September. Turnips do not grow 
much until the cool rains of autumn moisten the earth, and the 
long, cool nights begin to prevent the scorching up of vegetation. 
Turnips do better sown broadcast than ruta bagas, as it is usually 
too late in the season for weeds to injure them very much. 

LATE CABBAGE 

Should be planted out this month as early as convenient. Heavy 
manuring is absolutely necessary when it is desired to make a good 
crop of this very necessary vegetable. 

CUCUMBERS FOE, PICKLE 

Should be planted early in the month. They do very well to suc- 
ceed early cabbage and potatoes, and where the ground was made 
rich for these crops, no more manure will be required. 

\Y . IN THE ORCHARD. 

Young trees will require special attention throughout the summer, 
and by a little care in rubbing off misplaced shoots and pinching 
back those which grow too rapidly, the symmetry of the tree may be 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 11 



maintained, and the necessity of severe pruning in the fall and 
winter avoided. Grape vines especially should be watched, and 
everything that threatens to absorb the strength of the vine should 
be removed at once. Bearing shoots should be pinched off two 
joints above the last bunch, and the sap forced into the fruit as much 
as possible. An hour properly spent in the orchard or vineyard 
now is worth more than a half day in the fall or winter. 



Agricultural gcprfment 



VALUATION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS— THE 
OTHER SIDE OF THE QUESTION. 

Richmond, Ya., May 18, 1874. 

To the Editors of the State Agricultural Journal: 

I observe in the last number of your excellent paper, a list of 
several Fertilizers, in which is given the valuation in money of each 
constituent shown by the analysis. The presentation to the agricul- 
tural community of such valuations, is intended, of course, to sub- 
serve a good end, and nothing, therefore, could be more laudable. 
But whether such an end is really subserved is a matter of legiti- 
mate inquiry, and I propose to submit a few words in that direction. 

The practice of Europe, where countries are generally contracted 
in area as compared with the populations they contain, and where, in 
consequence, the cultivation of land must be managed in a manner 
to produce the largest yield possible, shows the use of concentrated 
or chemical manures to be universal ; indeed they are regarded as 
necessary in their system of agriculture as the plough or any other 
indispensable implement used. Whilst we, in this country, do not 
labor under the pressure of dense population as compared with our 
producing area, we have nevertheless found that we cannot afford to 
ignore any valuable aid tending to increase of production, and so 
have not only resorted to chemical manures, as in Europe, but each 
year exhibits a greater consumption than its predecessor. Such uni- 
versal use of these manures, year after year, stamps the business of 
their preparation as entirely legitimate, and being legitimate, it is 
entitled to the same unreserved respect that is accorded to any other 
business involving the conversion of raw materials into manufactu- 
red products. 

There arc few callings hedged about by so many difficulties as this 
business of preparing ehemieal manures. There is the soil, so com- 
plex in its striieture, and variable in its manifestations, that men are 
hardly beyond jheir horn books as to the laws which govern its ope- 
rations. Out of this soil grow the plants which constitute our staple 



12 THE SOUTHERN [July 

crops, cotton, tobacco, wheat, corn, grass, pea-nuts, potatoes, and 
so on, and these plants are very diverse both in their character and 
requirements. Then comes in the climate to modify the action of 
both soil and plants. The labors of thoughtful and observant men 
in this direction, during the past seventy years, have tended to the 
establishment of certain general principles as a foundation on which 
the manufacturer of these manures may build his work, but their 
application is not so absolute as to justify the assertion beforehand 
that any particular combination will certainly produce in practice a 
particular result. This result is approached indeed only by degrees; 
that is, to use the words of an eminent European authority : "Before 
certain manures could be obtained that are now specially prepared to 
suit particular soils or particular crops, enterprising and intelligent 
manufacturers have frequently incurred heavy expense in trying all 
kinds of fertilizing mixtures, before they succeeded in ascertaining 
the states of combination, and the relative proportions in which they 
should be combined, in order to produce the best practical results." 
This is the history of the experience of every intelligent manufac- 
turer. 

The preparation of these manures, in a few words, involve know- 
ledge of the soil, of the plant to be grown on it, and of the climate; 
they must be properly combined to meet the demands required of 
them, and presented in such mechanical condition as to permit of 
their being used both uniformly and with ease. And the test of their 
value must be the results obtained in the field running through a 
number of years, that they may encounter all the vicissitudes of 
season. 

How, then, are these elements in the calculation to be managed so 
as to produce any absolute standard of measurement, in a money 
way, for the valuation of these articles ? If possible at all to be 
made, this standard must he absolutely invariable ; otherwise it places 
in jeopardy interests involving hundreds of thousands of dollars, 
the custodians of which are not willing to have imperiled for a 
single moment on an uncertainty. 

Let us see how the case actually stands now. Take our tobacco 
fertilizer as an example. It has lately been analyzed by Dr. Genth, 
of Philadelphia. This analysis of Dr. Genth has been subjected to 
the valuation tables of four different chemists, all of whom claim 
to be authorities. The following shows the results : 

By the valuation tables of Prof. Kerr, of N. C, 59.41 

By the valuation tables of Dr. Goessman, of Mass., 64.58 

By the valuation tables of Dr. Bruckner, of Pa., 32.58 

By the valuation tables of Prof. White, of Ga., 69.16 

[This article is sold at retail for $65.~] 
NOW WHO'S RIGHT? and what can possibly be the profit of 
such statements as far as the farmer is concerned ? Only utter con- 
fusion, while the manufacturer has to suffer from the discredit nat- 
urally following such unjust and arbitrary treatment of his interests 
— and this affects every article sold in this country. 



1874] PLANTER AND FARMER. 13 



It is claimed, in a sort of wholesale way, that the consumer is not 
dealt by fairly in the sale of these articles ; that, indeed, in the long 
run, he pays his money for that which brings him no return. As 
results speak louder than words, let us look, for example, at the 
cotton crop. With the South in the full tide of prosperity before 
the war, the largest crop ever produced was that of 1859-'60. It 
numbered 4,861,292 bales. The issue of the war, in the way of 
labor, affected these States in particular; in fact, the labor system 
was wholly broken up. To resume operations, the planter had to 
avail himself of every labor-saving contrivance possible, and the 
matter of his manures was by no means the least in importance ; for 
composting and application involved more labor than he could with 
economy command. He resorted to concentrated manures, and 
despite the disjointed condition of things in a farming way there 
since the war, the year 1870-71 showed a product of 4, .147,006 
bales! The low price of cotton prevailing that spring (1871) pre- 
vented the purchase of the usual supply of fertilizers, and the suc- 
ceeding crop fell off to 2,974,351 bales, or a diminution of 1,372, 
655 bales, which at $65 per bale, is $89,222,575. 

If the use of such aids to agriculture is necessary — and this, no 
one, I believe, will now gainsay — why should their t preparation be 
conducted on a basis involving less integrity than that obtaining in 
connection with other callings ? Again, if self-interest is the lever 
which moves every enterprise, why should its manifestations, in this 
direction, differ from those of all other callings ? Every man in the 
business knotvs that he cannot hold his trade, once made, without his 
work will pay the consumer to use it ; and this is very soon found 
out. It is, therefore, simply incredible that he should invest hun- 
dreds of thousands of dollars in buildings and machinery to conduct 
the business, and then deliberately go to work to make his invest- 
ment valueless Furthermore, there is no combination among man- 
ufacturers. Combination means uniformity of price, and in no line 
of business, perhaps, is there such a diversity. Nor is there danger 
of excessive profit to the manufacturer. Monopoly means extortion, 
and in no other business, perhaps, is competition more rife. 

If our planters were so circumstanced as to pay the cash for what 
they need in this way, the manufacturer could work on the same mar- 
gin of profit, as any other business producing cash articles ; but we 
all know that time is demanded, and long time at that. He must, 
in carrying these sales, encounter all the fluctuations or" the market, 
and take the risk which always attaches to sales made in great num- 
bers, and to all classes of persons. To save himself then, he must 
charge an adequate advance upon the cash price. The fact that in 
no masfacturing business is money made more gradually than in 
this, proves that the profits are not only not excessive, but reasona- 
ble in the extreme. 

In this business, as in all others, one man will produce better 
work than another. Superior skill and intelligence will always com- 
mand a greater return than inferior. And here presents itself the 



14 THE SOUTHERN [July 

duty the farmer owes to his own interests. He must exercise judg- 
ment in his purchases. He has no right to accept, without inquiry, 
the statement of any man or company not known to him, either in 
person or by reputation. In the purchase of his fertilizers, he has 
the means of finding out what article used in his region, has been 
attended, from year to year, with the fewest failures. As his pur- 
chases involve a good deal of money, and their result greatly affects 
the success of his year's operations, he cannot afford to ignore this 
inquiry, and do, as is too often the case, take anything that is offered 
him, provided it is cheap. 

No manufacturer worthy to follow the business, should ever object 
for one moment, to the people being thoroughly educated in this 
behalf. The more the farmer knows about his business, the better 
crops he will raise, and the greater will be the demand for these ma- 
nures. England may be taken as an example. There it is no un- 
common thing for a single factory to produce as much as 100,000 
tons per annum, and that too, where land rents at from £1 to £3 
sterling per acre, and where farm stock is abundant. 

Your paper was established to be the exponent of the farmers' in- 
terests in North Carolina. You then are especially qualified to find 
out what, in this direction, is most worthy the encouragement of your 
people. As far as we are concerned [and I, presume no less would 
be proffered by any Company laying the least claim to respectabil- 
ity] nothing would give us greater pleasure than to receive a visit 
from you, when we would acquaint you fully with our methods of 
operation, the reasons upon which they are founded, the safeguards 
we have adopted to insure the most trustworthy results, and what has 
been actually accomplished in the field. 

While we do not charge that any of the chemists who have 
applied their valuation tables to these articles are actuated by 
any motive to destroy the business, still that this is the manifest ten- 
dency of such arbitrary action on their part, the examples given in 
the foregoing most amply attest. Failures in expected results are 
not seldom directly attributable to the season, and sometimes, it is 
believed, to indifferent management on the part of the farmer him- 
self. Hence, it is unjust in the extreme to lay everything that goes 
wrong upon the fertilizer used, and certainly not less so, to denounce 
indiscriminately everybody in the trade as swindlers because it 
should be found that a single individual in it has been guilty of un- 
fair dealing. Looked at aright, there can be no conflict of interest 
between the producer and consumer. The consumer must prosper 
or the producer will languish. Interest, then, aside from any other 
consideration, will prompt him to do all in his power to promote that 
prosperity. 

John Ott, Secretary 
Southern Fertilizing Company. 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 15 

DRILLING WHEAT vs. BROADCAST SOWING. 

In a late number of your paper I saw a report of exper- 
iments in wheat growing, reported by the Agricultural College 
of Pennsylvania. All such reports I regard as very valuable to the 
observing farmer. If of any value, I would wish to offer my expe- 
rience in wheat growing for ten years past — five years broadcast and 
five with the drill. The wheat sown was the Swamp, or bearded 
Mediterranean. Location, Ohio river bottom. Soil, sandy loam. 
Number of acres experimented on, 100. 

Yield from If bushels seed per acre, sown broadcast and harrow- 
ed twice : 

1864, 33 acres, 14J bushels per acre. 

1865, 35 acres, 15 bushels per acre. 

1866, 50 acres, 16J bushels per acre. 

1867, 38 acres, 17J bushels per acre. 

1868, 40 acres, 18 bushels per acre. 

Yield from If bushels seed per acre, sown with drill : 

1869, 32 acres, 21J- bushels per acre. 

1870, 30 acres, 20 bushels per acre. 

1871, 33 acres, 26J bushels per acre. 

1872, 42 acres, 24|- bushels per acre. 

1873, 25 acres, 22 bushels per acre. 

Sown with drill eight inches apart and two inches deep. Land in 
1871-72 broke tw T ice — all harrowed before diilling, and all for ten 
years sown in September, and all but twice before Sept. 25. 

The above shows an average of something over six bushels per 
acre in favor of the drill, or about $8 per acre. I am firmly per- 
suaded that, were two bushels sown per acre, the average would still 
be better, and would pay. I am going to try two bushels this year 
on fifteen acres, along with one and a third bushels on thirty-two 
acres, and mark the result. If farmers could break their land twice, 
I am 3ure it would pay ; indeed, I think the better order land can 
be placed in, the better it will pay. American farmers desire to 
farm mure land than they can till well, because it is fashionable and 
looks grand. It is to be hoped that as we grow older we will grow 
wiser. I would like to have some of your intelligent readers give 
their experience in wheat growing. — Frank Lee, in Rural World. 

Trimble county, Ky. 



(For the Southern Planter and Farmer.) 
DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 



This article is addressed to the great middle class of white people 
— poor in pocket and rich in honesty of purpose — and not alllicted 
with too much pride and laziness. The truth is necessary at all 
times, but especially so at the present. We are in a transitive con- 



XQ THE SOUTHERN [July 



dition, and it becomes every head of a family to think soberly which 
way he is going, upwards to prosperity or downward to adversity,, 
and to bring every member of his family up to his own standard of 
thinking. When all work together there is progress, when only a 
portion labor to advantage, and the balance produce nothing, or it 
may be, spend more than is made, the family is progressing back- 
wards, as thousands are doing. In cities and towns the irrepressi- 
ble customs of society must keep up appearances regardless of the 
ability to sustain the outlay of money. Einery in dress, costly fur- 
niture, showy equipages, well furnished tables and numerous ser- 
vants must be kept up, for "what will people say " is deemed of 
more importance than the real question " what can I afford." 

To this rule in some respects the Jews constitute a noble except- 
ion ; they bring up every member of their families from childhood 
in their business — girls and boys — earning their own support while 
learning practically to carry on their affairs when arriving at ma- 
turity. As the result of this household industry, Jews are not in- 
mates of Alms Houses and State Prisons, (and seldom fail in busi- 
ness). 

The change of times and circumstances should produce a corres- 
ponding change in the habits of the family. Instead of having ser- 
vants at the beck and call of each member of the family, the work 
should be done by themselves, which is the best form of independ- 
ence. In Europe, and in the Northern States, and in the Valley of 
Virginia, a family with a moderate income can live comfortably, 
whilst in this section a different state of things continue, somewhat 
after the old order of affairs. Before the war superfluous expenses 
and high living ate up negro families and farms by the wholesale, 
and consequently there were continual changes from affluence to 
poverty, the same property seldom remaining in the family two gen- 
erations. 

At the present time necessity calls for far more economy and in- 
dustry than in ante-bellum times. 

The land now produces shorter crops, prices are ranging lower, 
labor becomes scarce and being more worthless costs more to the 
employer. Competition from the West is becoming greater from 
year to year, and without a change matters will go on from bad to 
worse, till bankruptcy is certain. The farmers' great reliance must 
be in his own family. Every member large enough to work should 
go at it. By the use of the best stoves, washing machines, sewing 
machines, fruit dryers and every other labor saving machine, much 
hiring can be dispensed with. A well managed dairy and apiary would 
pay as much or more than the cultivation of the soil. By this plan the 
res augusta domi, can be removed. Suppose the same plan adopted 
in other countries were pursued here. Twenty per cent, in hires of 
household servants could be saved to add to instead of to take 
from the small income of the farm. In the West each emigrant is 
calculated to add $400 per annum for his own labor, and half as 
much for his wife. By the saving and accumulations, each year 



1874. PLANTER AND FARMER. 17 



would add to the comforts, conveniences and happiness of the 
family. 

It may be said in reply, that families have not been raised to do 
their own work and cannot do it. It is well known that persons ac- 
quire habits in youth that become natural,, and therefore, having been 
reared under different circumstances, they cannot work. This is 
true to a certain extent. A wagon wheel without grease runs hard, 
but hard or easy go it must, and so must families after some sort or 
other. If they will not work when they have the means, they must 
learn through the hardships of poverty. " Whom the Devil drives 
must go along," and so it is necessity knows no law but its own. 
People must move on one way or the other, and before the habits 
are fixed and old age and poverty come in, a little property will not 
be considered uncomfortable to possess. 

In another view, the importance of physical labor is very mani- 
fest. Good ^ealth is certainly secured by industrious habits, and 
the mind and body being employed in out-door labor much of the 
time, a large amount of money can be annually saved from doctors 
and druggists. Idle people have more nervous diseases or suppose 
they have, which is equivalent, so far as medical advice is concerned, 
and besides the expense attendant, the old adage says " an idle hand 
is the Devil's workshop." 

Suppose the old state of affairs continue. How many people can 
afford to bring up their families in idleness, extravagance and lux- 
ury. By unusual energy and good luck, or by borrowing money, a 
family may appear to be getting along very well, but sooner or later 
the facts, hard and stern, come out. A sheriff's sale before or after 
the death of the head of the family, reveals the fictitious prosperity 
ended, and the beginning of misery commences. Apparent riches 
have fled away, and poverty follows an unwelcomed and too often a 
permanent life long resident of many a household. This is just 
what might have been expected without any gift of prophecy or of 
unusual sagacity. One word to the wise is sufficient, but pretentious 
vanity must be laid aside, and persevering industry followed without 
regard to the opinions of people, who think the gaudy butterlly of 
more value than the'working bee. C. R. 0. 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

TUCKAHOE FARMERS CLUB. 

Henrico Co., Va. 

At our June meeting the Club was mo3t hospitably and elegantly 
entertained by Judge J. F. Lay of our county. 

After the transaction of much business, the essay on the use of 

the black or fallow pea as a fertilizer and cleanser, was called upj 

but owing to the absence (caused by sickness) of Dr. Beattie, who 

in the possession of that paper, its reading and consideration 

had to be continued until our next meeting. Judge Lay then by 



18 THE SOUTHERN [July 

resolution called for the views verbally of the members of that com- 
mittee present, whereupon Dr. Perkins and your reporter of that 
committee, and Mr. Warren of the Club, united in the opinion of 
the great practical benefit to the land to be derived from the use of 
this pea, affording as it does to some extent the like great fertilizing 
qualities of our clover. Its use we urgently advocated as an eco- 
nomical, safe and durable improver The time of seeding being as 
early in June as practicable. If upon the wheat field, remove the 
shocks, or place them in line, quickly after harvest. Sow the pea 
upon the stubble at about one bushel to the acre, then with the sin- 
gle plows turn them under, say three inches. Allow the vine to 
grow until as late in September as you can conveniently. Then with 
your large double plow turn the whole under from 8 to 10 inches 
and follow with an application of 30 or 40 bushels of shell lime to 
the acre, harrowing the same in. The result will be a good wheat or 
winter oat crop, and fine stand of clover if the same be seeded, as 
we think should be. 

But the subject not being concluded was continued until our next 
meeting. 

The " Corn Crop " being under consideration, Dr. Pollard read to 
the Club a lengthy and very valuable article on this subject written 
by himself in 1872, in which this whole subject was carefully treated, 
and can be found in your Journal of that year. 

Yours, &c, 

J. A. Lynham, Reporter. 

[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 
COTTON. 

Thinking my little experiments might do some one good, and be- 
lieving it to be the duty of every farmer when he realizes a benefit 
from his experiment to give it to the agricultural world, or for the 
benefit of those who are engaged in the culture of some crop, I 
send the following for publication. 

In January I broke up my cotton land broad cast ; in February I 
laid off my cotton rows four feet wide with a small scooter ; 1st March 
I run a large twelve inch shovel in the same furrow, after two or 
three heavy rains, which settled the ground and washed the small 
particles of soil in the deep furrow. My reasons for using the deep 
furrow was to let the action of the sun warm up the deep furrows 
and the atmosphere to have free access deep in the soil. 15th March 
I run a small subsoil plow ten inches deep in the same furrow, and 
then I put ten two horse wagon loads of good stable manure, which 
was all made under shelter, to the acre, and run two furrows on each 
side, one with a good turn plow, followed in the same with a sub- 
soil plow, ten inches deep, making three deep subsoil furrows to 
the row. In a few days I finished bedding up with turn plow. 
10th April, I commenced planting with cotton planter, very common 
seed ; got a very poor stand ; had to replant 25th April when cot- 
ton was up large enough to work. I run around with a large turn 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 19 

plow running the bar very close. Four days after, followed with 
the hoe, thinning it to stand one stalk every twelve inches in 
the drill. Six days after I run in the same furrow with a fourteen 
inch scooter, four inches wide, fourteen inches long, close to the cotton, 
plowed out with seven inch shovel, very long. Cotton grew off 
finely. Eight days after I swept the cotton with twenty-four inch 
sweep, very shallow ; hoed three times ; plowed six times in all ; made 
1,610 lbs. cotton in the seed per acre. This would seem to be a small 
yield, but taking the land into consideration the yield was large. 
This was the third crop on the land after being cleared. First year 
made with 200 lbs. guano per acre, 340 lbs. seed cotton per acre. 
Second year, same guano made 540 per acre. The land is4ow, 
flat pine land, and very poor ; top soil very fine and close, with a 
good clay subsoil eight to ten inches. My yield of cotton would 
have been much better if I had planted a good improved seed, such 
as Dickson's Prolific. I am satisfied the yield would have been 2,000 
lbs. per acre. The worms eat up the cotton 27th August. So you 
see that it was a good crop any way. My reason for so deep a 
preparation and deep plowing at first was to see if I could not pre- 
vent the rust, which is about as bad in our country as the army worm. 
I did not have a rusted stalk on my farm, while my neighbors 
had plenty of rust in their cotton in same character of soil. My 
cotton seemed to stand the changes of the summer better than I 
ever saw any before ; neither wet nor dry weather seemed to affect 
the growth. So you see what can be done on poor land by ma- 
nuring and deep plowing. W. 
Columbia, Ala., June 1, 1874. 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

Monte Rosa, June 13th, 1874, 

Adjoining Warrenton, Ya. 

I have read with much interest the prize essay of your associate 
editor, published in your number for the present month. Many of 
its suggestions are both valuable and judicious ; but "the amount 
of labor necessary on a farm of this kind," (200 acres) is most 
vaguely and unsatisfactorily stated. 

If 1 understand the essay, the farmer "on a farm of this kind" is 
to have 100 acres, (one half), in grain, annually, besides 10 acres in 
lot, garden, orchard and appurtenant yards and out-houses. &o., forty 
acres in clover, and 50 acres in timber and permanent pasture, be- 
sides ;i considerable stock ; and the land is to be thoroughly tilled, 
12 inches deep, and frequently harrowed, (and why not rolled also) 
and the stock is to be kept "in a thriving condition," a- there is no 
"surer index of had farming than lean and hungry Btock." 

Now, this is a partial only, and yet a serious exhibit of the neoes* 
sary operation "on a farm of this kind;" and the requisite labor to 
compass it,' is a matter of no little solicitude. Upon looking into 
the essay for information on this subject, I am gratified to find that my 



20 THE SOUTHERN [July 



anxiety was groundless, as I am informed that "for the mere cultiva- 
tion and saving of crops, the other work, including harvesting, being 
done either by the job or day labor, one man and a boy large enough 
to plow, (the owner himself lending a helping hand) will be found 
sufficient." Now, this information is very much of a character with 
the reply of the wag, who, when asked the size of some article of 
which he was speaking, replied, "that it was very much the size of a 
piece of chalk." True, the 10 acre lot including garden, orcnard, 
&c. — the taking care of sheep, hogs, cattle, colts — the keeping up of 
fencing, &c, can be cared for u by the job or day labor." And no 
ou-bt, it is the best way to keep everything in "thriving condition," 
it being well known throughout the country that those who work by 
the »"job or day" are altogether our most reliable labor ! I have 
omitted to state "that this one man and a boy large enough to plow" 
are allowed the help of "three first class animals," two of them 
"good, large brood mares" whose foals would be worth, if mules, 
at least $50 each, at five months old," and that we are told "this will 
not at all interfere with their general usefulness on the farm !" But 
they are not even allowed the co-operative force of a yoke of oxen ! 
Now, how such an amount of work as the essay requires, can be 
done by a force which, it seems to me, is so inadequate, I cannot 
understand. 

My farm, on which I reside, and manage myself, consists of 225 
acres, assessed for taxation at $90 an acre, and has about one half 
of it, annually, in cultivation. I require five good horses, besides 
my saddle horse and a yoke of good oxen to do the work of the 
farm. Nothing less will do. Indeed, my saddle horse has some- 
times to give us a lift, and it very frequently happens that an 
additional horse would be a material advantage. I require five per- 
manent men hands, besides work "by the job or day." I have 10 
acres appurtenant to my residence, in a small lawn, a garden of nearly 
two acres, a part of which is in peas, &c, grapes and the smaller fruits, 
a small peach and two apple orchards. Now it requires a man with 
occasional help from the house gang, and a man at times by the day 
to care for this interest properly. The four farm hands. have the 
care of the stock divided out among them, so as to have them attend- 
ed to by or before 6 o'clock, when they go to breakfast ; after which 
they go to the work severally assigned them. At present I have three 
white men and one black man by the year, and another by the 
month, on the farm, and they are employed, to-day, the 15th, as 
follows : Two plowing in my corn field of 35 acres ; two about fin- 
ishing planting the black North Carolina pea, with Smith & Co.'s 
remarkable planter, in my truck patch of five acres done, cleaning 
my oat field, and its fencing and ditching of scattering ox-eye and 
bushes, who, in an hour, will be joined by the two hands engaged in 
planting peas, and all three of whom will, to-morrow, be in the corn 
fijld, dropping compost around the corn and thinning it with the hoe. 
Now this job, to be finished with all dispatch, I move into a clover 
field of 35 acres with two mowers and all my hands, and all I can 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 21 

hire "by the day." But I am tired and must stop — fatigued even at 
the mere contemplation of the quantity of work before me. 

Yours truly, 

Wm. Smtth. 

We are a little disappointed that Gov. Smith broke down so soon, 
though we could hardly expect anything else. We fear very much 
that at least two of the men he employs belong to that class to whom 
the mere contemplation of labor is fatiguing. We have always con- 
sidered it a very great misfortune that the farmers of Virginia — 
many of them thoroughly practical men — should have grown up 
under circumstances so little calculated to give them accurate ideas 
of what amount of labor a man ought to perform in a day. Under 
the system that prevailed ante helium, the question was not " How 
shall I be able to do the amount of work on the farm with the force 
at my command? But, How shall I possibly employ all my force 
on this farm ? Consequently, there was no effort at economizing 
labor, and everything was done in the most roundabout way possible 
in order to keep the hands employed at all. It is true there are 
honorable exceptions to this rule. The late Richard Sampson, 
though unknown to us personally, was, from what we can gather. 
one of the most economical men in this respect, and much of his suc- 
cess in life is to be attributed to the fact that, by early experience, 
he knew what a man could do, and he required all his hands to do 
their duty. 

But to return to the subject. Some allowance must be made for 
the fact that Gov. Smith lives in a section where stiff clay soil pre- 
vails, while the ideal farm under consideration has a light grey soil, 
easily worked. We believe that we do not over-estimate when we 
say the amount of team and hands necessary to the successful man- 
agement of the one would be nearly double that of the other. The 
question as to the ability of the team to perform the labor can only 
be settled by experiment, but in Kentucky, where the land is by no 
means light, we knew a man with four mares, three of which had 
colts, to prepare the land and seed over forty acres in wheat, and 
the same amount in corn, and some .thirty acres of oats. Nor was 
the work done in a slovenly manner. The corn received four good 
plowings, and was thinned and hoed out and cut up and shucked in 
good time. The only force upon the place was the owner and two 
sons, the oldest 16 years, and no labor hired except in harvest. We, 
however, did not profess to give the amount of labor accurately, but 
only approximately. If extra crops are cultivated, if a large garden 



22 THE SOUTHERN [July 

and a great deal of fine fruit, &c, is to be cultivated and cared for, 
extra labor would, of course, be required, but for the mere cultiva- 
tion of the crops and general care of the farm, we think that the 
estimate is not very far from correct. — Asso. Ed. 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

Lyon's Falls, Lewis County, N. Y., June 8, 1874. 

Messrs Editors, — Who is to blame for overdoing the business of 
cultivating the soil? when not only all of the Dr. Franklins, with 
the power of all the presses, with the printers, publishers and politi- 
cians' art, flattering us and urging us on. There is still another 
higher and holier influence. It is the love of design in nature, no 
part of which is more beautiful than that of agricultural science. 
The Great First Cause has not only created the beauties of the 
outer world in such perfection so far beyond human powers of de- 
scription, that we may say they are far beyond human comprehen- 
sion ; but He has created corresponding beauties ;in the human 
mind, and left us free to cultivate and harmonize them, until we 
arrive at the perfection due from our feeble natures. 
v The object of a love of design, so kindly given us, is that we 
may have a desire to trace the productions of the soil from the seed 
to their maturity ; that we may know how to prepare the soil, pro- 
tect the plant and prepare for an increase in its reproduction beyond 
what nature has provided. 

One of the beautiful designs in nature is, every product of the 
soil requires roots, stems, leaves, &c, that are designed, after the 
maturity of the seed, to be utilized only in reproduction, which, if 
properly applied to the soil by art, will, with the help of chemical 
action, not only prepare it for reproducing its own species four fold, 
but prepare it for other products through another design in nature. 
She has created all the fertilizing gases heavier than the other parts 
of the atmosphere, which causes them to move nearer the surface, 
that they may be more readily absorbed by the soil, when it is pre- 
pared to attract them, and the leaves, after the soil has sent them 
into the atmosphere to assist in getting a living for themselves and 
to lay up something for the comfort of the parent soil through the 
winter, after the lord of the soil has been supplied with his part, the 
seed. 

Here we may raise a question against the popular theory that we 
"must apply to the soil directly every ingredient that on accurate 
analysis of the crop we wish to raise produces." This leaves noth- 
ing for the atmosphere or chemistry to do, or the falling of the rain 
through the atmosphere in minute drops, which is another beauty in 
the designs of nature. 

It takes the exhalations of animals and of the soil, which might 
otherwise become poisonous malaria back to the earth, for which 
pure rain water has a strong affinity, and gives it to the roots and 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. . 23 

leaves of plants, which manifest their thankfulness by reaching higher 
for more. 

If we should procure all the elements of a wheat crop, and apply 
them in the exact quantity and proportion required, there is no 
doubt with a favorable season, we should have a good crop, but 
where would be the profit ? If we go thus far in agricultural science, 
we must go a little further and summons to our aid agricultural 
chemistry or taste, not the Pierian spring. One of the beauties of 
design is the craving of the soil for nothing but the waste of its own 
production. It asks only for that which cannot be otherwise util- 
ized. Give it plenty of that, and in due time, by the aid of chemi- 
cal action, it will be prepared to absorb from the lower strata of the 
atmosphere in contact, sufficient to prepare it for the production of 
plants that will reach above the surface and arrest the passing fertil- 
izers required to mature the crop. 

Here we see more design. The better we prepare the soil, and 
the more vigorous the growth upon it, the more will be taken from 
the passing atmosphere. This is in accordance with a universal law 
of accumulation. Where the greatest accumulation is, there is the 
strongest tendency to accumulate. There is no exception to this 
law It is as true in all departments of nature as in astronomy, 
where, were it not for the laws of compensation, designed expressly 
to prevent, the larger plants would soon swallow up the smaller. 
Our Saviour's parable of the talents was well calculated to illustrate 
this law. Our indolent farmers, who do nothing to give strength to 
their soil, that it may help itself from the atmosphere, lose the ben- 
efit of the passing breezes, which come, perhaps, loaded with fertili- 
zing gases, finding nothing with power enough to take them, collect 
the exhalations of the debilitated soil and waft them away to a more 
powerful attraction. Thus, " to him that hath shall be given, but 
to him that hath not shall be taken away, even that which he hath." 

The fact that the cultivation of the soil is overdone, discovers the 
shadow of another design to stimulate us in the search after a more 
perfect knowledge in the science of agriculture, that we may recom- 
pense a partial evil with a universal good. 

D. S. Howard. 

VIRGINIA SUMAC. 

Southern sumac has for many years past come into competition 
with the foreign article, but it is mostly gathered in its primitive 
state, and very little if any attention is paid to its cultivation. 

In Virginia, sumac grows wild, and no attempt haa ever been 
made to cultivate it, as in Sicily. Doubtless it would be found 
equally as good, and possibly surpass in valuable qualities the im- 
ported article, were the same pains taken to develop its excellencies. 
In time, the Virginia people may learn to cultivate this natural 
product to their own advantage ; now they look upon it as something 
only to be attended to when they have nothing else to do. 

Two thousand pounds of ground sumac to an acre is an average 



24 THE SOUTHERN [July 

crop. The climate of Virginia, in many portions, resembles that of 
Sicily, and there seems to be no good reason why the domestic ar- 
ticle, with proper care, cannot be made nearly as good as the im- 
ported, while the present prices of the two greatly vary, and are 
about thirty per cent, in favor of the latter. The best Virginia at 
present rules about $75 per ton ; the inferior and more common 
kinds can be obtained at $60. — State Journal. 




Jortiraltnral department. 

[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.} 

CLOSING GULLIES. 

Messrs. Editors, — How few of our most observant and intelligent 
farmers are there who can successfully contend with these blotches 
on their farms. 

In their attempts to close them, even where they expend much 
pains, they entirely lose sight of the main difficulty to be contended 
with, viz : the back action of the water, as it falls over the obstruc- 
tions put in its way, resulting very soon in its being undermined and 
washed away, and the injury thereby very greatly increased. Some 
months ago, in writing for one of our local papers, I expressed my 
views, in the paragraph enclosed, but it elicited no attention, but had 
it been a proposition to give a $50 saddle to the youth who w T ould 
most frequently job a ring off a pole, at our county fair, in a tourna-: 
ment, so-called, would have been hailed as something worth striving 
for. 

" Speaking of gullies, in my last, permit me to say, that the face 
of our country is everywhere disfigured by these scars, blemishes and 
running sores. Some of them are so deep and formidable as to en- 
danger travel on our public roads, and to impair most seriously the 
value of many farms, being of such character as to prevent cultiva- 
tion. Would not our County and State Fairs act wisely in offering 
liberal premiums to the person who will successfully and most 
economically institute a plan to heal them ? It would be much more 
sensible than wasting money on hurdle races and much other none- 
sense they give premiums for. The eye is offended with galled 
places on some of our best farms. Let the farmer use the three- 
horse plow on such places, with a good subsoil in same furrow behind 
it, plowing under straw, leaves, corn-stalks, shavings, pine tags or 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 25 



any rubbish, and a sprinkle of guano, with grass seed, and my word 
for it, the gall will bloom as any other part of the field. I differ, in 
toto, with the Club in discountenancing the subsoil plow. Had such 
a plow been used freely in the past, no such gullies as mar many of 
our farms would be seen. The writer, in no boasting or vaunting 
spirit, will superintend the closing of any gully, of any depth, at any 
point within the limits of the county, where the party desiring it 
will supply the material and labor necessary, and any three of the 
best farmers of our county, may, at the end of six or twelve months, 
pass judgment upon it, and I am satisfied will not say the cost will 
overrun the profit." A Valley Farmer. 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

COMPOSTS AND VIRGINIA LAWYERS. 

Virginia has never wanted some enthusiast on the manure ques- 
tion. General C, well known as a zealous agricultur ; st, improver 
and warm advocate of all economical fertilizers, required his ser- 
vants to pour the water they used in washing their ash cakes on a 
dung pile he had attached to every cabin ; and on one occasion, 
still further to impress them with the importance of minute saving 
after paring his finger nails over a newspaper, directed his servant 
to take them to add to the manure pen. ******** 
A young huntsman remarked, what an old deer, he has no upper 
teeth. Yes, said Dick, that reminds me of a Virginia lawyer who 
bought a farm, and going to a sale, was advised by a friend to buy 
some oxen, saying they were very good, to which the lawyer replied, 
yes, but do you not see they have split feet. J. R. R. 



HOW LARGE PEARS ARE RAISED. 

Mr. G. F. B. Leighton, of Norfolk, Va., has produced some of 
the largest pears ever grown in this country. In a late interview 
with this gentleman he told us that he has now in bearing six thous- 
and trees, the most of them being Bartletts, Louise Bonne, de Jersey 
and Seckel. The soil upon which they are grown are a stiff, blue 
clay, overlaying sand to the depth of three or four feet. In plant- 
ing out pear trees, Mr. Leighton digs a hole in the clay some two or 
three feet deep, and sufficiently wide for the roots to ramify, and 
then bores a hole with a post auger through to the sand. This 
anger-hole and a small portion of the large excavation is filled with 
sticks (out brush); this forms a complete under drain. 

A soil to set the roots of the trees in, is composed of tide-washed 
muck, which is brackish, shell lime and the surface or alluvial earth. 
The trees grow with wondrous rapidity, and produce such fruit as 
astonished lVuit-growers everywhere. First premiums have been 
taken far and near at the largest horticultural shows. Duchess 

d' An gouleme were shipped to New York last season from Mr. Leigh- 
ton's orchard weighing over thirty ounces, or about two pounds, 



26 THE SOUTHERN [July 

forty-eight pears on the average making a bushel. This fruit brought 
twelve dollars per bushel, just twenty-five cents a piece for the pears. 
They retailed at fifty cents each upon Broadway. 

Mr. Leighton much prefers the standard to dwarfs, and plants his 
trees twenty-five feet apart each way. In a portion of his orchard 
he has dwarfs between the rows, but does not allow them to remain 
long enough to interfere with the full development of the standards. 

Decomposed bone is used to revive the standards when they appear 
to be falling into a decline, and works to perfection. The bones are 
broken up into small pieces, and put into boxes or barrels, with al- 
ternate layers of wood ashes, and kept moist until they are thorough- 
ly decomposed. — Horticulturist 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

PRUNING FRUIT TREES. 

Messrs. Editors, — While I do not profess to know much about 
fruit growing, I do think I know something about the philosophy of 
nature in general; and I have observed some practices quite preva- 
lent with reference to pruning fruit trees, which I think contrary to 
the laws of nature, and highly detrimental to the trees. We all like 
to see a pretty tree, and there is nothing about the farm much pret- 
tier than a well-formed, thrifty-looking apple tree. But to have such 
a tree we must fulfill certain conditions. It must have a suitable 
amount qi space, in a good soil, and then it must be trained while 
young, and brought up, as it were, to the requisite shape. In plant- 
ing an orchard, care should be observed to give sufficient space. 
Our fathers and grand fathers committed errors in this particular. 
The trees in nearly all the old orchards were planted too near to- 
gether, and when they grew they became crowded, and the owners 
began to cut away branches to give them room. This cutting em- 
braced limbs two to four inches thick, so that when the pruning was 
completed, the trees had space enough and looked better. But 
wherever a limb of any tolerable size had been cut off, there was a 
seed of death planted which invariably produced its fruit. As far 
as a limb goes into the body of a tree it dies when cut off; so that, 
if it happens to be one of those branches that shot forth when the 
tree itself was a mere switch, then we have a plug of dead wood 
extending from the surface to the centre of the tree, and we may 
suppose it embraces nearly half the substance of the tree at that 
point. True, living wood is laid on in the course of a few years, 
and may form a sheet entirely over the stump, and would lead an 
unreflecting mind to the conclusion that all is right now, and the 
tree will receive no further injury from it. But not so ; that plug 
of dead wood lies there to the injury of the tree as long as the tree 
itself lives ; and if several such limbs are cut away, the effect is dis- 
tinctly marked in the appearance of the tree. The whole appear- 
ance is that of an unhealthy cast. Vigorous watersprouts may 
shoot forth ; but the original tree looks sickly ; it does not grow, 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 27 



and its fruit is dwarfed and irregular in size. And thus it continues 
to degenerate from year to year, until finally it dies. It dies gene- 
rally a limb at a time; and, in some instances, a single limb will be 
found living and bearing fruit. By this time, however, the body of 
the tree is dead — at least, two-thirds of it — and while this single 
limb grows and looks healthy, at an unexpected time a heavy crop 
of fruit or a strong wind takes it off, and leaves nothing but the 
stump of this once pretty tree. I have twenty just such trees as I 
have described, and many that were here seven years ago have 
entirely passed away, and these will inevitably follow, until not 
one will be left. The error was in planting so close one to an- 
other that they had to be cut after the branches had grown tco large 
to admit of it. That they could not prosper in so crowded a state 
was manifest ; but a better remedy would have been to cut away 
every other tree entire, so as to leave uninjured the remainder. To 
avoid injury from pruning, it must be done when the branches are 
small. Commence in the nursery, and trim so as to cause the tree 
to take the form you wish it to have when it becomes a fruit bearer 
in the orchard, and carefully watch it and cut off all branches that 
would tend to change such form. In this way the cutting is all 
done when the branches are small, the tree grows up to the form you 
wish and has a healthy trunk, and, by consequence, healthy branches, 
because it is not encumbered with dead wood — the result of cutting 
off large limbs. Most men acknowledge the correctness of this 
theory, but not one orchard in fifty gives evidence of its practice. 
The advantage is at least three-fold ; the orchard looks better ; the 
fruit is better, and the trees live twice as long. Then if it don't 
pay to attend to it, I should scarcely think it pays to have an or- 
chard at all. S. M. Siiepiierd. 
Greenwood Depot, 7th June, 1874. 



GATHERING OF RIPE FRUIT. 

Josiah Hoopes, who is good authority on every subject connected 
with fruit gathering, says : 

11 In regard to the gathering of ripe fruits of different kinds, no 
fruit should be taken from the tree or plant during a damp time, 
and especially when the dew is plentiful in early morning. Never 
be so hurried as to find cause for the excuse, I had no time to hand- 
pick my fruit, and, consequently, was forced to shake them off; for 
such is very poor policy. Fruit so gathered will almost inevitably 
decay from the effects of bruises. Each specimen should be taken 
from the tree one by one, handled as if they were so many eggs. 
The slightest bruise or even abrasion of the skin is the sure fore- 
runner of a dark spot, which will eventually change into some form 
of rot. The spores of seed of fitngi are always ready to assist in 
the work of dissolution, and the slightest scratch gives tin in a foot- 
hold for their destructive work. Scarcely any variety of the largest 



28 THE SOUTHERN [July 

fruits color or ripen so well if left perfect themselves on the tree, 
and especiallyjs this true in respect to pears. Summer varieties, as 
they approach maturity, loosen their hold somewhat on the limb, 
and by gently raising the fruit they will easily detach themselves at 
the proper period. This is an excellent test, and may always be 
relied on. To color up fruit nicely, all that is necessary will be to 
spread a blanket on the floor of a cool room, and then thinly and 
evenly place the fruit on the floor. A second blanket must be spread 
over them, and in a short time the effect of the treatment will be 
apparent in the most golden-colored Bartlets, and rich, ruddy-looking 
Seckels imaginable. Pears perfected in this manner rarely have 
the mealiness of their naturally ripened companions ; nor do they 
prematurely decay at the core as when left on the tree. Peaches 
are too frequently gathered before attaining full size, and when this 
is the case we need not expect full flavor. They must obtain this 
requisite before gathering, although it is not necessary to delay pick- 
ing until very mellow. As a general rule, all fruits are gathered too 
early ; and, as high color is not a sign of maturity, many expe- 
rienced fruit growers are frequently misled. Never pick strawber- 
ries because they are red, nor blackberries solely on account of their 
dark appearance. Each should remain on the plant for some time 
thereafter. The Albany seedling strawberry changes to a deep 
crimson hue, and gains continually in size after its first coloring pro- 
cess. It is then soft and excellent eating. And so with blackber- 
ries in like manner, many complaining of their extreme tartness 
when the fault was in gathering imperfect fruit. The Lawton or 
New Rochelle variety, in particular, is delicious eating, if allowed 
to remain on the plant until soft, when the slightest touch will sever 
its hold. Strawberries picked with the calyx (or hull) adhering, will 
always carry better, and be less liable to decay than if carelessly 
pulled off without this appendage. The foregoing remarks in rela- 
tion to the proper time for gathering fruits are equally applicable to 
the grape. These generally color long before they mature; and thus 
many a novice in fruit culture frequently forms an unjust opinion 
of his varieties simply from testing unripe specimens. Grapes 
should always be severed from the vine with strong scissors or trim- 
ming shears, and never twisted or broken off. 

" The nice appearance of fruits of all kinds, in their boxes or 
baskets, in the markets, will always command a better price, than 
when slovenly 'done up.'" 



GRAPES IN CALIFORNIA. 

From the reports to local papers of persons qualified to judge, the 
grape crop of 1874 promises to be both heavy and of good quality. 
In Napa county, the yield is estimated to reach probably 4,025 tons, 
or 537,000 gallons of wine. Sonoma county is estimated to yield 
from 10 to 25 per cent, more than last year. 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 29 



Jtefe §t\mt\mni 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

SHEEP NETS. 

Messrs. Editors. — I intended long before now to have sent you a 
few lines regarding these valuable adjuncts to sheep and mixed 
farming, but have been prevented by other business. To begin with, 
I would remark that it seems to me that sheep raising should form 
a much larger proportion in the farming operations of Virginia than 
it at present does. Much of the land would require years of labor 
as well as manure to make it fit to bring profitable crops, but which 
are, in their present condition, fit for raising sheep on, which sheep 
would be continually improving these lands, and gradually bringing 
them into that state to fit them for profitable farming without the 
outlay of cash for wages, &c. 

Sheep, as a rule, realize a handsome profit on the capital invested 
in them, but sheep raising can, I think, be made even more profitable 
by the use of sheep nets. Many of your readers are, I have no 
doubt, aware that these nets are used in Great Britain for folding 
sheep on turnips in the winter, and although I find that such is not 
practicable in many of the Northern States of the Union on ac- 
count of the severity of their winters, I do not see why the same 
practice might not be introduced at least in the Southern counties of 
Virginia. The great value of such practice is evident when you 
consider the labor of harvesting the roots is saved, the sheep being 
folded on a portion which arc eaten off', and the ground thoroughly 
manured, thereby gaining a second advantage — saving the hauling 
of manure. The nets are then shifted to the next lot, and so on till 
the whole crop is eaten, and the whole field well manured. It is 
true root growing, as yet, is not carried on in Virginia to any great 
extent, but it may be considerably increased with advantage; but 
the use of nets need not necessarily be confined to roots. Sow corn 
for fodder, rye or any other suitable crops to come in at different 
seasons, and net the sheep on these. It will answer the same pur- 
pose Again, where is the farm which has not its bare spots, which 
seem to defy the farmer to get a catch of anything on them by any 
ordinary means. Well, only net a few sheep on these eye-sores, and 
carry feed to them for a short time, and they will completely trample 
and manure it, and put in a condition to bring grass ; and 
again, so long as the laws do not protect the owners of 
sheep from the losses caused by the ravages of the useless curs 
which infest the country, I am firmly persuaded that by driving 
the sheep into a net fold at night, the dogs would not attempt to go 
inside the nets, and they would be safe for the night. 

Every practical farmer who has used these nets cannot fail to ap- 



30 THE SOUTHERN [July 

preciate their value, as they at once, without any loss of time, ena- 
ble him to turn to account any spot which may not be fenced in, 
and, therefore, comparatively useless. Any other fence, however 
slight and temporary, would probably be too costly, and often too 
slow an operation getting the materials together, whereas, these nets 
are always handy, and (having stakes provided) a man, after some 
practice, will set as many nets in a day as would enclose several 
acres, and they are so easily removed and put away till wanted 
again. They are made of strong twine, with meshes seven inches 
square, and have a small rope run along the top and bottom to fasten 
them to the stakes with. Each net, when set, spreads forty yards 
in length and four feet in height, and can be had either tarred or 
not. The stakes can be made of old fence rails, young oaks, or any 
other suitable material, set in the ground about a foot with a crow- 
bar, three yards apart. Care should be taken, especially with old 
nets, not to stretch them too tight to allow for shrinking in wet 
weather, as the ropes they are set on, if too tight, would be apt to 
burst, the line of stakes is best to be straight — that is, each portion 
netted should be a parelellogram and not circled. When taken down 
the nets should be carefully put away, and should be hung up open, 
not in bundles, as the mice are apt to make nests in them and cut 
them. I am also using them in my garden to train peas and to- 
matoes, &c. Wm. Adamson. 
Nokesville, Va. 

[We are glad to know that Mr. Aclamson is negotiating for a large 
importation of the above nets, which he proposes to sell cheaper 
than can be bought elsewhere — he having superior advantages for 
purchasing at wholesale prices in Scotland. In our next number he 
will state what they can be had at.] 



[For the Southern Planter and Farmer.] 

THE BEST BREED OF CATTLE FOR VIRGINIA. 

Messrs. Editors, — Under the heading "The Best Breed of Cattle 
for Virginia," in your June number, page 291, "C." gives his judg- 
ment in favor of the "Devons." If the farmer lives in a grazing 
section, and his object is the raising of work-oxen, I fully concur 
with "0," that he cannot do better than improving his herd with the 
"Devon" blood. They are a beautiful race, and excel all others in 
quickness and docility; also, in sections where food is not abundant 
and rich, it would perhaps be judicious to select this breed for the 
raising of beef, in preference to the Shorthorns. But as for many 
years back the Devons have been bred for beef and work and not 
for the dairy, I hardly think that any farmer whose object is milk 
(or butter or cheese), would make a judicious selection in choosing 
this breed. For the butter-dairy, the infusion of Jersey (Alderney) 
blood into the native herds makes the gilt-edged, high-priced butter. 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 31 



For the butter and cheese-dairy, or the sale of milk, none excel the 
beautiful "Ayrshires," which race has always been bred for their 
milking qualities only. The best authorities in the United States 
concur with me in this opinion. Allow me to mention a few. 
Youatt says: "For the dairy the North Dcvons must be acknow- 
ledged to be inferior to several other breeds. The milk is good, and 
yields more than the average proportion of cream and butter, but it 
is deficient in quantity." On page 367 of the "New American 
Farm Book," by Allen, it reads: "Their (the Ayrshires) history is 
of less consequence than the fact of their decided excellence for the 
pail. They must now be considered as an established dairy breed, 
capable of perpetuating, in their own blood alone, their excellent 
qualities. As such they are now bred, cherished and valued. 

Charles L. Flint, the most practical and experienced authority in 
the United States (who never asserts anything but what he himself 
has practically tried), says, in his work on "Milch-Cows and Dairy- 
Farming," page 25: " VVe must conclude, then, that for dairy pur- 
poses, the Ayrshire cows deserve the first place. * * * She con- 
verts a large proportion of her food into milk. So remarkable is 
this fact, that all dairy farmers who have any experience on the 
point, agree in stating that an Ayrshire cow generally gives a larger 
return of milk for the food consumed than a cow of any other breed." 

I have dwelt thus at length upon this race for the reason that it 
is pre-eminently a dairy breed, surpassing all other pure breeds in 
the production of rich milk and butter on soils of medium fertility, 
and admirably adapted, in my opinion, to raise the character of our 
stock to a higher standard of excellence. The best milkers I have 
ever known in the course of my own observations were grade Ayr- 
shires, larger in size than the pure bloods, but still sufficiently high 
grades to give certain signs of their origin. 

Otherwise "C." gives some excellent advice to his brethren. 

I fear that I have encroached already too* much on the valuable 
space of the Southern Planter and Farmer, but I could not help 
putting in a word in favor of my favorites, the "Ayrshires." 

P. 

Mechanicsville Farm, Va., June 11th, 1874. 



John Hamilton, Colfax, Indiana, has recently purchased a small 
herd of Short-horns of William McClure, of Bath county, Ky., 
and of Samuel M. Pryor, of Bourbon county, a pair of $150 Berk- 
shires. He also reports sales of twenty odd Berkshire* to parties 
in various portions of the country. 

E. Purdy, Olcsville, Iowa, reports sales of Bcrkshires to various 
parties whose addresses are not given, at prices ranging from $10 to 
$20 each. 



32 THE SOUTHERN [July 



oitltrg g^prteti 



ESSAY ON POULTRY RAISING. 
The following essay, written by our associate editor, received a 
premium and medal at the last State Fair: 

The great and constantly increasing demand for fresh poultry and 
eggs in our cities and towns, together with the fact that they are 
articles of production or consumption in every household in the 
whole country, makes this a subject of great interest. Ever since the 
reports of the mythical establishment of De Sora near Paris cre- 
ated a lively sensation fifteen or twenty years ago, and the almost 
cotemporaneous introduction of the Asiatic breeds of fowls gave 
rise to what was popularly known as the "hen fever," the inter- 
est in poultry has been constantly and rapidly increasing. Numer- 
ous attempts have been made to raise and keep poultry on a large 
scale, which have almost uniformly resulted in failure and conse- 
quent loss. It is believed by the writer that the cause of these fail- 
ures w r as attempting to keep too many fowls on a small space, disre- 
garding the natural instincts of all gallinaceous birds to collect in 
small separate coteries, each having a separate leader, range and 
roosting place. An experience of fifteen years has taught the writer 
many facts that are worthy of the attention of those intending to 
engage in this interesting department of rural economy. The cli- 
mate and soil of Virginia are peculiarly. adapted to the rearing and 
keeping of poultry, and there is scarcely a farm east of the Blue 
Ridge where from three to four hundred laying • hens may not be 
profitably kept, and 1,000 young fowls raised each year. About 
50 adult hens, with three or four cocks, is the maximum number 
that should be kept together or permitted to roost in the same house. 
A plain building 10 by 16 feet, six feet high to the eaves, with a 
shingle roof and tight plank floor, will be sufficiently large to ac- 
commodate this number of fowls. It should be boarded vertically, 
and have a door (secured by a gDod lock) on the south side, and a 
smaller door or two in the eastern end for the use of the fowls. 
These last should be closed by a sliding door on the inside. The 
roosts should be of pine poles laid across the western end of the 
building, resting upon cletes nailed to the' side twelve inches above 
the floor. They should be laid in notches and require no nailing. 
The nests should be on cither side from the roosts to the eastern 
end, except where the door opens, and should consist of simple 
boxes six inches deep, sixteen inches square, and having no bot- 
toms, being set upon the floor and upon a wide plank firmly nailed 
fourteen inches above the floor. A dozen nests will be enough for 
fifty hens, as it is not intended that they shall set in this house. 
The house should set upon posts twelve inches high. Such a house 



1874] PLANTER AND FARMER. 33 

as the above should have a lot containing not less than one-fourth of 
an acre of land attached, enclosed by a five-foot fence, and the 
house itself forming part of the southern fence. In this lot the 
fowls should have a constant supply of pure cool water and broken 
bone or oyster shells, and be regularly fed upon grain of some kind 
night and morning. A rough shed facing the south, made of slabs, 
should shelter the fowls from sudden storms, and under it should be 
provided a dust bath for the fowls, consisting of sand, lime and 
ashes, with an occasional addition of a few pounds of flour of sul- 
phur. Fruit trees, such as plums and cherries, may be advanta- 
geousty planted in this yard, but not so thickly as to make a dense 
shade. We have now accommodations for fifty fowls, and to in- 
crease the number we have just to multiply these fixtures. 

Supposing four hundred hens are to be kept, this would require 
eight houses and two acres of land. Immediately adjoining and in 
the rear of these lots should be an enclosure from five to ten acres, 
the larger the better, to which the fowls from each pen should have 
daily access. This land should be partly in grass and partly in 
crops for the benefit of the fowls. If ten acres, then about two or 
three acres running the entire length immediately adjoining the 
fowl lots should be sown in grass. The remainder should be divided 
into strips running through the entire length, and sown in wheat, 
oats, buckwheat and rape. As these grains ripen they will be eaten 
down by the f">wls, and they may then be plowed in. The buck- 
wheat may be sown, upon the same land occupied by the wheat and 
oats. The rape should be sown in September, and will furnish green 
food throughout the winter for all the fowls and yield a crop of seed 
in the spring. 

If desired, this land may be planted in apple trees forty feet 
apart. A small granary should be provided for the grain used in 
feeding. We have now the necessary accommodations for our lay- 
ing stock. For setters we require still another building, with a yard 
similar, though it need not be so large as those before described. 
The building for setters should be made as follows: Post eight feet 
long should be put into the ground eighteen inches. The building 
should be twenty-five feet long by ten feet wide. A broad plank 
should run around the bottom both inside and outside the post. The 
outside should then be boarded up vertically, and the roof put on 
as with any other building. The floor should be filled in with sand 
to the top of the board running round the bottom, and sand should 
also be filled between the outer and inside board. If it is intended 
fo raise early chickens for market, the house should be made double 
all the way up on the north, east and west sides, and filled up with 
dry sawdust. For nests we use simple boxes without bottoms, closed 
on both side and back and half way up in front. They should be 
sixteen inches in the clear and twelve inches high. Over the top wo 
tack laths, and the front we close with a movable board. Thetf 
boxes we set upon the ground around the sides of the room, only 
having so many at any time as there are hens sitting. The nests 
3 



34 THE SOUTHERN [July 



are made of soft grass and a liberal supply of tobacco dust or stems 
to keep off vermin. Whenever a hen shows a disposition to sit, we 
permit her to remain upon her own nest (removing all the sound 
eggs and giving a few spoiled ones) a day or two, and then, having 
previously prepared a box for her in the sitting house, we remove 
her, together with her eggs, after dark, and place her where it is 
intended she should hatch, closing the entrance to the nest so as to 
confine her. The next evening we open the nest and let her come 
off and feed her, not permitting her to leave the house, however ; 
and if she returns voluntarily to the nest, we remove the rotten 
eggs and place those desired to be hatched under her. If she should 
not be easily reconciled to her new quarters, confine her to a coop 
until the sitting fever leaves, her, and when slaughter-day comes let 
her be one of the victims. It is always better to set at least three 
hens at a time, so that if they fail to hatch a full clutch, one or two 
may take the chickens, and x the other hatch out another clutch, or 
be returned at once to the laying yard. About twelve eggs in cold 
weather and fifteen when warm is the proper number to be placed 
under an ordinary hen, and they should never be over a week old 
when set. During incubation the hens should be released every 
other day and well fed and watered, but they should never be per- 
mitted to leave the house and yard set aside for this purpose ; and 
care should be exercised that they return to their nest before the 
eggs are chilled. We prefer to commence sitting hens about the 
middle, or even earlier, in February. These early hatched chicks 
require more care, but they will amply repay it. The young males 
will go to market early in May, and bring from five to eight dollars 
per dozen, and the pullets, if well fed, will be laying before the sum- 
mer is gone ; and all through the fall, when older fowls are moulting 
and eggs are high, they will continue to make glad the heart of the 
owner. For early hatched chicks, we provide a run similar to the 
cold frames used by gardeners, except that we only have one sash 
instead of three in a nine foot bed. The remainder we cover with 
plain boards, battoned so as to keep out the rain. In each one of 
these runs we can raise fifty chicks. The hens are confined to coops 
just outside and communicating with the frame by a small hole large 
enough to admit the chickens, but too small for the hen. In the 
frame the chickens are regularly fed five or six times a day; and 
here they will bask in the warm sun when the cold wind outside 
would chill them to death. When the weather is warm, the hen is 
allowed some liberty, being tied to her coop with a soft string four 
feet long. When the chickens have attained considerable size, the 
hen is. released entirely, whenever the weather is settled and warm 
enough. Chickens hatched later we usually carry to the garden, 
confining the mother by a string to a simple box coop, and allowing 
them to range among the plants, foraging for bugs, worms, seeds, 
&c. When chicks are first taken from the nest, they should be 
lightly touched on the head and under the wings with a mixture of 
the following ingredients: Mercurial ointment, 1 oz.; hog's lard, 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 35 

1 oz.; flour sulphur, J oz. ; crude petroleum, J oz. This is recom- 
mended by Mr. Halsted, of Rye, New York, one of the most expe- 
rienced fanciers in the whole country, as a sure preventive of gapes, 
killing the tick which lays the eggs when the gape worms are 
hatched. Our own experience has tended to strengthen this opin- 
ion. It will at least destroy the vermin they are apt to bring with 
them from the nest, and will contribute to their growth. The food 
of young chickens during the first few days should be given often 
and in only small quantities, and should consist of stale crumbs of 
bread, hard boiled eggs, grits, &c. After they are a week old, 
coarsely ground corn, the grain being barely broken as for hominy, % 
and screenings should form the staple article of diet. They should 
have access at all times to clean water in shallow vessels. Our pre- 
ference is old iron vessels, the oxidation of which furnishes a good 
tonic. 

When the chicks are large enough to take from their mother, they 
should be removed and the hen returned to the laying house. The 
young chicks should be divided into two parcels. The young males 
should be confined to a moderately small yard and fed highly, to 
prepare them for the table, and as soon as ready taken directly to 
market. The pullets should have more range, and if the houses are 
not too much crowded may be placed at once where they are in- 
tended to remain, when they commence laying. In the care of 
poultry, the greatest neatness should be observed. The houses, 
nests, coops, fences, and everything about the premises should be 
whitewashed twice a year, fall and spring, at least, and if every 
month during the summer so much the better. The floor of the 
roosting houses should be dusted over with sand, and at least once a 
week the roosts, nests, &c, should be removed and the whole tho- 
roughly swept, and the litter conveyed to the manure house and a 
fresh supply of sand placed upon the floor. The nests should be 
saturated with coal oil occasionally and the nest boxes plunged into 
a kettle of hot whitewash. The best standard food for adult fowls 
is Indian corn fed whole, scattered widely over the ground that all 
may have access to it. In winter potatoes boiled, and while hot 
mashed up with wheat bran, the whole made into a stiff dough, hot 
water being added if necessary, and fed in long troughs while warm, 
makes an excellent morning meal. Meat should also be given in 
small quantities twice a week in winter. It should always be cooked. 
Chandler's greaves, sheep plucks, beef livers, &c, will suggest 
themselves as cheap articles to be used for this purpose. We like to 
use red pepper in considerable quantities, both for adult and young 
birds, and find it an excellent condiment; we give it finely ground 
and mixed with dough. 

We now come to the question what kind of poultry to keep. 
Many persons yet contend that the common fowl of the country is 
equal if not superior to any of the improved breeds, an opinion 
which we cannot by any means endorse. There are several promi- 
nent characteristics which might very well serve lor general classifi- 
cation of the varieties now before the public. 



36 THE SOUTHERN [July 

We have first, then, what are known among fanciers as the sitting 
and non-sitting breeds. The first includes the Asiatics, the Dork- 
ings and the Games. The latter includes the Spanish, Leghorn, 
Hamburg and Crested fowls, and also the newer French fowls. 

It is unnecessary here to enter into a description of the various 
breeds. For the general purposes of the farmer, where hens are 
kept for eggs, flesh and the rearing of young chickens, the varieties 
of which the Bramah is the type, are undoubtedly superior to any 
other. They are large, hardy, easily raised, good layers, good sit- 
ters, gooi mothers, and are excellent table fowls. But where the 
production of eggs for market is the prime object, there are other 
breeds much more economical to be kept than the Brahma. Either 
a Leghorn or Hamburg hen will lay more eggs by at least one-fourth 
t^an a Brahma; and when they can forage and are allowed sufficient 
range, two Hambnrgs can be kept where one Brahma would hardly* 
make a living. The Brahmas are a thrifty fowl when well fed, but 
they depend almost exclusively upon the owner for a living. The 
other varieties mentioned are active, restless, and will seek their 
living in the highways and woods. The Games, Dorkings, &c, 
possess no characteristics to recommend them over the three breeds 
mentioned, and will not compare with them in their own peculiari- 
ties. A Hamburg or Leghorn for eggs, and a Brahma or Cochin for 
general utility, cannot be excelled, if indeed they can be equalled, 
by any breed. It would be best, all things considered, to keep at 
least two varieties of chickens wherever as many as four hundred 
hens are kept. For this purpose a yard with a small house, say 
8x10 feet, should be prepared for each breed so kept, and a cock and 
ten or a dozen hens confined here, and the eggs from these houses 
saved separate and- used exclusively for sitting. By constantly re- 
newing the stock, a fine lot of fowls may be raised each year with- 
out any material trouble. It is well known by those who have the 
care of fowls that the yield of eggs diminishes very rapidly as the 
hen advances in age. 

Every year, about the first of March, when plucked poultry usu- 
ally commands a high price, the size of the flock should be dimin- 
ished by killing off the older hens, which will usually be very fat 
at this time, if they have been well fed during the winter. This 
event will bring out prominently the good qualities of the Brahmas 
and Cochins. The hens will dress seven to eight pounds, and sell 
readily for fifteen cents, when other breeds that only weigh four or 
five pounds will not bring more than twelve and a half cents per 
pound. The question of profit and loss in keeping fowls is, after 
all, the most interesting one, and here we will give our experience 
in as condensed a form as possible. 

A Leghorn or Hamburg hen will eat in one year, being allowed 
her liberty, about a bushel of corn, besides what she will gather 
from the woods and pastures, and will lay from 150 to 175 eggs per 
year. A Brahma will eat a bushel and a half or more, and will lay 
from 120 to 150 eggs and hatch one or two broods of chicks. We 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 37 

estimate from our experience that the one is about as profitable as 
the other, and the account may be made out with the Ham burgs 
thus : 

175 eggs, at two cents apiece, $3 50 

One bushel corn, 75 

Leaving a net profit of $2 75 

for a year's investment. If, then, we suppose the sale of the car- 
cass to realize enough to pay for raising to the time they commence 
laying, we see we have a very handsome return from our feathered 
friends. With anything like good attention, we may very safely 
calculate on a net return of at least two dollars per head for every 
fowl kept. We have at our side private accounts strictly kept, 
which show a much larger return, but will not transcribe them. 

A New Englander, in a report to the Department of Agriculture, 
puts the net profits of his 200 fowls at $500, which is the result of 
accounts strictly kept. If in the cold climate of Massachusetts, 
where snow lies upon the ground from five to six months in the year, 
sudi returns can be realized, what may we not confidently expect 
when we hardly have as many weeks of bad weather ? 

The other varieties of poultry usually kept upon the farm are 
duck, geese and turkeys. The former two can only be raised pro- 
fitably contiguous to marshes or ponds, where they can gather the 
larger part of their food themselves, and are not suited to the gene- 
ral purposes of the poultry raiser. Some experiments have been re- 
ported lately where, in a trial between ducks and hens for the produc- 
tion of eggs, the ducks produced the larger quantity in proportion 
to the food consumed. It would be well enough to try the experi- 
ment here, but our own experience induces us to doubt the reliability 
of the report. The rearing of turkeys is attended with a great 
many difficulties. But when successful, the return is quite large. 

They should have a house separate from other fowls. About six 
hens should be allowed for each cock. As early in the spring as 
they begin to show signs of laying, they should be closely watched 
to prevent their stealing a nest out. Some advise their being con- 
fined to the house in the morning until they have laid. We prefer, 
however, to have a small yard, with a high picket fence around it. 
If three or four small wires arc stretched around a few inches apart, 
the lower one being six inches from the top of the fence, they will 
not fly over. The post should project two feet above the top of the 
pickets, and the wire should be fastened- to them. The turkey* will 
make one or two attempts to get over, but being caught upon the 
wire and forced to fall back, they will give it up. A few empty 
barrels, with the open ends lying next the fence, with barely room 
for the turkeys to pass in, and nest made in them of grass or leaves, 
will soon be made the depository of the precious egg- The > 
should be removed as rapidly as they arc laid, and a large hen i 

kept as a nest egg- After some fifteen or eighteen eggs have been 

laid, the turkey will probably manifest a disposition to set. This 



38 THE SOUTHERN [July 



may be known by her remaining on the nest over night, and by 
other unmistakable signs well known, to every one familiar with the 
bird. It is best to permit her to remain without any eggs a day or 
two: then she should be gently removed, a new nest made of hay 
or long grass, and about fifteen eggs placed under her. 

Unless there is danger of vermin of some kind, it will be unneces- 
sary to confine her in any way, but if there is danger of that kind, 
the'end of the barrel should be closed by a board at night. She will 
then require no further attention than to have feed and water placed 
conveniently near. When it is discovered that the young are break- 
ing the shell it is best to close up the barrel at once, and leave it so 
until they are all hatched and dry. She may then be released and 
permitted to walk about the yard when it is dry. The first night she 
will probably return to her old nest, and should then be confined 
until the dew is off next morning. Then, having previously pre- 
pared a pen in some protected spot, she should be gently driven to 
it and confined., so that she cannot wander about too much with the 
young brood. The pen may be of laths or common fence rails, cov- 
ered with plank. A box or barrel in one corner should be provided 
to protect the mother and young from storms and vermin. The best 
food for young turkeys is hard boiled eggs cut up and black pepper 
sprinkled over it thickly ; stale light-bread, soaked in milk, is also 
excellent. Whatever is given, however, should be in pieces as large 
as they can conveniently swallow, aj they do not like to mince at 
their meals. When the young are two weeks old, the old one may 
be turned loose, still keeping them confined until the grass is dry in 
the morning. They should be liberally fed from the very start, re- 
ceiving full rations of grain night and morning until they are ready 
for market. They will require constant care to prevent their wan- 
dering too far from home, and falling victims to foxes and unscrupu- 
lous hunters. Of the profit of raising turkeys, we are not prepared 
to speak very favorably. They are subject to so many casualties 
that the business is too uncertain. When, however, they can be 
raised successfully, they undoubtedly yield a good return for the 
outlay. s 

Of the diseases to which poultry are subjeot, it will be unneces- 
sary to say a great deal. We aim to prevent rather than to cure 
diseases. If, with all our care, cleanliness, ventilation, &c, some of 
our fowls get sick, we usually make short work of it by cutting oflf 
the head. It sometimes happens, however, that epidemic diseases 
prevail among poultry. These, generally known under the name of 
chicken cholera, may generally be cured, unless they have progressed 
too far, by feeding on food highly seasoned with cayenne pepper, 
and giving, at intervals of an hour or so, three or four, or even ten 
drops of paregoric, to check the discharge from the bowels. 

The roop, one of the greatest scourges of the poultry yards of 
the North, is scarcely known here. We occasionally have a case of 
severe catarrh, which, if not checked, will eventually run into roop, 
but it is easily managed by confining the fowl to a warm yard, and 



1874. J PLANTER AND FARMER. 39 



feeding on warm, stimulating food. If there is any discharge from 
the nostril, it will be well to syringe the nostril with chloride of soda, 
using the smallest size glass syringe. 

In conclusion, we would earnestly recommend to the poor farmers 
of Virginia to give more attention to the rearing and keeping of 
poultry. The capital required is very small, and the return imme- 
diate. The lumber necessary to construct one of the houses and 
lots described in the former part of this essay, would not exceed in 
cost, nails included, $50. The fowls can now be readily purchased 
at not more than $25 per hundred. By buying common hens and 
crossing fine cocks upon them, the value of the progeny would be 
greatly enhanced. The annual value of the poultry and eggs of 
the States east of the Mississippi does not fall short of $25,000,000. 
Of this, Virginia does not produce one-fourth her full share. The 
employment is light, and the return sure and quick. The manure 
saved from one hkndred fowls, properly saved and applied to the 
hill with corn, will add one hundred bushels to the produce. Thus 
we have every reasonable inducement to undertake it. Let^ustry. 

There is no danger of overstocking the market. The cities of 
Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, with which we 
are in easy daily communication by cheap lines of water transporta- 
tion, will take all our surplus were it ten times what it is now. A 
pound of poultry can be raised as cheaply as a pound of pork, and 
will generally sell for twice as much. With these considerations I 
leave the subject. 



CORRESPONDENCE 



SOME REASONS WHY OUR YOUNG MEN ARE AVERSE TO 
ENGAGING IN AGRICULTURE AS AN OCCUPATION. 

Messrs. Edditors, — In your editorial in the June r.umber of the 
Planter and Farmer on "Progress of the Agricultural Interests of 
the South," you state truly u that one of the difficulties in the way 
of progress is the disinclination among the better class of our people 
to engage in any pursuit that requires manual labor for its successful 
prosecution." False pride may keep some from manual labor, but 
downright laziness influences a larger number to seek some em- 
ployment requiring less physical exertion. But many a good far- 
mer is lost to the community because .he sees clearly that labor on 
the farm is not paid for as in other pursuits; that the income is not 
adequate to the labor expended. His disinclination, therefore, 
arises from neither pride nor laziness, but from a knowledge of the 
fact that it don't pay. To a sensible young man, able and willing 
to work, what are his prospects as i farmer compared with other pur- 
suits ? Leaving out of consideration the professions or positions 
that require a certain amount of educational and practical training 
as a qualification for business, he sees and knows that he can go 



40 THE SOUTHERN [July 

behind the bar and sell the death-dealing and peace-destroying fluid, 
or behind a cigar case, or vend newspapers, and in each occupa- 
tion make more money than he can possibly make from his indi- 
vidual labor on the farm. He knows, too, that if he goes upon a 
farm that he must do more work, and harder work, and for less 
pay than in any other business or occupation. 

Assure him of ample compensation for his labor and he will, if 
not too lazy, stick to the farm. When satisfied that his pay will be 
in proportion to the amount of labor he performs, and relatively as 
profitable on the farm as anywhere else, he will, if raised on the 
farm, prefer to remain upon it in preference to seeking a precarious 
livelihood in some other pursuit. But there is no disguising the 
fact that if he relies alone upon the labor of his own hands for a 
living, present and prospective, he may expect to live hard and die 
poor, and leave the profits of his labor in the hands of his more for- 
tunate brother who sits in the shade. We grant that there are honor- 
able exceptions, but the young man who starts in the world flat- 
footed and unaided upon a farm has an up hill business, and can 
hope for little more than a bare support. There is something dread- 
fully wrong somewhere. Bread is too low when the itinerant pedlar 
or peripatetic speculator can buy a pound of flour for five and a pound 
of bacon for ten cents. The price of food is disproportionate to 
the labor spent in its production, and those engaged in raising 
it, have for years been the dupes of speculators and consumers. 
Labor is entitled to its reward, and the fault lies with producers as 
a class that they are inadequately paid. 

Who desires to see his son bearing the heat and burden of a hot 
June day in the harvest field to raise flour at four and five cents a 
pound to be sold to the baker, who, after adding water to and baking it, 
sells the same for ten cents for a short pound loaf, thus realizing more 
than one-hundred per cent, on the hard earnings of his boy? But 
this is done every day, and the bread goes to feed an army of non- 
producers, who, if compelled, rather than raise their own bread 
would give one dollar for every pound of bread they eat, and for 
every thing else in like proportion. His boy as he delves and toils 
knows all this, and is dissatisfied ; for he well knows that he is not 
receiving full compensation for- his labor. 

Let the fathers do their duty and I'll venture to answer for the 
boys. Some brave, noble fellows, in spite of all difficulties, are work- 
ing their way up into the world. Let us clear the way for more of 
them, and give them what they most desire — a fair chance for suc- 
cess. This can only be done by association and joint action. Here's 
work, appropriate work for the grangers. 

Dignity and importance will soon come to the avocation of the 
husbandman when he is prosperous, reaping the just rewards, of his 
labor. Our appreciative, good young women will not have to be 
taught to love the independent, prosperous farmer. He'll not lack 
for sweet-hearts. For he who is brave enough to win fortune, will 
find some queen ready to crown and smile upon him as victor. 

R. L. Ragland. 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 41 



CELEBRATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA'S BIRTHDAY. 

FORMATION OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF VIRGINIA. 

The British Settlers in Virginia held a grand celebration of Queen 
Victoria's Birthday, this year for the first time. The idea was a 
happy one and was carried out with great spirit and success. 

On Saturday, the 23rd of May, the streets of our capital showed 
unmistakable signs of a British invasion, and on Sunday evening at 
5 o'clock the invading forces mustered strongly at the Monumental 
Church, where the proceedings of the celebration commenced with a 
special service, followed by an admirable* sermon by the Rev. Dr. 
Wall, from the appropriate text: *'Love the brotherhood. Fear 
God. Honor the King." 

On Monday, the 25th, the Settlers held a meeting in the Hall of 
Delegates to hear an address from Mr. St. Andrew, of Chase city, 
and to organize "The British Association of Virginia." About 
150 Englishmen attended the meeting, which was presided over by 
Capt. T. T. Jackson, of Richmond, and the proceedings were marked 
throughout by great good feeling and unanimity, and by a strong 
determination not to let the occasion of so large a gathering of 
English colonist go by without establishing a permanent bond of 
union for the benefit of all present and future English dwellers on 
Virginia soil. 

The meeting commenced with prayer by Dr. Wall, which was 
followed by a very sensible address from the Chairman, Captain 
Jackson. 

The meeting then appointed a Committee on Permanent Organi- 
zation, who retired to consider their report, and on their return Mr. 
St. Andrew delivered his address. Our space will not allow us even 
to glance at the various topics touched upon by the speaker, who 
handled his subject in a very masterly style. It was decided, how- 
ever, that the address should be printed and circulated, and we strongly 
recommend its careful perusal both by our Virginia and our English 
readers. 

In the course of his speech, Mr. St. Andrew described very forci- 
bly the chief difficulties which an English colonist has to contend 
with in this country, foremost among which he placed — 

Bad roads ; sheep-killing dogs ; unscrupulous land agents ; want 
of fences and a fence law ; and the absence of small farms. 

His address was full of excellent practical advice both to Eng- 
lishmen and Virginians, and towards its close he summed it up in 
the following terse sentences. His advice to the intending sottler 
was : 

1. Come in colonies, or go to colonies. 

2. Bring money in your purse. 

3. Leave your prejudices behind. 

4. Don't expect too much. 

5. For land or business, pay cash. 

6. Keep two-thirds at least of your money for working capital. 



42 THE SOUTHERN [July 

7. Avoid land-sharks. You can easily find out the reliable land- 
agents. 

8. In buying land, don't get too much of a good thing. 

9. Adhere to the old fashioned principle of British honor. 
Don't attempt " smartness." Better class Americans don't admire it; 
but they can beat you at the, game if you challenge them to it. 

10. Remember that success is more in the man than the country. 
His advice to the Virginia citizens was : 

1. Reform your roads. 

2. Hang your dogs, and save- your mutton. 

3. Put Up your fences. * 

4. Cut up your large farms into small ones. 

5. Insist on fair dealing with settlers. 

6. If you find a settler in a tight place, don't squeeze him too 
hard. 

7. Make the new settler feel like an old citizen. 

8. Live and let live. 

9. Preserve your State credit. 

10. Let there be free trade in money. 

Mr. St. Andrew concluded his address by demonstrating the ad- 
vantages to be attained by the formation of the proposed Society. 
He pointed out the assistance which it would render to the intending 
settler by furnishing him with disinterested and reliable information ; 
the stimulus it would apply to English immigration, and the advan- 
tages in the way of social intercourse which it would aiford to its 
members. 

In his closing remarks, after gracefully acknowledging the warm 
sympathy which the celebration had evoked in Virginia, he said : 

" It is something unique for such an assemblage of British peo- 
ple to commemorate the Queen's birthday in America. The event 
marks an epoch in the history of Virginia, the only State which 
ever had the honor of being directly associated with the British 
Crown. Among a noble and chivalrous people we find ourselves 
increasing in numbers and influence. It may be the high destiny of 
British settlers to help in restoring the prosperity of a great coun- 
try and the happiness of a great people. It is for us to realize our 
position, and remember that for Britain and Virginia we must do 
our duty. Let us form a brotherhood that shall be the basis of a 
powerful movement. Let that bond of union inspire us all to be 
worthy, both of our State and of our dear Fatherland. Let the 
nobility of character of that illustrious lady whose birthday we cel- 
ebrate to day be honored in the lives of her former subjects in Vir- 
ginia. Let us determine to-day that when we become citizens of 
Virginia, we will forget none of the lessons of truth, virtue and 
patriotism which we learned at home, and then, though our Society 
will be British in name, it will be Virginian in usefulness, and every 
citizen and settler may join in wishing it 'God speed. ' " i 

After a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. St. Andrew, the report of 
the Committee on Permanent Organization was read, and the pro- 



1874.] PLANTER AND FARMER. 43 



posed constitution and by-laws were discussed at length, and finally 
adopted. It was determined that the Society should be called the 
British Association of Virginia; that it should be free to all settlers 
in Virginia and West Virginia, born in any of Her Majesty's do- 
minions and their children, and that its objects should be : 1. To 
promote social intercourse among British settlers. 2. To obtain and 
disseminate disinterested and reliable information on subjects of im- 
portance to settlers. 3. To afford assistance to British settlers in 
distress. 

The meeting then elected the officers of the association for the 
ensuing year, and adjourned after deciding to celebrate the next ani- 
versary of Her Majesty's birthday in Richmond. 

At 5 o'clock the British settlers, and a large number of distin- 
guished Virginia guests sat down to an excellent dinner at the Bal- 
lard House, from which we were glad to see the English ladies did 
not absent themselves. 

Mr. F. R. Scott, of Richmond, was in the Chair. 

The toast of the evening was, of course, " the Queen," and it was 
received with the greatest enthusiasm, the whole audience joining in 
the National Anthem, and then making the roof ring with cheer 
after cheer in genuine English fashion. The toast was ably responded 
to by Maj. Gen. Barton, of Norfolk. 

The other toasts were : 

" The President of the United States," responded to by Mr. 
Senator Johnson. 

" The Prince and Princes of Wales, and the Royal Family," re- 
sponded to by Mr. J. W. Hebditch. 

" Virginia," responded to in an admirable speech by Gov. Kemper. 

"Our Guests." "Richmond." " The Press." "The Ladies." 

The proceedings of the day terminated with a grand reception in 
the ball room of the Exchange Hotel, where Virginia and British 
beauty fairly distracted the critic in his attempt to award the palm 
between them. The ball-room was tastefully decorated with banners 
and heraldic devices ; the flags of Great JBritain, America and Vir- 
ginia being emblematically intertwined; while on the walls were 
a number of portraits of the Queen, and other works of English 
art, which had been lent for the occasion, and some of them being 
of great v.-ilue and interest. The entertainment was kept up with 
great spirit till far into the morning, when the band again played 
" God save the Queen," and so terminated the celebration, an event 
marked throughout with the greatest, good feeling and enthusiasm 
both on the part of the British and their Virginia guests. 

We heartily congratulate our English friends on the success of 
their undertaking, from which we predict, very useful results, not 
only to themselves, hut to the community at large. 



Go to the ant thou sluggard ; consider her ways and be wise. 



SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS 

OF THE 

VIRGINIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 



AT ITS 



FAIR TO BE HELD IN RICHMOND, 

On the 27th, 28th, 29th and 30th of October, 1874. 



DEPARTMENT I. 

$&w ^M^etidl and §rach([e t 

Dr S. P. Moore, Chief. 

CLASS T. — Minerals, Geological, Chem- 
ical, Zoological and Ornithological 
Specimens. 

Gen'l J. D. IMBODEN, Supt. 

Section I. 

B^„ All the specimens must have the 
name and locality attached in a plain 
manner.' 

1. Best collection of specimens illus- 
trating the mineralogy of Virginia, 
including coal, lime, stone, soap- 
stone, sandstone, marbles, clays, 
peats, marls, soils and minerals, 

Diploma and $50 

2. Best exhibit of minerals from any 
single mine, $10 

3. Best suit of fossils from Virginia, 

Medal. 

4. Best collection illustrating the 
zoology of Virginia, 

Silver medal and $10 
5. Best collection of insects, illus- 
trating the Entomology of Vir- 
ginia, $10 

6. Best collection of Botanical spec- 
imens, $10 

7. Best collection of native woods, 
specimens to be six inches long, 
dressed on two sides, and proper- 
ly labelled, ( $15 

8. Best collection of foreign woods, 
same requirements, Diploma. 

9. Best collection of birds, illustra- 
ting the ornithology of Virginia, 

Medal and $10 

10. Best collection of Indian relics, $15 

11. Best specimen of Bituminous 
coal, 1009 lbs. or more, $10 

12. Best specimen of Anthracite, $10 
Best specimen of coal suitable 



13. 



for smelting iron ores, 



$5 



14. Best specimens of building stone 
or marble, (dressed.) $10 

15. Best specimen of Virginia lime, 
one barrel, Medal. 



16. Best specimen of loam sand for 
foundry purposes, $10 

17. Best specimen soapstone from 
Virginia cfuarries, $5 

18. Best specimen grindstone from 
Virginia quarries, $5 

19. Best specimen Whetstone from 
Virginia quarries, for oil and water, $5 

20. Best specimen millstones from 
Virginia quarries, $5 

21. Best specimen slate from Vir- 
ginia quarries, $5 

CLASS II. — Chemical and Pharmaceu- 
tical Products and Processes, and Veg- 
etable and Mineral Substances em- 
ployed in Manufactures. 

Dr. W. H. TAYLOR, Supt. 
Section 1. 

1. Best collection of chemicals 
manufactured in Virginia, $5 

2. Best collection of pharmaceu- 
tical preparations manufactured 

in Virginia, $5 

3. Best collection of mineral waters 
(artificial), Diploma 

4. Best assortment of chemial glass- 
ware, Diploma 

5. Best assortment of druggists' 
sundries, Diploma 

6. Best strictly pure white lead, 
dry, and in oil, Diploma 

7. Best substitute for white lead, 
dry and in oil, Diploma 

8. Best mineral paint, 100 pounds 



or more, 
). Best collection 



of 



10. Best lard oil, 

11. Best linseed oil, 

12. Best castor oil, 

13. Best sulphuric acid, 

14. Best nitric acid, 

15. Best hydrochloric acid, 

16. Best nitre. 

17. Best barrel of salt, 

18. Best assortment of essential oils, 

19. Best assortment of flavoring 
oils, 

20. Best assortment of perfumery, 



Diploma 
varnishes, 

Diploma 
Certificate 
Certificate 
Certificate 
Certificate 
Certificate 
Certificate 
Certificate 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



45 



21. Best glue, Certificate 

22. Best hydraulic cement, *•"> 

23. Best hypochlorite lime, Certificate 

24. Best disinfectant, *•"> 

25. Best pure alcohol, Certificate 

26. Best collection of dyes or dye- 
stuffs, Diploma, 

27. Best pure ground mustard for 
medicinal or table use, Certificate 

28. Best display of pure ground 
spices, Certificate 

29. Best gallon of lubricating oil, $5 

30. Best specimen of cotton seed oil, 5 

31. Best printers 5 ink, Diploma 
31. Best shoe and leather blacking, $2 

33. B ?st writing and copying ink, 2 

34. Best stove polish, Certificate 

35. Best wash blue, Certificate 
86. Best baking powder, Certificate 

Judges. 
Prof. Mallett, University of Virginia. 
Dr. J. B. McCaw, Richmond. 
Prof. Pratt, Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity. 
W. W. Fontaine. Hewletts. 
W. C. Dimmock, Richmond. 
CLASS III— Produce. 
RUSH BURGESS, Superintendent. 
Section I. 

FARM PRODUCTS. 

1. For the largest product per acre 
corn, wheat, oats, and hay: pro- 
vided that not iess than ten con- 
tiguous acres be cultivated in 
either crop, and provided also 
that the yield of corn shall not 
be less than 80 bushels (shelled), 
wheat 40 bushels, oats 60 bush- 
els, and hay % 2h tons per acre ; 
and for the best crop of tobacco 
of not less than '21 acres, with a 
yield of not less than 1,500 
pounds (well cured I to the acre — 
For each crop, Society's diploma 
and $100 

2. Best crop of cotton, not less 
than five acres, and 400 lbs. of 
lint, 50 

3. For best crop of ground peas, 
not less than five acres, and not 
less than 60 bushels per acre, 25 

Article 18 of Rules and Regulations 
provides as follows, and must be 
adhered to by all competitors; 
and tin" yield must h e verified by 
the certificate of two disinterest* 
ed parties: "Applicants for pre- 
miums on farm crops will remem- 
ber lhat the land from which the 
crop for premiums is claimed 
must be in one piece and meas- 
ured by a competent surveyor, 
whose affidavit must accompany 



the statement. The location of 
the land must be stated in writ- 
ing, and the kind and condition 
of the soil; what the previous 
crop, and how manured ; the 
quantity and kind of seed; the 
time and manner of sowing, har- 
vesting and preparing the crop 
for market, and the actual yield ; 
and a fair average sample of the 
crop must be exhibited at the 
Fair." 

4. Best shipping leaf tobacco, 
growth 1874, . $20 

5. Best manufacturing leaf, growth 
1874, 20 

6. Best fancy wrapper leaf, growth 
1874. 20 

7. Best specimen manufactured 
tobacco for general consumption, 20 

8. Best specimen of smoking to- 
bacco, 10 

9. Best specimen cigars, 5 
B^, To be represented by sam- 
ples of the crop, not less than 
ten lbs, boxed or cased, and to 

be accompanied by statement of 
mode of cultivation, fertilizers 
used, yield per acre, and num- 
ber of acres cultivated. 

10. Best bushel white wheat, 5 

11. " red wheat, 5 

12. " white corn, in ear 

or on stalk, 3 

13. u yellow corn, in ear 

or on stalk, 2 

14. " • rye, 1 
oats, 1 
barley, 1 
clover seed, 5 
timothy seed, 3 
herds grass seed, 2 
Kent'y blue grass 

eppn O 

21. " HighVd grass seed, 1 

22. Best baled cured hay, 1 

23. " bushel ground peas, 2 

24. " bale of cotton in Virginia, 10 

25. " corn shucks, 1 

26. u broom corn, 1 

27. " fodder, 1 



15. 


a 


16. 


i( 


17. 


(1 


18. 


a 


19. 


u 


20. 


II 



28. " 

29. " 

30. " 
31- '" 



timothy, 1 

clover hay, 1 
mixed clover and 
timothy. 

32. " herds grass. 1 

33. u orchard grass, 1 

34. Best specimen of flax, 2 
86. " hemp, 2 

36. Best three fleeces of wool, 6 

37. " fleece of tine wool, 5 

38. " specimen (1 lb.) raw silk, 6 
All these products from Virginia. 



46 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



Judges. 
Win. A. Ruff, Lexington. 
Col. C. R. Barksdale, Richmond. 
T. Homer, Farmville. 
Dr. Richhard Wood, Amelia. 
Maj. Robert Douthat, Charles City. 

CLASS IV. — Garden, Nursery and 

Orchard Prodacts. 

JOHN M. ALLAN, Superintendent. 

HENRY BOWLER, Assistant. 

Section 1. 

1. For best acre Irish potatoes, 
not less than 300 bushels, $25 

2. For best acre turnips, not less 
than (00 bushels, 25 

3. For best acre potato onions, 
not less than 230 bushels, 25 

4. For best acre sweet potatoes, 
not less than 200 bushels, 25 

5. For best acre ground peas, not 
less than 100 bushels, 30 

6* For best acre winter cabbage, 
not less than 3500 good heads, 25 

7. For best acre largest and best 
collection vegetables, not less 
than 15 varieties, 25 

8. For 2d best ditto 5 

9. For best collection of reliable 
garden seeds, not less than 20 
varieties of Virginia growth, 

10. For best dozen beets, 



11. 


a 


12. 


it 


13. 


it 


14. 


a 


15. 


ti 


16. 


tt 


17. 


it 


18. 


a 


19. 


it 


20. 


it 


21 


tt 


22. 


a 


23. 


a 


24. 


a 


25. 


a 


26 


it 


27. 


it 


28. 


a 


29 


a 


30. 


tt 


31. 


tt 


32. 


it 


33 


a 



i 



cabbages, 

cauliflower, 

cucumbers, 

celery, 

carrots, 



it 


egg plants, 
lettuce, 


a 


parsnip, 


4 " 
it 
tt 


pumpkins, 

salsify, 

endive, 


peck onions, 
bushel sweet potatoes, 
" irish " 


peck 

tt 

ft 


peppers, 
white turnips, 
red turnips, 
ruta bagas, 


a 


tomatoes, 



25 
2 
3 
5 
1 
5 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
3 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
dozen brocoli, 3 

peck lima beans, 2 

bushel field peas, 2 

\ dozen winter squash, 1 

Section 2. 
ORCHARD AND NURSERY PRO- 
DUCTS. 
Competitors for orchard, grapery and 
nursery premiums, are requested to fur- 
nish a detailed statement of the time 
and manner of planting or setting out, | 



mode of cultivation, position of ground, 
level or inclined, and if inclined, to 
which point of the compass — size, age 
and number of trees. 

1. Best display of nursery grown 
fruit trees, Diploma and $5 

2. Best display of ornamental 
trees and shrubs, Diploma and 5 

3. Best display of nursery grown 
evergreens, Diploma and 5 

4. Best display of deciduous trees, 

Diploma and 5 

FRUIT. 

5. For the greatest and best display 
of fruit, by any county, township, 
society or individual, 25 

APPLES. 

(Samples to be distinct from the 
foregoing. 

6. Best display of apples, not less 
than 15 varieties, and three spec- 
imens of each variety, 10 

7. Best display of fall apples, 8 

8. Best display of winter apples, 8 

9. Best collection of ten varieties 
for family use, for cultivation in 
Virginia, 8 

10. Best one-fourth bushel winter 
apples, 3 

11. Best one-fourth bushel fall 
apples, 3 

12. Best collection crab apples, 3 

13. Best plate of 5 American Gold- 
en Russett, or little Pearmain 2 

14. Best plate, of Baldwin, 2 

15. " Belleflower, 2 

16. " Belmont, 2 

17. " Ben Davis, 2 

18. " Esopus Spitzen- 

burg, 2 

19. u Fallawater, 2 

20. " Rawle's Janet, 2 

21. " Jonathan, 2 

22. " King of Tomp- 

kins Co., 2 

23. " Maiden's Blush, 2 

24. " Mason's St'nger 2 

25. " Nonsuch, 2 

26. " Albe'rlePip'in, 2 

27. ,', Fall Pippin, 2 

28. " • Northern Spy, 2 

29. " Smith's Cider, 2 

30. " Roxbury Russet, 2 

31. " Red Canada, 2 

32. " Rome Beauty, 2 



33. 
34. 

35. 



Ramboj 
Wine Sap, 
Pilot, 



36. Bjest display of pears, not less 
than 5 varieties, 8 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



47 



37. Most valuable collection of 
pears for planting in Virginia, 8 

38. Beet collection of winter pears, 5 

39. Best collection of fall pears, 5 

40. Best single specimen of winter 
pear, 1 

41. Best single specimen of fall 
pear, 1 

42. Best half peck Seckels, 3 

43. Best half peck Bartletts, 3 

44. Best plate of 5 Beurre 'dAngou, 2 

45. " " Beurre Clairgeau, 2 

46. " ." Beurre Dril, 2 

47. '• " Bartletts, 2 

48. " " Belle Lucrative, 2 

49. " " Duchesse d'An- 

gouleme, 2 

50. " u Flemish Beauty, 2 

51. " " White Doyenne, 2 

52. " " Columbia, 2 

53. " " Howell, 2 

54. u " Lawrence, 2 

55. " " Louise Bonne 

d'Jersey, 2 

56. " " Onondaga, 2 

57. " " Seckels, ' 2 

58. " " Sheldon, 2 

59. " " Vicar of Winkfield, 2 
Not less than 3 specimens of each va- 
riety of apples and pears will be re- 
ceive'd for competition. 

GRAPES. 

60. Best collection of native grapes, 
not less than 4 bunches of each 

. variety, $5 

61. Best collection, not less than 10 
varieties, three bunches of each 
variety, 10 

62. Best display of any one variety, 3 

63. Best display on one cane, 3 

64. Best single bunch, 1 

65. Best and largest collection of 
grapes of less than 10 varieties, 8 

66. Best collection of table grapes, 5 

67. Best collection of wine grapes, 5 

68. Best 8 bunches Concord, 

69. " " Delaware, 

70. " " Norton's Virginia, 

71. " " Iona, 

72. " " Ives' Seedling, 

73. " " Catawba, 

74. " " Martha, 



Judges. 
John B. Davis, Henrico. 
V. Vaiden, Williamsl)urg. 
G. B. Leigh ton, Norfolk. 
Col. Edward Daniels. Fairfax. 
T.N. Merrell, Charlotte. 

Section 3. 
MALT LIQUORS. 

1. Best lager beer, 

2. Best pale ale, 

3. Best porter, 



76. 


ii 


II 


Eumelan, 


77. 


it 


II 


Hartford Prolific 


78. 


ii 


ll 


Isabella. 


7'.». 


ii 


II 


Rebecca, 


80. 


ii 


II 


Salem, 


81. 


l< 


CI 


Senasqua, 


82. 


a 


(( 


Walter, 


83. 


<( 


u 


Winder, 



$5 
5 
5 



WINKS. 

84. Best collection of native wines, 10 



Section 4. 

1. Best specimens of native bran- 
dies, 5 

2. Best and purest distillation of 
whiskey, . 5 

1. Best still cider made in Virginia, 3 

2. Best sparkling cider made in 
Virginia, 3 

3. Best vinegar made in Virginia, 3 
B@cc All liquors must be exhibited 

by or for the manufacturer, and entered 
by numbers, and the name of the maker 
withheld from the judges. 

Judges. 
T. J. Wright, Richmond. 
W. B. Warwick, Richmond. 
G. W. Royster, Richmond. 
Col. J. L. Carrington, Richmond. 

Section .5 
FLORAL PRODUCTS. 

1. Best floral display, to include 
plants in bloom, foliage plants, 
cut flowers, and floral designs, 
baskets, stands, etc. — flowers to 

be grown by the exhibitor, $15 

2. Second best (amateuT premium) 
plants in bloom, 8 

3. Best collection of distinct va- 
rieties of green-house plants, 10 

4. Best collection of Asters, 3 

5. " Begonias, 3 

6. " Carnations, 3 

7. u Dahlias, 3 

8. u Everlastings, 3 

9. " Fuschias, 3 

10. " Gladioli, 3 

11. " Geranium, 3 

12. " Heliotropes, 3 
18. " Lilies, . 5 
14. " Pansies, 3 
15. 

16. " 
17. 

18. " 
19. 

20. " ' 
21. 



Petunias, 


3 


Phlox, 


3 


Pinks, 


3 




3 


Salvias, 


3 


Tuberoses, 


3 


Verbenas, 


3 



48 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



Judges. 
Mrs. A. H. Drewry, Westover. 
Mrs. Bradley T. Johnson, Richmond. 
Mrs. L. H. Frayser, Richmond. 
Mrs. Ella Seddon, Goochland. 
Mrs. Robert Carter, Shirley. 

Section 6. 
FOLIAGE PLANTS. 

1. Best Colens, not less than three 
varieties, 2 

2. B st Colludium, not less than 
three varieties, 2 

3. Best gold and silver Balms, 2 

4. Best variegated Maple, 3 

5. Best collection of foliage plants, 5 

6. " Cacti, • 3 



Ornamental Arrangement for 
Plants. 



10 



7. Best Wardian case, 

8. Best rustic flower stand, made 

by exhibitor, 3 

9. Best rustic flower stand, with 
living plants, 5 

10. Best rustic hanging basket, 
made by exhibitor, 2 

11. Best fernery, 5 

Judges. 
Mrs. James R. Branch, Richmond. 
Mrs. Dr. Currie, Richmond. 
Mrs. John B. Davis, Henrico. 
Mrs. Col. Gantt, Albemarle. 
Miss Kate Finney, Richmond. 

Section 7. 
CUT FLOWERS— FLORAL DE- 
SIGNS. 
1. Best floral temple, 3 



floral arch, 
floral wreath, 
floral cross, 
basket of flowers, 
original design, 



BOUQUETS. 

7. Largest and most tasteful bou- 
quet of choice flowers, 5 

8. Best and most tastefully ar- 
ranged pair flat bouquets, 3 

9. Pest and most tastefully ar- 
ranged pair round bouqnets, 2 

10. Best single bouquets, 1 

DRIED FLOWERS AND LEAVES. 

11. Best bouquet of Everlastings, 2 

12. Best design in Everlastings and 
mosses, 2 

13. Best herbarium, correctly named, 5 

14. Best arranged and correctly 
named collection of forest leaves, 2 



Judges. 

Mrs. Thomas Branch, Richmond. 
Mrs. William T. Scott, Charlotte. 
Mrs. John F. Davis, Chesterfield. 
Mrs. James G. Brooks, Richmond. 
Mrs. Joseph Walker, Chesterfield. 



Section 8. 
DOMESTIC PRODUCTS. 

1. Best lot (5 lbs.) butter, in rolls 

or shape, $5 

2. Best tub or firkin butter, not 
less than six months old (40 lbs. 

or more), 10 

3. Best cheese, 1 year old or over, 3 
The exhibitor must state, in 

writing, the mode of making 
and preserving butter and 
cheese, or. no premium will 
be allowed. 

4. Best loaf domestic white bread, 3 

5. " loaf brown bread, 2 

6. " pilottbread, 2 

7. " soda biscuit, 2 

8. u crackers (butter), 2 

9. " crackers (sweet), 2 

10. " Sally Lunn, 2 

11. u rye bread, 2 

In preparing bread, no salara- 
tus or other alkalies, or acids 
of any kind, to be used. 

12. Best 3 hams, mode of preserv- 
ing to be stated in writing — one 

of the hams to be cooked, 10 

13. Best sponge cake, 2 

14. " pound cake, 2 

15. " jelly cake, 2 

16. " fruit cake, 2 

17. " gold cake, 2 

18. " silver cake, 2 

19. " marble cake, 2 

20. " nut cake, 2 

HONEY, PRESERVES, PICKLES. 

21. Best 10 pounds of honey, $5 
The honey to be taken without 

destroying the bees, and kind 
of hives to be specified, as 
well as the general manage- 
ment of the bees during the 
year. 

22. Best display of Virginia manu- 
factured candy, 5 

23. Best preserved quinces, 2 

24. ' ; peaches, 2 

25. " pears, ' 2 

26. » plums, 2 

27. " apples, 2 

28. " Siberian crabs, 2 

29. " grapes, 2 

30. " cherries, 2 

31. " raspberries, 2 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



49 



32. Best preserved strawberries, 2 

33. " blackberries, 2 
11 citron, 2 

Best apricot jelly, 2 

" apple jelly, 2 

11 cherry jelly, 2 

11 currant jelly, 2 

11 grape jelly, 2 

u quince jelly, 2 

" Siberian crab jelly, 2 

" lemon jelly, 2 

u orange jelly, 2 

11 wine jelly, 2 

a marmalade of any fruit, 2 

11 canned blackberries, 2 

11 canned cherries, 2 

11 canned grapes, 2 

14 canned peaches, 2 

11 canned pears, 2 

u canned raspberries, 2 

" apple butter, 2 

11 peach butter, 2 

u brandied peaches, 2 

" sour pickled cucumbers, 2 

" sweet pickled cucumbers, 2 

11 " grapes, 2 

" " cherries, 2 

' ; peaches, 2 

11 pickled cauliflower, 2 

u u tomatoes, 2 

M M walnuts, 2 

" " onions, 2 

11 " gherkins, 2 

" tomato catsup, 2 

u mushroom catsup, 2 

11 walnut catsup, 2 

11 cucumber soy, 2 

u picalili, 2 

11 mangoes and melons, 2 
u display of the above by one 
person. 
All the above to have been prepared 
by the exhibitor. 

Judges. 
Mrs. Gen. W. H. F. Lee, New Kent. 
Mrs. Geo. A. Barksdale, Richmond. 
Mrs. J. B. McCaw, Richmond. 
Mrs. A. II. Drewry, Westover. 
Mrs. Dr. C. Archer, Henrico. 



DEPARTMENT II. 
J. D. ROGERS, Chief. 

GEO. WATT, Jr., Aid. 
Machinery for Agricultural, Manufac- 
turing, Engineering, and other pur- 
poses. Mechanical invention* illus- 
tive of the agents brought to bear bjj 
human ingenuity on natural products. 
Note.— A machinery building is on 

the grounds— fitted up with pulleys and 
shaftings for the use of exhibitors do- 



33. 
34. 
35. 
3G. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57, 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 
70. 
71. 



siring to put their machines in motion ; 
but that all may be accommodated, it 
is desirable that exhibitors should give 
the Society at least two weeks' notice 
of the character of their machines, and 
the power and motion required. 

Machines, implements, &c, not enu- 
merated in either of the Classe:. or Sec- 
tions of this department, will be re- 
ceived and placed on exhibition in their 
appropriate Class and Section. 

#fe^~No awards will be made in this 
department without trial. 

CLASS I. — Machines for direct use, in- 
cluding Steam, Hydraulic, and Pneu- 
matic Engines, railway and other 
Carriages. 

JOHN ANDREWS, Supt. 

Section 1. 

1. Best engine applicable to agri- 
cultural purposes generally, 

Diploma and $50 

2. Best steam plow adapted to 
farm fallow or tillage, 

Diploma and $250 

3. Best saw mill for farm purposes 

$25 

4. Best model of locomotive and 
tender made in Virginia, Diploma 

5. Best railway street car made in 
Virginia, Diploma 

6. Best model of passenger car 
made in Virginia, Diploma 

7. Best working model of steam 



engine 
8. Best railway freight car, 



9. do. steam gauge, 

10. do. water gauge, 

1 1. do. steam pump, 

12. do. safety valve for engine, Medal 

13. do. saw gummer, Medal 

14. do. self setting saw mill head 



Diploma 

Diploma 

Medal 

Medal 

Diploma 



blocks, 



.Medal 



Section 2. 

1. Best pump for deep wells, $ 5 

2. do. do. shallow wells, 5 

3. do. fixtures for diawing water 
from wells other than pump, 10 

4. Best water ram in operation, 5 

5. Best hydraulic governor for 
over-shot and other mill wheels, 10 

6. Best tide gate, 10 

7. Best levelling instrument for 
draining operations. 10 

8. Best device or plan for fitting 
up a natural spring, having re- 
gard to beauty, permanency, and 
collection and preservation of the 

purity of the water, 10 

'.». Best water-wheel, turbine or 
other, 10 



50 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



Richard Irby, Ashland. 
James Worth, Chesterfield. 
F. T. Glascon, Richmond. 
Maj. Wm. Allen, Henrico. 
James Talbott, Richmond. 



Section 
WOOD-WORKING 



MACHINES. 



1. Best planing machine, - _ $20 

2. do. mortising and tenoning 
machine, 15 

3. Best turning machine, 10 

4. do. boring machine, 5 

5. do. moulding machine, 10 

6. do. slat tenoning, 5 

7. do. irregular frame tenoning 
machine, 10 

8. Best scroll saw, 5 

9. do. shoe last machine,- 5 

10. do. shoe peg machine, 5 

11. do. sash machine, 5 

12. do. hoop machine, 5 

Section 4. 

1. Best brick machine, $25 

2. do. drain tile machine, 25 

3. do. lead pipe machine, 25 

4. do. machine for moulding pot- 



tery, &c. 



10 



Section 5. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



$10 
10 
10 
10 
10 



Best barrel machine, 
do. machine for buckets, 
do. shingle machine, 
do. lathe machine, 
do. stave machine, 

6. do. hoisting machine for store 

or warehouse, 10 

7. Best wool packing machine, 10 

8. do. cotton paeking machine, 10 

9. do. tire upsetter, Medal 

10. do. domestic gas apparatus, do. 

11. do. set of willow ware, Virgi- 
nia growth and manufacture, Medal 

12. Best set woolen ware, Va. make, 

Medal 
IB. Best dozen brooms, Va. make, do. 

14. do. coffee pots, $2 

15. do. coffee roaster, 2 

16. do. For any invention useful 
in agriculture or the mechanic 
arts, by a resident of Va. Diploma 

Section 6. 

1. Best printing press, 

2. do. press for card printing, 

3. do. press for ornamental or 
fancy work, 10 

4. Best type work, 10 

5. do lithograph work, 10 



$25 
5 



Judges. 
Wm. Gibson, Richmond. 
Gen. H. H. Hurt, Halifax. 
Capt. W. Taylor Smith, King George. 
C. T. Sutherlin, Halifax. 
W. R. Polk, Henrico. 

CLASS II — Agricultural, Horticultural 
and Dairy Machines, Implements, &c. 

WILLIAM H. ALLISON, Supt. 
Section 1. 

1. Best combined reaper and 
mower, * $30 

2. Best mower, 20 
" hay tedder, 10 
lt hay rake, 5 
" wheat gleaner, 5 
u wheat cradle, 2 
u grass blade and snath, 1 
" hay fork, 1 
" hay press in operation, 15 
11 harvest hand rake, Certificate 
" reaper and mower grinder, " 
" hay hoisting apparatus, 5 

Section 2. 

1. Best horse-power, $25 

2. '• railway power, 15 

3. " combined machine for 
threshing, separating and clean- 
ing, % • 25 

4. Best fan mill, 5 

5. " cockle machine, 5 

6. " machine for threshing and 
cleaning clover seed, 25 

7. Best machine for cleaning wheat 

of smut, " 10 

8. Best machine for picking and 
separating peanuts, 5 

Judges. 
Hill Carter, Shirley, Henrico county. 
T. L. P. Cocke, Cumberland. 
Robert Byrd, Albemarle. 
R. L. Ragland, Halifax. 
T. H. Leitch, Buckingham. 

Section 3. 

1. Best corn shucking or husking 
machine,. Diploma 

2. Best corn sheller for power, $10 

3. " corn sheller for hand power 5 

4. " hominy mill, 2 

5. " stalk and fodder cutter 10 



6. " hay and straw cutter for 
hand 2 

7. Best hay and straw cutter for 
power, 5 

8. Best root cutter, 2 

9. " stalk knife, 1 
10. " mill or machine for crush- 
ing corn or other grain for stock, 10 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



51 



Section 4. 

1. Best four-horse plow, right or 
left, $10 

2. Best three-horse plow right or 
left, 10 

3. Best two-horse plow right or left 5 

4. " one-horse " " " 5 

5. ** subsoil plow, 5 

6. u hillside plow, 5 

7. " scraper for tobacco, cotton 
and vegetables, 2 

8. Best cultivator, 5 



9. " harrow, 

10. M drain plow, 5 

11. " machine for digging potatoes 2 

12. u " '• ground peas 2 

13. " rotary digger, 2 

14. " new ground plow, 5 

15. " gang plow, 10 

16. " sulkey plow, 10 

17. " chain harrow, 5 

Judges. 
A. R. Venable, Farmville. 
Samuel McGutchin, Charlotte. 
C. S. Harrison, Brandon. 
W. H. Gaines, King George. 
J. D. Hankins, Halifax. 

Section 5. 

1. Best grain drill, with guano 
and grass seed attachment, $25 

2. Best drill, without attachments, 20 

3. " broadcasting machine 5 

4. " lime or fertilizer spreader 

or broadcaster, 20 

5. field roller, 10 

6. machine for sowing and covering 
peas in corn, at last tillage with 

or without guano, 10 

7. Best clod crusher, 10 

Section 6. 

1. Largest and best collection 
of vehicles for pleasure or use, 

Diploma 

2. Best two-horse family carriage 

Medal 
one-horse " " u 

top buggy, " 

open buggy, •' 

carryall, " 

sulkey, " 

Largest and best collection of 
children's carriages, " 

9. Best harvest or hay cart, for one 
or more horses, $10 

10. Best wagon farm use, 10 

11. " dumping " 10 

12. u tumbril cart, 10 

13. " ox cart, 10 

14. u wagon body for hauling 
grain in sheaf, hay or straw, 10 



3. 


u 


4. 


it 


6. 


(i 


i\. 


u 


7. 


a 


8. 


L 



15. Best ox-yoke, 5 

16. " hand cart, 5 

17. u wheelbarrow for garden, 2 

18. M wheelbarrow for dirt, 2 

Section 7. 

1. Best sorghum mill, Medal t 

2. " sorghum boiler, " 

3. '• cooling vat for sorghum. 

Certificate 

4. Best set of skimmers, dippers, 
and strainers used in making 
sorghum molasses, Certificate 

5. Best agricultural boiler for stock 
food, 10 

Section 8. 
HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

1. Best cider and wine mill, $10 

2. garden seed drill, 2 

3. garden cultivator, for horse- 
power, 2 

4. Bestgarden culti'tor, hand-power, 2 



5. " hand plow, 


2 


6. " garden pump or syringe, 


5 


7. " collection of garden rakes, 




hoes, and transplanting tools, 


5 


8. Best lawn mower, 


5 


9. " lawn roller, 


5 



E. R. Cocke, Cumberland. 

Dr. R. H. Stewart, King George. 

R. V. Gaines, Charlotte. 

R. E. Lee, King William. 

J. Woods Garth, Albemarle, 

CLASS III — Domestic Machines and 
Implements. 

CLAIBORNE WATKINS, Supt. 
Section 1. 
1. Best sewing machine, Medal 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 



knitting machine, 
washing machine, 
clothes wringer, 
clothes boiler, 
sausage cutter, 
sausage stuffer, 



8. Best churn, 

9. " butter press, 

10. M cheese press, 

11. " fruit peeler, 

12. ' " fruit dryer, 

13. " dough kneeder, 

14. u rat and mouse trap, 

Judges. 

Mrs. Wilson Thomas, Richmond. 
Mrs. Col. Dantorth. Richmond. 
Mrs. Peter Minor, Richmond. 
Mrs. George Watt, Richmond. 
Mrs. J. H. Knight, Farmville. 



$5 
1 
1 
1 
1 

$5 
1 
5 
1 
1 
X 
1 



52 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



Section 2. 

1. Best cooking range, Diploma 

2. " cooking stove, Dl P lom * 

3 « heating stove for coal, *& 

4 " heating stove for wood, o 
5.' " fi.:e-place stove for heat- 
ing two or more rooms, & 

6. Best dining room stove, o 

7. " laundry stove, 

8 « fire-place arranged for 

heating two rooms, ^ & 

9 " furnace for heating a 
church or public building Diploma 

10. Best assortment of fronts and 
grates and fenders, * iU 

11. Best assortment of stove fur- ^ 

niture, „ , , -, 

12. Best specimens of general hoi- 

low ware, 

Mrs. Wilson Thomas. Richmond. 
Mrs. Col. Danforth, Richmond. 
Mrs Peter Minor, Richmond. 
Mrs. George Watt, Richmond. 
Mrs. J. H. Knight, Farmville. 

DEPARTMENT III. 
Dr. S. P. MOORE, Chief. 
Manufactures, the result of Human In- 
dustry on Natural Products. 
CLASS I.— Cotton, Wool, Silk, Flax, 
Hemp, Mixed Fabrics, Shawls, Vestings, 
Quilts, &c, &c. 
JOHN CHAMBLIN, Esq., Supt. 
HOUSEHOLD MANUFACTURES 
AND LADTES' FANCY AND 
ORNAMENTAL WORK. 

Section 1. 

1. Best hearth rug, # $3 

2. " pair woolen knit stockings, 3 
3.' " pair cotton knit stockings 2 

4. " pair woolen knit socks, 2 

5. " pair cotton knit socks, 2 
6*. " pair woolen stockings by 

Misses under 12 years of age, 2 
:7. Best pair cotton stockings by 

' Misses under 12 years of age, 2 

8. Best netting, 2 

9. " worsted knit socks for infs, 2 

10. Best Stocking yarn, 2 

11. " worsted knit shirst for 
infants, m 2 

12. Best display of machine knit 
goods, 3 

13. Best straw hat, 2 
15. Best crocheted bed spread, 

either cotton or wool 5 

15. Best 10 lbs. dressed flax, 3 

16. u pound linen sewing thread, 2 
No articles manufactured in factories 

or out of the family, will be received in 
this class. Exhibitors must accompany 



their articles with a certificate of man- 
ufacture in the family. 

NEEDLE WORK, EMBROID- 
ERY, Etc. 

In every case, but more especially in 
this one, the words " best display," re- 
fer in the first place to quality, and in 
the second place to quantity. 

17. Best table cover, 2 

18. " piano cover, 3 

19. u silk emb'ed infant'mantle 3 

20. " " " sacque, 2 

21. " " " skirt, 3 

22. " " child's dress, 3 

23. u u pin cushion, 1 

24. u " slippers, 2 

25. " " cloak, 3 

26. " display of silk embroidery, 5 

27. " display of worsted emb'y, 2 

28. " display of cotton emb'y, 2 

29. " display of linen embroidery, 2 

30. " specimen chenille emb'y, 3 

31. " display of chenille eoib'y, 3 

32. u lamp stand mat, 2 

33. " specimen of ornamental 
needle work, 3 

34. Best embroidered chair, otto- 
man or stool cover, 2 

35. Best worsted embroidered sofa 
cushion, 2 

36. Best specimen braid work on 
machine, 2 

37. Best ladies' braided cloak, 3 

38. " child's braided cloak, 2 

39. " child's braided dress, 2 

40. " yoke and cuffs, 2 

41. u gentlemen's dressing gown, 2 

42. " ladies' robe, 2 

43. " ladies' skirt, 2 

44. " gentleman's shirt made by 
hand, 3 

45. Best gentleman's shirt made by 
machine, 2 

46. Best chemise made by hand 2 

47. S " ^ u machine, 2 

48. " handkerchief made by hand, 2 

49. " ladies' night dress hand made 3 

50. Best ladies' night dress made 

by machine, 2 

51. Best display of machine work, 2 

52. " display of hand work, 3 

53. " . display of band and sleeves, 2 

54. " specimens of darning, 2 

55. " specimen of applique, 2 

56. u specimen of tetting, 2 

57. patch work qnilt of silk, calico 

or u-oolen, 4 

58. Best large affghan, 4 

59. " child's affghan, 3 

60. " specimen of hair work, 3 

61. " " bead work, 3 

62. " " gold thread 
work, 2 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



53 



63. Best specimen silver thread work, 3 

64. Best specimens of cone work, 2 

65. " " leaf work, 2 
60. u " imitation cor 

al work, 3 

67. Best specimens of shell work, 3 

63. " " moss orlieh- 3 

en work, 3 

69. Best specimen feather flowers, 2 

70. " specimen of wax work, 3 

71. " display of millinery work, 5 

72. " crochet shawl, 2 

73. " u hood or head dress, 2 

74. " " infant sacque, 2 

75. u " mittens, 1 

76. " " collar, 1 

77. " " chair tidy, 2 

78. " display crochet work, 
worsted or cotton, 2 

79. Best display of stamping, 2 

80. " specimen of worsted work, 2 

81. " fly brush, 3 

Judges. 

Mrs. Joseph Hall, Richmond. 
Mrs. Mary Page, Richmond. 
Mrs. Henry Hudnall, Richmond. 
Mrs/S. H. Bailey, Richmond. 
Miss Bettie Fox, Richmond. 

Section 2. 
GENERAL MANUFACTURES OF 
COTTON, WOOL, SILK, &c, 
OF VIRGINIA MANU- 
FACTURE. 

1. The largest and best collection 
of goods made exclusively of wool, 

Diploma or $20 

2. The largest and best collection 
of goods made of wool and cot- 
ton combined, Diploma or $15 

3. The best piece of cassimere 
made' of wool exclusively, 

Medal or 5 

4. The best piece of goods made of 
cotton and wool combined, 

Medal or 5 
6. The largest and best collection 
of goods made exclusively of 
cotton, Medal or 10 

6. The best piece off brown shirt- 
ing, Medal or 10 

7. The best piece of 4-4 sheeting, 

Medal or 5 

8. The best piece of bleached shirt- 
ing, Medal or 5 

9. The best piece of brown cotton 
drills, Medal or 6 

10. The best piece of bleached 
cotton drills, Medal or 5 

11. The best piece of jeans made of 
cotton and wool combined, Medal or 5 

12. The best collection of cotton 
plaids or ginghams, Medal or 10 



13. The best piece of checked or 
plaid ginghams, Medal or 10 

14. The largest and best collection 

of woolen blankets, Diploma or 15 

15. The best pair of woolen blank- 
ets, Medal or 10 

16. The best collection of knitting 
cotton, Medal or 5 

Judges. 

Samuel M. Price, Richmond. 
Jas. G. Brooks, Richmond. 
Christopher James, Petersburg. 
Geo. M. Rucker, Lynchburg. 
Wm. T. Clarke, Danville. 
Wm. P. Yancy, Norfolk. 

Section 3. 
FURNITURE MADE IN VIRGINIA. 

1. Largest and best collection of 
furniture, Diploma 

2. Best set parlor furniture, $25 



3. < 


1 set chamber " 


20 


4. * 


i set dining room furniture, 


20 


5. ■ 


' set school room " 


10 


6. < 


' bureau, 


5 


7. < 


' wardrobe, 


5 


8. ' 


1 sofa-bedstead, 


5 


9. « 


' extension table, 


5 


10. ' 


' chairs for office, 


5 


11. < 


' "for library, 


5 


12. < 


' centre table, 


5 


13. < 


1 workstand, 


5 


14. • 


' writing desk, 


5 


15. ' 


1 book case, 


5 


16. ' 


1 sideboard, 


5 


17. ' 


' specimen of ornamental 




can 


ring, 

Section 4. 


10 


1. Fo 


r best wcoden mantel, 


$5 


2. ' 


' slat blinds, 


3 


3. « 


1 panel door, 


3 


4. " 


' window sash. 


3 


5. ■ 


* set of mouldings, 


2 


6. ' 


' carpenter's finished w'k 


10 



Section 5. 

1. Best specimen leather tanned 
in Virginia, calf sole, hog, goat 

©r buckskin, medal or $5 

2. Best set of wagon harness for 
two horses made in Va., medal or 2 

3. Best set of carriage harness for 
two horses, medal or 6 

6. Best set of buggy harness for 
one horse. certificate and 5 

6. Best riding saddle aad bridle, 

rcrtilicate and 5 

6. Best pair of boots from leather 
made in Virginia, certificate and 2 



54 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



7. Best pair of shoes from leather 
made in Virginia, certificate and $1 

8. Best pair of gloves from leather 
made in Virginia, certificate and 2 

9. Best trunk of leather made in 
Virginia, medal or 2 

10. Best set of furs made of skins 
secured in Virginia, medal or 10 

11. Best mattress made of hair, 

medal or 3 

12. Best specimen of hair work, 1 

13. Best specimen of ladies' shoes 
of leather made in Virginia, 

medal or 2 

14. Best specimen of leather col- 
lars for horses, medal or $5 

15. Best specimen of Straw hats 
made in Virginia, medal or 2 

16. Best specimen of baskets and 
mats, medal or 2 

Judges. 
J. A. Belvin, Richmond. 
F. Emmenhauser, Richmond. 
Lewis Miller, Norfolk, 
J. A. White, Petersburg. 
Chas. E. Wingo, Richmond, 
J. P. Pearson, Henrico. 



CLASS II. — Paper, Stationery, Types, 

Printing, Bookbinding. 
GEO. L. BIDGOOD, Superintendent 

Section 1. 

1. Best specimens,of writing paper 
made in Virginia, $5 

2. Best specimens of printing 
paper made in Virginia, 5 

3. Best specimens of wrapping 
paper made in Virginia, 5 

4. Best specimens of envelopes 
made in Virginia, 5 

5. Best specimens of paper bags 
made in Virginia. medal 

6. Best specimens of paper twine 
made in Virginia. medal 

7. Best specimen of colored pa- 
pers for bookbinding made in Vfr- 
ginia, , medal or 5 

Section 2. 

8. Best specimen of plain and or- 
namental types and borders made 

in Virginia, medal or 5 

9. Best specimen of plain and or- 
namental printing, medal or 5 

10. Best specimen of bookbinding 
done in Virginia, medal or 5 

Judges. 
E. S. Gregory, Fetersburg, 
W. Ellis Jones, Richmond. 
P. Bouldin, Danville, 



W. D. Chesterman, Richmond. 
B. W. Gillis, Richmond. 

CLASS HI.— Cutlery and Edge Toolsl 
Iron, Brass, Pewter and Genera, 
Hardware, Surgical Instruments, &c. 

W. S. WHITE, Superintendent. 
Section 1. 

1. Largest and best collection cut- 
lery made in Virginia, medal or 5 

2. Best specimen of saws made 

in Virginia, Medal or 3 

3. Best specimen of axes and 
hatchets made in Va:, Certifi'te and 3 

4. Best rifle or shot gun made in 
Virginia, Medal or 3 

5. Best collection of steam-cocks, 
water coupling, Medal or 3 

6. Best assortment of general 
hardware, Certificate and 3 

7. Best and largest assortment of 
surgical instruments, Diploma 

8. Best artificial limbs, Diploma 

9. " optical instrum'ts, Medal or 3 

10. u dentist's instrument, Medal 

11. u specimens of den'stry, Diploma 

12. Best specimens of silver ware 
with agricultural designs suitable 

for premiums, Diploma 

13. Best specimens of argentine 
and britania ware, Medal 

14. Best truss, 2 

Judges. 

Col. W. H. Taylor, Norfolk. 

Dr. H. L. Thomas, Richmond. 

Dr. I. H. White, Richmond. 

Dr. J. Herbert Claiborne, Petersburg. 

Dr. Wm. B. Pleasants, Richmond. 

CLASS IV.— Glass-Ware, Stone-Ware. 
Section 1. 

1. Best display of useful and or- 
namented pottery wares, stone or 
earthern ware, 10 

2. Best paving tiles, 5 

3. Best Furnace, fire and stove 
tiles, 5 

4. Best pressed brick, not less 
than 25, 5 

5. Best common or mould brick 
not less than 25, 5 

6. Best stock brick, not less than 25 5 

7. Best paving brick, not less 
than 25, 5 

8. Best fire clay from Quarries in 
Virginia, 10 

9. Best specimen of pipes, for 
drainage made in Virginia, of 
clay cement or other material, 

Medal or 10 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



55 



10. Best specimen of tobacco pipes 



of Virginia clay, 



Medal or 5 



11. Best specimen of glassware 
made in Virginia, Medal or 20 

Judges. 
Gen'l Bartlett, Westham. 
James Werth, Chesterfield. 
Charles Grattan, Staunton. 
Dan'l Hatcher, Powhatan. 
W. H. Hite, Orange. 

DEPARTMENT IV. 

FINE ARTS. 

Dr. W. T. WALKER, Chief. 

W. W. VALENTINE, Superintend. 

STATUARY, DRAWINGS, PAINT- 
INGS, &c. 

It is understood that all products of 
art or industry competing for premiums, 
are to be exhibited by or for the maker, 
improver or contriver. 

CLASS I.— Statuary. 
Section 1. 

1. Best sculpture by a Virginia 
artist, 10 

2. Best group of sculpture con- 
nected with the history of Va., 30 

3. Best portrait bust, 10 

4. Best marble mantel of Virginia 
material, 10 

5. Best marbelized state of Vir- 
ginia material, 5 

6. Best genre picture in oil, 30 

7. " historical picture in oil, 30 

8. u portrait from life in oil, 25 

9. Best portrait in oil, of horse : 



3. Best specimen of porcelain pho- 
tograph, Medal 

4. Best photograph of infant col- 
ored in oil, Medal 

6. Best photograph of infant col- 
ored in water colors, Medal 

6. Best photograph of infant un- 
colored, Medal 

7. Best specimen of water colors, 10 

8. Best landscape from nature in 
water colors, 10 

9. Best specimen of uncolored 
photograph, Medal 

10. Best specimen of fruit or flower 

* painting in water colors, 5 

11. Best engraving, 5 

12. lt wood engraving, 5 

13. " lithography, 5 

14. Best porce'ain painting and 
gilding, Medal 

15. Best specimen Penmanship, Medal 

16. Best specimen of ornamental 
penmanship, Medal 

17. Best crayon drawing, • 5 

18. " pencil, drawing, 6 

19. " pencil graining, Medal 



bull or cow, 



20 



10. Best specimen of painting in 

oil by a Virginia artist, 20 

11. Best specimen of fruit or flow- 
er painting in oil, 10 

12. Best old portrait of any one 
connected with the history of Va. 10 

13. Best landscape from nature, 

in oil, 20 

14. Best fancy sign painting, Medal 

15. " old historical picture illus- 
trating any incident connected 
with Virginia, 10 

Section 2. 

WATER COLORS, DRAWING, 

ENGRAVING, ETC. 

1. Best life size photograph color- 
ed in oil by Virginia artist, 10 

2. Best life size photograph col- 
ored in water by Va., artist, 6 



20. " design for farm-house, 10 

21. " design for farm- barn. 10 

22. " design for dairy-barn, 10 

23. " design for poultry-house, 5 

24. " design for farm-gate, 2 

25. " design for granary, 3 

26. " bridge, (model of,) Medal 

27. u architectural drawing, 10 

28. " picture frames made in Va. 

Medal 

29. Second best picture frames 
made in Va., Certificate 

30. Best collection of artist mate- 
rials made in Virginia, Medal 

31. Second best collection of art- 
ists materials made in Virginia, 

Certificate 

32. Best collection of coins, 5 

33. Best collection of autographs 

of distinguished Virginians. Medal 

34. Best collection of Confederate 
relics, Medal 
Designs must be accompanied with 

estimates of cost and specification. 
Those to which premiums may be 
awarded, will be engraved and pub' 
lished in the report, of the Society. 

Judges. 

Wm. H. Haxall, Richmond. 

Dr. Wm. P. Palmer, Richmond. 

Samuel H. Pulliam, Richmond. 

Mrs. Charles S. Carrington, Richmond. 

Mrs. E. H. Hobson, Richmond. 

Mrs. G. C. Walker, Richmond. 

Mrs Mary B. Dobbin, Richmond, 



56 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



DEPARTMENT V. 

ANIMALS. 

S. W. FICKLIN, Chief. 

Committee to Examine Pedigrees: 

Thos. W. Doswell, Richmond, 
R. B. Haxall, Orange, 
R. V. Gaines, Charlotte. 

H@~ The attention of the Judges is 
particularly called to the regulation 
which forbids premiums to be awarded 
to constitutionally unsound animals. All 
animals must be of superior quality ; 
the brood mare must have dropped a 
colt. The produce, if present, will be 
considered in forming the award of the 
judges. 

CLASS I. — Horses and Mules. 

Superintendent. 
Section 1. 
. THOROUGHBREDS. 

1. Best stallion 4 years old or up- 
wards, $50 

2. Second best 30 

3. Best entire colt 3 years old and 
under 4, 35 

4. Second best 20 

5. Best entire colt 2 years old and 
under 3, 25 

6. Second best 15 

7. Best entire colt 1 year old and 
under-2, 20 

8. Second best 10 

9. Best brood mare 4 years old 
and upwards, 40 

10. Second best 20 

11. Best filly 3 years old and under 4 30 

12. Second best 15 

13. Best filly2years old and under 3 20 

14. Second best 10 

15. Best filly 1 year old and under 2, 15 

16. Second best 

17. Best colt or filly, 



Dr. R. H. Stewart, King George. 
Gen. Wickham, Richmond. 
W. E. Broadnax, Brunswick. 
Philip Haxall, Richmond. 
R. H. Dulaney, Loudoun. 

Section 2. 
Roadsters — adapted to quick draft. 

1. Best stallion 4 years old or up- 
wards, $40 

2. Second best do., 25 

3. Best entire colt, 3 years old and 
under 4, 30 

4. Second best do., 15 

5. Best entire colt, 2 years old and 



6. Second best do., 12 

7. Best entire colt 1 year old and 
under 2, 15 

8. Second best do., 8 

9. Best brood mare, 4 years old 

or over, * 30 



10. Second best do., 



20 



under 3, 



25 



11. Best filly, 3 years old and un- 
der 4, 25 

12. Second best do., 12 

13. Best filly, 2 years old and un- 
der 3, 20 

14. Second best do., 10 

15. Best filly, 1 year old and un- 
der 2, 15 

16. Second best do., 8 

17. Best pair of mares, or geldings 

in harness, 25 

18. Best colt or filly, 5 



Section 3. 

HORSES FOR GENERAL PUR- 
POSES. 

1. Best stallion. 4 years old and 
upwards, $40 

2. Second best do., 25 

3. Best entire colt, 3 years old 
and under 4, 30 

4. Second best do., 15 
d. Best entire colt, 2 years old 

and under 3, 25 

6. Second best do., 12 

7. Best entire colt, 1 year old and 
under 2, 15 

8. Second best do., 8 

9. Best brood mare, 4 years old 

or over, 30 

10. Second best do., 20 

11. Best filly 3 years old and un- 
der 4, 25 

12. Second best do., 12 

13. Best filly, 2 years old and un- 
der 3, 20 

14. Second best do., 10 

15. Best filly, 1 year old and un- 
der 2, 15 

16. Second best do., 8 

17. Best colt or filly, 5 

Judges. 
J. B. Newman, Orange. 
M. M. Blacker, Amelia. 
Judge Thomas Smith, Warrenton. 
R. J. Hancock, Albemarle. 
Gen. Terry, Wytheville. 



Section 4. 

Saddle — adapted to the breeding of im- 
proved riding horses. 

1. Best stallion, 4 years old or 
over, $40 

2. Second best, do., 25 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



57 



old 
old 
and 
old 



3. Best [entire colt, 3 years 
and under 4, 
Second best do., 
Best entire colt, 2 years 
and under 3, 
Second best do., 
Best entire colt, 1 year old 
under 2, 

8. Second best do., 

9. Best brood mare, 4 years 
and over, 

10. Second best do., 

11. Best filly, 3 years old and 
der 4, 

12. Second best do., 

13. Best filly, 2 years old and 
der 3, 

14. Second best do., 

15. Best filly, 1 year old and 
der 2, 

16. Second best do., 

17. Best colt or filly, 



Section 5. 
Heavy draf s. 

1. Best stallion, 4 years old or 
over, 

2. Second best do., 

3. Best entire colt, 3 years old 
and under 4, 

4. Second best do., 

6. Best entire colt, 2 years old 
and under 3, 

6. Second best do., 

7. Best entire colt, 1 year old and 
under 2, 

8. Second best do., 

9. Best brood mare, 4 years old 
or over, 

10. Second best do., 

11. Best filly 3 years old and un- 
der 4, 

12. Second best do., 

13. Best filly, 2 years old and un- 
der 3, 

14. Second best do., 

15. Best filly, 1 year old and un- 
der 2, 

16. Second best do., 

17. Best colt or filly, 

Judges. 
Wm. Beverly, Leesburg. 
John Chaplin, (ireensville. 
Maj. Iloxe, Culpeper. 
Gen'l Walter Taylor, Norfolk. 
W. W. Micheau, Powhatan. 



30 
20 

25 
12 

20 
10 

15 

8 
5 



$40 
25 

30 
15 

25 
12 



Secttos 6. 

Saddle. Iforsrs under the Saddle. 

1. For best saddle horse or mare 

aa pacer, $20 

2. For best saddle horse or mare 

as dog trotter, 20 



3. For best saddle horse or mare, 30 

Style, action, quality, and varie- 
ty of gaits — walking especially to be 
considered. 

Section 7. 
J\fules and Jacks. 

1. Best jack. $35 

2. Second best do., 20 

3. Bestjennet, 20 

4. Second best do., 10 
The premiums to be awarded to 

none but the finest quality of 
jacks and jennets as above 
classified. 

5. Best mule colt, 3 years old, foal- 
ed in Virginia, 20 

6. Second best do., 10 

7. Best mule colt, 2 years old 
foaled in Virginia, 15 

8. Second best do., 8 

9. Best mule colt, 1 year old, foal- 
ed in Virginia, 10 

10. Second best do., 5 

11. Best mule colt, a suckling, foal- 
ed in Virginia, 5 

12. Best pair mules, 25 

13. Second best do., 15 

Judges. 
Geo. S. Ayres, Upperville. 
Thomas Hunter, Amelia. 
E. J. Winston, Hanover. 
Robert Morris, Louisa. 
Randoloh Crocket, Wytheville. 

Section 8. 
Trials of Speed. 
Tuesday — Premium $125, for stal- 
lions to wagons, owned in and have 
stood a season in Virginia, mile heats, 
three or more to enter, and three to 
start. First horse $75. second $50. 

Riding Club — A single dash one mile 
forthree-year olds only. Prize, silver 
goblet of the value of $50. 

Wednesday — Trotting in harness for 
four year olds and under, mile heat 
and repeat, three or more to enter, 
three to start. Premium, $150. First 
horse, -$100; second, $60. 

Riding Club — Mile heat, best two in 
three, open to all ages. Prize, silver 
cup of the value of $75. 

Thursday— -Trotting in harness for 
three year olds, three or more to enter, 
three to start, mile heat. Premium 
$100. First horse, $60 ; second. |*0. 

Tandem trams to harness, single dash 
five miles. Premium, $100. 



58 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



Ridtng Club — Trotting race under the 
saddle, heats three miles each, best 
two in three, open to all ages, and not 
less than three to start. First horse, 
silver plate the value of $100 ; second 
horse, silver cup the value of $50. 

Friday — Trotting in harness, open to 
all, mile heats, best three in five, four 
or more to enter, and three to start. 
Premium, $300. First horse, $200; 
second horse $100. Time 2:40. 

Riding Club — Heats two miles each, 
best two in three, open to all ages, not 
less than three to start. First horse, 
silver plate the value of $150 ; second 
horse, silver cup of the value of $75. 

^@^A11 the above trials will be gov- 
erned by the regular rules of trotting 
and running. 

All entries must be made to the Sec- 
retary of the Society on or before twelve 
o'clock M. the day of the race ; and 
each entry must be accompanied by 
ten per cent, of the premium entered 
for. 

The Society reserves the privilege to 
change the above programme so far as 
to substitute one day's trials of speed 
for another, so far as to meet casual- 
ties of the weather, &c. 

Judges. 

Thomas W. Doswell, Richmond. 
Gen' I Fitz. Lee, Stafford. 
Dr. D. S. Watson, Goochland. 
Gen'l Wm. Mahone, Petersburg. 
Gen'l Bartlett, Richmond. 
J. H. Chamberlayne, Norfolk. 

CLASS II.— Cattle. 

W. C. SAUNDERS, of Wythe, Sup't. 

Committee on Pedigrees for Cattle. 

Geo. W. Palmer, Saltville. 
C. E. Coffin, Muirkirk, Md. 
I. T. Sayers, Sr., Wythe Co., Va. 
Section 1. 
Short Horns. 

1. Best bull three years old and 
upwards, "50 

2. Second best do., 30 

3. Best bull two years old and un- 
der three, 40 

4. Second best do., 25 

5. Best bull one year old and un- 
der 2, 25 

6. Second best do., 15 

7. Best bull calf, 10 

8. " cow three years old and 
over, 40 

9. Second best do., 30 



10. Best cow two yenrs old and un- 
der 3, 35 

11. Second best do., 20 

12. Best heifer one year old and 
under two, 25 

13. Second "best do., 15 

14. Best heifer calf, 10 

Short-Horned Grades. 

15. Best cow 3 years and upwards, 
not less than f pure blood, 25 

16. Second best do., 15 

17. Best cow 2 and under 3 years, 20 

18. Second best do.,' 10 

19. Best heifer 1 year old and un- 
der 2, 10 

20. Second best do., 5 

21. Aest heifer calf, 5 

Holstein and Herefords, each. 

22. Best bull 3 years old or upwasds 30 

23. Second best do., 20 

24. Best bull 2 years old and under 3, 25 

15 
15 
10 

5 



25. Second best do., 

26. Best bull 1 year old and undr 2, 

27. Second best do., 

28. Best bull caft, 

29. Best cow 3 years old and up- 
wards, 

30. Second best do., 

31. Best cow or heifer 2 years old 
and under 3, 

32. Second best do., 

33. Best heifer 1 year old and un- 
der 2, 

34. Second best do., 



Best heifer calf, 



25 
15 

20 
10 

15 
8 
4 



Judges. 
W. A. Stewart, Saltville. 
J. T. Sayers, Wythe Co. 
T. Lovelock, Gordonsville. 
S. H. Bell, Augusta. j 
W. W. Bently Pulaski. 



Section 2. 
Devons. 

36. Best bull 3 years old and up- 
wards, 

37. Second best do., 



20 

Best bull 2 yrs. old and under 3, 25 

15 
15 
10 
5 
25 
15 



39. Second best do. 

40. Best bull 1 yr. old and under 2, 

41. Second best do., 

42. Best bull calf, 

43. Best cow 3 yrs. old or upwards, 

44. Second best do;, 

45. Best cow or heifer 2 years old 
and under 3, 20 

46. Second best do., 12 

47. Best heifer 1 yr. old and under 2, 15 

48. Second best do., 8 

49. Best heifer calf, 4 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



59 



Devon Grades. 

60. Best cow 8 years old and up- 
wards, 10 

61. Second best do., 12 
52. Best cow 2 yrs. old and under 3, 15 
68. Second best do., 8 

64. Best heifer 1 year old, 10 

65. Second best do., 5 
56. Best heifer calf, 3 

Section 3. 
Work Oxen. 

1. Best yoke team of 4, 30 

2. Best yoke of oxen, 20 
B^. Must be exhibited in working 

order and not as fat cattle. 

Judges. 
S. T. Stewart, Loudoun. 
Dr. Dillard, Spotsylvania. 
R. E. Lee, King William. 
Capt. Browning, Orange. 
S. F. Maghee, Richmond. 



Section 4. 
Ayrshires. 

1. Best bull 3 years old or 
wards, 

2. Second best do., 

3. Best bull 2 yrs. old and under 3, 

4. Second best do., 



up- 



80 
20 

2.') 

12 

5. Best bull 1 year old and under 2, 15 

10 

5 

20 

16 



6. Second best do. 

7. Best bull calf, 

8. Best cow 8 yrs. old or upwards, 

9. Second best do., 

10. Best cow or heifer 2 years old 
and under 3, 20 

11. Second best do., 12 

12. Best heifer 1 and under 2 yrs. 
old, 15 

13. Second best do., 8 

14. Best heifer calf, 4 

Ayrshire Grades. 
Same amounts and classification as 
Devon grades. 

AUIcmeys. 

1. Best bull 3 yrs. old or upwards, $30 

2. Second best do., 20 
ft. Best bull 2 jean old and under 3, 25 
t. Second best do., 15 

5. Beit bull 1 year old and under 2, 15 

6. Second best do"., 10 

7. Best cow '{ yrs. old or upwards, 25 

8. Second best do., 1". 

9. Best cow or heifer 2 years old 
and under 8, 20 

10. Second best do., 12 

11. Beat heifer under 2 years, 15 

12. Second best do 8 

13. Best heifer calf, 4 



Alderney Grades. 
Same amount and classification as 
Devon grades. 

Judges. 
F. T. Lee, Lynchburg. 
A. Rowe, Fredericksburg. 
VV. Topham, Wytheville. 
A. R. Bowman, Waynesboro. 
Hon. J. Lyons, Richmond. 

Section 5. 

Dairy and Natives — Cross Breeds and 

Grades less than three-quarters pure. 

1. Best cow 8 yrs. old and upwards, $20 

2. Second best do., 12 

3. Best cow 2 yrs. old and under 3, 15 

4. Second best do., 8 

5. Best cow or heifer 2 years old 
and under 3, 15 

6. Second best do., 8 

7. Best heifer 1 year old and under 2, 10 



8. Second best do., 

9. 13 est heifer calf, 

Judges. 
Gov. Wm. Smith, Warrenton. 
J. B. Crenshaw, Richmond. 
Dr. J. R. Woods, Albemarle. 
Geo. Chapman, Amelia. 
Samuel Frank, Burkeville. 

Section 6. 

Fat Stock— Hogs. Sheep, Cattle, 

Dressed Mutton. 

1. Best fat bullock, 

2. Second best do., 

3. Best fat cow or heifer, 



$30 
20 
25 
15 



4. Second best do 

5. Best lot of fat cattle, not less 
than 4, 80 
fi^&L, Statement of manner of feeding 

to be handed to the Secretary at the 
time of entry. 

Section 7. 
FAT HOGS, &c 

1. Best lot fat hogs, not less than (5, $30 

2. " sheep, not less than 0, 30 
:> >. " slaughtered mutton, 10 
4. Second best do., 6 

Judges. 
J. G. Moffitt, Richmond. 
A. G. Robertson, Richmond* 
London Bruce, Greenwood, Albemarle. 
Fred. Brauer, Richmond. 
R. J. Fairer, Richmond. 



Section 8. 
Herd Premiums. 
Best bull and four cows or heif- 









60 



THE SOUTHERN 



[July 



ers, not less than 3 years old, all 
of one breed, and owned by one 
exhibitor, $100 

2. Best bull and 4 cows or heifers, 
not less than 2 years old (exclu- 



breed, and owned by one exhib- 
itor, 



50 



Section 9. 
Sweepstakes for Cattle. 

1. Best thoroughbred bull, $50 

2. Best thoroughbred cow or heifer, 50 

Judges. 
J. T. Sayers, Sr., Wythe. 
C. E. Coffin, Muirkirk, Md. 
F. T. Lee, Lynchburg. 
Dr. Dillard. Spotsylvania. 
James H. Renick. Greenbrier. 



CLASS III.— Swine. 
R. H. FIFE, Superintendent. 
Section 1. 
Large Breeds, including Chester, Rus- 
sia, Bedford, Woburn, Berkshire, 
Poland, China, and other large 
Breeds. 

1. Best boar 2 years old and over, $20 
Second best do., 10 

2. Best boar 2 years old, 15 
Second best, 8 

3. Best breeding sow over 2 yrs. old, 20 
Second best, 10 

4. Best breeding sow under 2 ys. old, 15 
Second best, * 8 

5. Best sow and 8 pigs or more, 25 



Section 2. 

Small Breeds, including Neapolitan, Suffolk, Sus- 
sex, Essex, Chinese, improved Hampshire and 
other small Breeds. 

6. Best boar 2 yrs. old and over, $20 
Second best, 10 

7. Best boar under 2 yrs. old, 15 
Second best, 8 

8. Best breeding sow over 2 yrs. old, 20 
Second best, ]0 

9. Best breedingsowunder2ys. old, 15 
10. Best sow and 8 or more pigs, 25 

Judges. 
J. B. Caddell, Pulaski. 
R. F. Graves, VVoolfolk's Store. 
J. D. Craig, \It. Meridian. 
T. C. S. Ferguson, Lynchburg. 
D. E. Gardner, Henrico. 



CLASS IV.— Sheep. 

R. H. FIFE, Superintendent. 

Section 1. 

Fine Wools, including pure bred Spanish, Saxon, 
French, and Silesian Merino. 

1. Best ram 2 years old, $30 
Second best, 20 

2. Best ram under 2, 20 
Second best, 10 

3. Best pen ewes, 8 in number, 30 

4. Second best do., 2Q 

5. Best pen ram lambs, 3 in number, 30 

6. " pen ewe lambs, do., 25 

7. " fleece fine wool, 10 

Fine Wool Grades, including crosses of the above 

8. Best pen ewes, 3 in number, $20 

9. Second best, 10 

10. Best pen ewe lambs, 10 

Middle Wooled, including South Downs, Oxford 
Downs, and other pure breeds of middle wool. 

11. Best ram 2 years old, $30 

12. Second best, 20 

13. Best ram under 2 years old, 20 

14. Second best, 10 

15. Best pen ewes, 3 in number, 30 

16. Second best, 20 

17. Best pen ram lambs, 3 in num'r, 30 

18. Best pen ewe lambs, 3 in num'r, 25 

Section 2. 

Middle Wool Grades, including crosses of above. 

19. Best pen ewes, 3 in number, 20 

20. Second best, 10 

21. Best pen ewe lambs, 10 

Judges. . 
J. G. Moffitt, Richmond. 
P. B. Jones, Orange. 
Dr. J. R. Baylor, Albemarle. 
James L. Stringfellow, Culpeper. 
E. Berger, Glendower. 

Section 3. 

Long Wools, including Bakewell or Leicester Cots" 
wold or New Oxfordshire and Lincoln. 

22. 

23. 
24. 

25. 
2G. 

27. 
28. 



Best ram, 2 years old, $30 

Second best, 20 

Best ram under 2 years old, 20 

Second best, 10 

Best pen ewes, 3 in number, 30 
Second best, * 20 

Best pen ram lambs, 3 in num'r, 30 
Best pen ewe lambs, 3 in num'r, 25 



Long Wool Grades, including crosses of above. 

29. Best pen ewes, 3 in number, $20 

30. Second best, 10 

31. Best pen ewe lambs, 10 



1874.] 



PLANTER AND FARMER. 



61 



Section 4. 
Goats. 

1. Best Angora, or Cashmere goat, 

not less than •"> in number, $20 

2. Second best, 10 
o. Best Angora, or Cashmere goat, 

female, not less than 3 in num'r, 20 
4. Second best do., 10 

Judges. 
Thos. Hudson, Broad Run. 
Chas. 8. French, Amelia. 
J. A. Byars, Washington Co. 
L. S. Macon, Albemarle. 
J. Fuller, Lexington. 
J. W. Hebditch, Gary's P. 0., Buck- 
ingham. 

CLASS V.- Poultry. 
J. C. SCHERMERHORN, Sup't. 
Section 1. 
Chickens. 
All specimens in this class must be 
judged according to the rules laid down 
in the American Standard of Excel- 
lence, adopted by the National Poultry 
Association. 

No premium to be awarded unless 
the fouls exhibited are of intrinsical 
merit. 

1. Best trio of dark Brahmas, • $3 

2. " 'light . " 3 

3. " white Dorkings, 3 

4. " gray " 3 

5. " black Russians, 3 

6. " Dominiques, 8 

7. " White face black Spanish, 3 

8. u silver spangle Ilamburgs, 3 

9. " golden " 3 

10. M white crested black Polands, 3 

11. " golden Polands, 3 

12. " silver, " 3 

13. " Houdans, 3 

14. " Creve Cceur, 3 

15. " LeFleche, 3 

16. u brown Leghorns, 3 

17. " white ( " 3 

18. Best games (of any strain), 3 



10. " buff Cochins, 

20. " Partridge " 

21. " white " 

22. " black " 

23. " Silkies, 



24. 
25. 

26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 



10 



Best common barn yards, 

golden seabright Bantams, 

silver " 

white Bantams, 

black 

spangled u 

game " 

golden Pheasants, 

silver •* 

pair of Capons, 

pair of Peafowls, 

pair of white Peafowls, 
For greatest variety of breeds 
exhibited and owned by one 
person, 

Ducks, Geese, &c. 
Best pair Aylesbury ducks, 
Cayuga " " 
" Rouen M 

u Muscovy u 

u bronze turkies, 
il turkies (ofany improved 
breed), 
African geese, 
Bremen " 
white China geese, 
brown " 

Toulon geese, 
Sebastopol geese, 
Swans (white or black) 
For largest exhibition of pigeons, 

not less than six varieties, 
For heaviest dozen of hen's eggs, 
Best pair Canary birds, 

53. Best parrot, 

54. v Best Mocking bird, 

55. Best pair English rabbits. 

56. Best Guinea pigs, 

Judges. 
P. C. Laras, Richmond. 
Mr. Rogers, Rural Messenger, Peters- 
burg. 
Jessie Hutchison, Richmond. 
Dr. Peter Johnson, Orange C 
C. G. Thompson, Richmond. 



37. 
38. 
3!). 
40. 
41. 
42. 

43. 
44. 
45. 

46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 

51. 

52. 



H. 



DEPARTMENT VI. will be pub- 
lished in our next number, and will 
contain programme for essays, plowing 
matches, &c. 



62 THE SOUTHERN [July 

TO OUR PATRONS. 



We wish to address a few words to our patrons. We are striving 
to make the Planter and Farmer a general medium of communi- 
cation among our farmers. 

We ask our patrons to aid us in these eiForts by contributing to 
the Planter all the information within their reach. Don't say you 
are not in the habit of writing for the press, and don't know how 
to dress it up. Give us the facts, we will do the dressing. 

We earnestly request your assistance in this, and as we commence 
making up our number on the 13th of the month, we would like, if 
possible, to have your communications in hand by that time. 

AGENTS WANTED. 

We take pleasure in calling attention to the advertisement of Mr. 
Bissell for agents to sell Trees. Mr. Bissell represents a very re- 
liable firm of Rochester, New York, Messrs. Chase Bros., and is him- 
self a nice gentleman to do business with. Young men out of em- 
ployment will do well to open a correspondence with him, or call at 
his office. 

We call the attention of our readers to the advertisements of Two 
Farms offered by our Associate Editor. From what we can learn 
these farms can be bought much under their real value, as the owner 
has no use for them, being otherwise employed. 

The Powhatan is one of the best and most productive in that coun- 
ty, and the Chesterfield farm has upon it enough wood to more than 
pay for it, including the expense of cutting and marketing it. 

Editor Planter and Farmer. 

Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. 

THE THIRD SESSION WILL BEGIN 
AUGUST 13TVK, I8f4, 



Several vacancies for State Students, whose necessary expenses do not exceed 
$150 for ten months. 

Those desiring to do so can pay part of their expenses by labor on the farm or 
in the workshops. Vacation in winter. For Catalogue, address, 

C. L. C. MINOR, President, 
july-3mos Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Va. 






CHEAP TO EFFECT SALES. 






LEVY IB IR. O T EC E 3* S 



have, therefore, marked the whole of their stock at the lowest possible prices. 
They only enumerate a small portion of their stock, but will state that they have 
everything in the way of Foreign and Domestic Dry Goods, Trimmings, Notions, 
Carpets, Matting, &c. 

Striped and Plain Mixed Wash-Poplins, twenty-seven inches wide, 16§c. per 
yard worth 26c; Striped Wash- Poplins, twenty- four inches wide, at 14c. worth 
20c; Mixed Wash-Poplins at 32.} per yard worth 16jf.; 

East-colored Lawns at I2$c. per yard worth 18c; Seersucker, twenty-seven 
inches wide at 12 \c. per yard worth 20c; Black Grenadines with colored stripes 
at 12jc. per yard wortli 25c; 

Black Grenadines with colored silk stripes at 16§c. would be cheap at 30c; 
Japanese Poplins at 16§c. per yard worth 25c; Japanese Poplins at 20 and 25c 
would be cheap at 30 and 35c; 

Japanese Poplins, silk warp, at 40 and 50c per yard worth 60 and 75c; Striped 
Silks at 75c, <S5c, $1 and $1.25 per yard — all 25c a yard below regular prices ; 
Black Silks from (>0c to $3.50 per yard — all much below regular prices ; Colored 
Silks in great variety at lower prices than at any time since 1862; 

Striped Muslins at 25c per yard, would be cheap at 35c; Checked Muslin, 
large patterns, at 30c per yard worth 50.; Victoria Lawn from 20 to 50c per 
yard — all very cheap ; Linen Lawns at 25c worth 35c per yard ; 

Grass-Cloth Suitings with side bands for trimmings - all yard-wide at 20c 
worth 25c; A large variety of Linen Suitings at very low prices ; Bombazines 
and other dress material for mourning ; 

Alpacas, Mohairs, and Brilliantines, in all qualities, at lower prices than 
ever ; Excellent Calicoes at 8^ 10, and \2\c. per yard ; Swiss Muslin from 12£ 
to 50c — great bargains in this line ; 

Nottingham Lace, for curtains, at 20, 25, 30 and 35c and up to $1.25 per 
yard ; Tucked Cambrics in all widths and qualities ; Shirred Muslin at 50c per 
yard, worth $1 ; Full- Width Linen Sheeting at 75c per yard worth $1 ; 

Pillow-Case Line.i, 1} yards wide at 60c worth 75c; Table Cloths, warranted 
all linen, two yards long, at $1 worth $1.50; White Matting, one yard wide, at 
26. •!(), 35, 40, 45 and 50c per yard— all excellent quality for the price ; 

Red Check Matting at 30c and up to 60c per yard ; 6-4 White Matting at 40c 
per yard, worth 60c.j 6-4 lied Check Matting at 45c per yard worth 60c; 

Victoria Lawn Dress Patterns in white and buff skirts, ready-made with suffi- 
cient material for a sacque or basque at $2 — cost double the money to import; 
Black Lace Scarfs, now so fashinablc, from $1 Dp to $6; 

Black Lace Points and Sacques in all qualities at remarkably low prices ; 
Printed Cambrick Frilled Collars and Cutis at 15c a set, worth 60c.j Unfiling 
and Hull's in grout bargains — some extraordinary bargains in this line ; 

A large stock of Striped Cotton Hose for women and Children ; Crepe Veils in 
all sizes— some extra large and heavy; 

Great bargains in Cotton Trimmings, Laces, Embroideries, Jewelry, Fans, 
Parasols, Fan Chains, Satchels. Trunks, Baskets, Shawl-Straps. \c. \c. 

Particular attention paid to orders. Goods sent by express C. O. D,, or upon 
receipt of post-office order or registered letter. 



July 



LEVY BROTHERS, 
1017 and 1019 Main Street, 

RICHMOND, VA. 



HERMITAGE NURSERIES, 

JOH1 W. RISQET, 

PROPRIETOR OF 
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 



1,500,000 

A-pple and 3?eacli Trees, 

FOR SALE THIS SPRING AT REDUCED PRICES. FIRST-CLASS 
APPLE TREES, $16 per hundred. FIRST-CLASS PEACH 
TREFS, $14 per hundred. 

These trees are warranted true to name, and are strictly first-class stock. 



SEED STORE AND OFFICE : 
909 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia, 

feb 



FOR SALE, 



BEE HIVES, &o. 



I am prepared to furnish, at short notice, 
Swarms of Black Bees at $5 per swarm— Hives 
extra. 

Swarms of Italian Bees at $10 per swarm- 
Hives extra. 

Italian Queens (with a few workers), hy mail 
or express, $5. Safe arrival guaranteed. 

A cheap Movable Comb Hive without sur- 
plus boxes $3 00 

A better Movable Comb Hive with two 

surplus boxes i 3 75 

Triumph Bee Hive, Movable Comb, and 
upper or surplus chamber, or six surplus 
boxes (trade mark included to use one 

Hive), painted, and with feet 5 00 

Deeds for individual rights to make and 

use the Triumph Hive 5 00 

Deeds for individual rights to make and 
use the American Side-opening Hive.... 5 00 

Bee Vail for protecting face and head 1 00 

Cheap Honey Extractor, Virginia made... 9 00 
Large Honey Extractor with cog wheels... 13 00 
Peabody lioney Extractor at factory 
prices, freight to be added 15 00 

W. R. POLK, 
Real Estate Agent and Auctioneer, 
No. 7 Shaffer's Building, Tenth St., 
ap Bet. Main and Bank Sts.. Richmond, Va. 



FOR SALE.— Thoroughbred Stock, 
&c. I have for sale a lot of thorough- 
bred Devon Cattle. Essex Pigs from 
improved stock. Also a lot of Light 
Brahma Fowls. Persons ordering from 
me can rely upon getting as good stock 
as any in the State. My herd of Devon 
are of the most improved "breed. I 
took 5 1st premiums on a portion of 
them at our last Virginia fair. For 
further particulars address 

F. W. CHILES, 

feb-6mos Mansfield, Louisa co., Va 

EDW. J. EVANS & CO., 
Nurserymen and Seedsmen, 
York, Penn. 
A complete stock of Fruit and Orna- 
mental Trees, Garden and Flower Seeds, 
Seed Wheat, Seed Oats, Seed Corn, 
Seed Potatoes, Grass Seeds, &c. Send 
for Catalogue and price lists. feb-lOt 

J. M. Thorburn k Co., 

15 JOHN ST. NEW YORK. 

Will mail, upon application, their New 
Catalogue of Vegetable and Agricultu- 
ral Seeds for 1874. mar — 6t 



Fertilizers and Seeds for 1874. 



SOLUBLE PACIFIC GUANO, 

Iffo. 1 Peruvian Guano, 

FLOUR OF IRA.-W" BOISTE, 

Ground Plaster, Lime, Agricultural Salt, &c. 

FIELD, GRASS, AND GARDEN SEEDS, 

SEED POTATOES 
Of the Early Rose, Early Goodrich, Peerless, and other choice varieties. 
For further information and supplies, address 

ALLISON & ADDISON, 

Seed and Guano Merchants, Richmond, Virginia. 



L. POWKRS & SON, 
COM MISSION MERCHANT, 

AND 

WHOLESALE PRODUCE DEALERS, 
1540 East Main Street, Richmond, Va. 

Flour, Grain, Hay, and all kinds Seed 
and Eating Potatoes. Foreign and Do 
mestic Fruits. Seed Potatoes a Specialty. 

ap— ly 



I]^RESH J *^> 

; GARDE S and FIELD SEED 

At the old stand cf Palmer & Turpin, 
1626 Main street, Richmond, 
Orchard Grass, 

Timothy, Herds, Clover, 

Kentucky Blue Grass. ! 
Send for Catalogue, 
feb-tf W. H. TURPIN. 

Eggs, Cream, Milk and Lemon Bis- 
cuits, and every kind of Crackers, made 
• specialty. Ponnd and Fancy Cakes, i 
Ginger Snaps, Lemon Snaps, Jumbles, j 
&c, &c, &c. 

RICHARD ADAM, 

Richmond Steam Bakery, 12th St., Rich- 
mond, Va., manufacturer of all kinds of I 
Bread, Cakes and Crackers, wholesale 
and retail. Orders from the oountry 
attended to promptly. ap— ly i 



SEED POTATOES. 

"Red Jacket." — A seedling from the 
Mercer, which it resembles in flavor, 
quality and habits of growth — about 
ten days later than the Rose ; yields 
twice as much as Peach Blow , white 
flesh and perfectly hardy ; in color, 
shape, size and general appearance, 
has no equal. Received First Premium 
at the Western New York and Penn- 
sylvania State Fairs, for best variety. 
Three lbs. by mail, $1 ; 30 lbs. $5 ; 60 
lbs. $8; bbl. $15. Free at Chili or 
Rochester Station. Circular free. 
A. S. JOHNSON, 
North Chili, New York. 

BF. lewis, Gwynedd, Montgomery Co. 
. Pa., T mporter, Breeder and Dealer in line 
Fowls, Pigeons, lVts, etc., of the purost ami best 
Quality. Berkshire ami Chester White I 
Large Bronse and White Holland Turkeys. 
Rouen, Alssbury, end Other tine Ducks. China, 
Bremen, and' other Geese. Asiatics, Spanish, 
Dorkings, Hamburgs, Whit*' and Brown Leg- 
horns, rolands. Houdans, and several varieties 
of Bantams; also Eggs for Hatching In season. 
Greyhounds, Newfoundland, and Hunting I 
Black and white, French and Blue Maltese rats, 
also many other specimens of rar.' Fowls, i'i- 

§> Rabbits, and other Pets. My stock has 
sen swarded L90 premium! In Bto months I 
would ai-o .all the attention of Breeders to my 
oelebrated Chicken Powder, which will euro as 
well as prevent Cbolormano other Diseases in 
, as well as promote their health and 
vigor. Bold .it 60 oenti per pound, a liberal 
discount to the trade. Even oneahooid trj it. 
For < atalogue and Pricc-Llst, address with 
stamp. ap— tf 



IFOIR, SALE, 

A VERY PINE 

Berkshire 

Nine months old, Sire and Dam imported from England. 
A few superior SOUTH DOWN EWES and EWE LAMBS, and a very large 

BRONZE TURKEY GOBBLER. 

Price of Turkey, $5. 

A. M. BOWMAN, Bellevue Stock Farm, 

jan — tf Waynesboro, Augusta Co., Va. 

PHOTOGRAPHS. 

We have purchased the Photographic Gallery formerly owned by Mr. W. G. 
R. Frayser, 1011 Main St., opposite Post-office, 

Having thoroughly refitted and added all the recent improvements, we respect- 
fully inform the public that we are prepared to execute every first class style of 
PICTURES (from minature to life size) known to the art. Our establishment 
is the most extensive and perfectly appointed one in the South, consequently we 
are enabled to offer our patrons superior facilities for obtaining the very best re- 
sults that the Art is susceptible of. We retouch elegantly all negatives made in 
OUR GALLERY. Our facilities for copying and restoring old Pictures are not 
equaled by any establishment in the country. Persons desiring first class work, 
in our line, will find it to their advantage to call and examine our artistic pro- 
ductions. You will find our prices as reasonable as first class work can be pro- 
duced. M. J, I>OWER,S -Se CO. [nov— 1 

35 Packages of Flower or Vegetable 
Seeds free by mail for one dollar. One 
beautiful Illustrated Catalogue of seeds 
and plants for 1874, free to all. Plants 
by mail a specialty. Address 

GREEN, BEACH & CO., 
Seedsmen and Florists, Oil City. Pa. 
Box 1775. mar— lOt 

TTHE NEW CLIFTON FRUIT CRATE and VEGETABLE CRATE, the 
best thing known for transporting Fruits and Vegetables. Will supersede all 
other articles used for these purposes. Took first premium and diploma at 
Maryland State Fair, 1873. First Premium and Diploma at Frederick Fair, 
1873. First Premium or Medal at Virginia State Fair, 1873. 
State, County, Farm, and individual Rights for sale by 

E. B. GEORGIA & CO., 
nov — ly Clifton, Fairfax, Va. 

Must Raise Every Dollar I Can! 

FOE WHAT? 
TO GO ISTOJEITHC. 

What farmer is not familiar with these words of the merchant? and yet the 
flame suicidal policy is pursued year after year, draining the country of money. 

THE REMEDY. 

Encourage manufacturing enterprises of your own State, and keep your money 
at home, by buying the superior goods made at 




The Charlottesville Woolen Mills. 



POWHATAN EAW BOM 

SUPER-PHOSPHATE, 

MANUFACTURED BY 



To the Planters of Virginia and North Carolina: 

We again respectfully call the attention of those intending to use fertilizers on 
their spring crops to the Powhatan Raw Bone Super-Phosphate, and particularly 
those who want a reliable fertilizer for tobacco and cotton, as we intend in the 
future, as in the past five years, to furnish an article which has no rival, regard- 
less of price. Wherever it has been used by the side of any other fe tilizer what- 
ever, not excepting the deservedly popular and higher priced tobacco fertilizers 
of the day, it has in every case proved itself superior. 

A few out of many of our certificates from our patrons : 

Blacks and Whites, Nottoway Co., Va., Jan. 1, 1872. 
Dear Sirs, — This is to certify that I have used the Powhatan Phosphate along 
side of three other kinds of fertilizers, each of which cost more than the Pow- 
hatan, and the difference in my crop of tobacco was greatly in favor of the Pow- 
hatan Phosphate. From my experience last year I think it a No. 1 manure, and 
recommend its general use. 

Very truly yours, SAMUEL F. EPES. 



Lunenburg, Co., Va., Jan. 29, 1873. 
Gentlemen, — I used your "Powhatan Raw Bone Super-Phosphate " last year 
on tobacco with perfect success and entire satisfaction. 

Very respectfully, R. H. ALLEN. 



Dinwiddie Co., Va., January 13, 1872. 
Dear Sirs, — In reply to your request, I have no hesitation in saying that I pre- 
fer the Powhatan Raw Bone Super-Phosphate, bought of you last spring, to any 
preparation that I have ever used on tobacco. I wish you to furnish me again 
this spring. Yours truly, WM. B. COLEMAN. 



Powhatan Co., Va., Jan. 30, 1873. 
Gentlemen, — Yours of 24th, asking my opinion of the Powhatan Phosphate, to 
hand. In reply. I have to say it acted well on my tobacco — better than a more 
costly fertilizer that was applied by, the side of it. 

Yours truly, Z. G. MOORMAN. 



Amelia Co., Va., Jan. 10, 1872. 
Dear Sirs, — Tn regard to the Powhatan Phosphate bought of you last spring, I 
take pleasure in saying that I am much pleased with its action on my crop. I 
used it on very thin land, '2(H) pounds to the acre, and my tobacco weighed better 
than any crop I have ever raised. I wish you to furnish me again this spring 

GEO. II. WIL1 S. 



Harmony. Halifax Co., Va., Jan. 20, 1872. 
(ri'iifln/ien, — You request mo to give y<>u the result of wj experience in the 
use ot' Powhatan Raw Hone Super-Phosphate. I have used it successfully For 
two years. 1870 ami 1871, and I think it the cheapest fertilizer I have ever us d, 
and expect, to use it again the coming season. 

Yours truly, EDWARD MOORE. 



THE WATT PLOW 

CONTINUES TRIUMPHANT! 




No CHOKING when bright and smooth; 
no LABOR to the plowman; ONE-THIRD 
LESS DRAUGHT to the team ; thorough 
BURIAL of Weeds, Grass, &c. ; great 
STRENGTH, Durability and Economy in 
its use, and complete pulverization of the 
soil. 

B^cl have, within the past eighteen 
months, made great improvements in the 
WATT PLOW, and can, with^ greater 
confidence than ever, commend it to the 
farming community everywhere. 

GEORGE WATT. 



Premiums received during the last three 
weeks of October 1873 : 

Virginia and North Carolina Fair, at 
«»«»*««*«*. -m Norfolk, October 7, 1873— ALL FIRST 
PREMIUMS AWARDED ON PLOWS. 

_ The test of plows took place in a sandy loam, with weeds, &c, from four to 
six feet high. The Watt Plow did not choke at all, and buried the vegetation 
perfectly. 

- North Carolina State Fair, at Raleigh, October 14, 1873— ALL PREMIUMS 
AWARDED ON PLOWS. 

Piedmont Agricultural Fair, Culpeper Courthouse, Va., October 14, 1873 — 
ALL PREMIUMS AWARDED ON PLOWS. 

The test took place in a hard, stiff clay soil not plowed since the war, and 
covered with running briers. The Watt Plow was run seven inches deep without 
difficulty, and never choked, burying everything under. 

Virginia State Fair, Richmond, October 28. 1873— ALL THE PREMIUMS 
ON EACH SIZE, RIGHT AND LEFT HAND. 

Also, two special premiums from the Society. Also, two special premiums 
from the city of Richmond. 

The Plows were tested in a sodded and heavy pipe soil. The working of the 
Watt Plow was admired by all. 

Western (N. C.) Fair at Salisbury, October 7, 1873— HIGHEST PREMIUM. 

Darlington (S. C.) Fair, October 11, 1873-HIGHEST PREMIUM. 

The WATT PLOW of all sizes, from one to four horses, warranted to do bet- 
ter work, with more ease, than any plow in use. If they do not prove so after 
one week's trial, they may be returned to us, and the purchase money will be re- 
funded. 

HARROWS, CULTIVATORS and ALL KINDS OF FARMING IMPLE- 
MENTS for sale on the best terms. 

Send for Circulars. WATT & CALL, 

dec Sole Manufacturers, Richmond, Va. 



EGGS THAT WILL HATCH ! 

An Amateur to Pay Expenses, Offers his Eggs at $2,50 Dozen. 

THE POLISH FAMILY A SPECIALTY, 

"White Crested, Black, White, Silver and Golden, Light and Dark Brahmas, 
Buff and Black Cochins, all bred from premium chickens, carefully packed and 
delivered at express. FRANK E^ANS, 

No. 5 South Paul St., Baltimore, Md. 

To Sell— 1 trio White Cochins $10. 

2 trios Buff " 10. 

2 " Light Brahmas 7.50 
Orders received for all kinds delivered by July 1st at low prices. ]"my— 2m 



LIGHT BRAHMAS FOR SALE. 



A few pairs and trios of LIGHT BRAHMAS for 

sale at $7.50 per pair, and $10 per trio. 

T. L. PAYNE, 

Southern Planter and Farmer. 

FOR THE HOUSEWIFE. 

Hofman's and Littlewood & Co's London (England) Royal Washing Crystal as 
used by the Royal Household saves time, labor money and soap. Makes hard 
water soft. For washing linen and heavy goods it is unequalled. Washes flan- 
nels and colored goods perfectly, without injury to colors. Try it. SAMPLES 
SENT FREE BY MAIL with full directions for use. None genuine without 
the name of Henry Hofman & Co., on each package. One gross (244 packages) 
$3. 10 per cent, commissioa allowed travelling agents. Address, 

HOFMANN & CO., 

166 Duane St., N. Y. 



MAGNOLIA NURSERY, 

(BROOK TU11NPIKE, NEAR CITY,) 
RIOHMOrSTD, VA. 

For sale, a large assortment of Shade 
and Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, 
Flowering Shrubs, Creepers, &c. ; also 
Grapevines and _ other small Fruits, 
Roses, etc., ect.' Price-list furnished 
on application in person or through 
post-office. L. J. HARVEY, 

Nursery grounds open to the inspec - 
tion of visitors during business hours. 



SUBSCRIBE 



TO THE 



§.' f^Ut qffi T^irtyer 




Into 




The facilities at our command enabling us to purchase Farmers' Supplies at 
the lowest cash prices, have induced us to open an AGENCY OFFICE, for the 
accommodation of our friends and the public generally. 

Our experience and intimate acquaintance with the manufacture of FERTIL- 
IZERS and FARM IMPLEMENTS, THE NURSERYMEN, SeEDMEN and STOCK. BREEDERS] 
of the whole country, will, we trust, enable us to select such articles as will give 
general satisfaction. We wiU purchase and have shippe<l by whatever mode of 
transportation may be designated, FERTILIZERS of every description sold in RICH- 
MOND or Baltimore; and where the quantity will justify, of the Manufacturers 
ANYWHERE IN THE UNITED States. And in the case of PERUVIAN GUANO, of the 
Agent of the Peruvian Government. 

As wi: CHARGE no COMMISSION, we will be compelled to conduct our business on 
a cash In/sis ; and our friends will please let the cash or ils equivalent accompany 
all orders. We wisb it understood that we chargd no commission, and we will 
purchase only of MANUFACTURERS OR THEIR [MM EDI AT I AGENTS. 



Address 



DICKINSON & PAYNE, 

Southern PI .inter and Fanner, 
ins zmz^iin" stirieiet. 

RICHMOND, VA. 



MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

Located on the Washington Branch of the B. & O. R. R., nine 
miles from Washington and twenty -eight from Baltimore. 

The next session will commence on the 1.5th of September, 1874, and end the 
last week in June 1875. It is divided into two terms of twenty weeks each. 

In addition to Agriculture and the Sciences pertaining thereto, a full Collegiate 
Course is taught. Students who do not desire to take the whole course are allow- 
ed within reasonable limits, to select such studies as their parents or guardians 
may designate. 

THERE IS NO CHARGE FOR TUITION. 

Charge for board, including fuel, gas, washing, &c, $100 per term, and a ma- 
triculation fee of $5. 

The following is the Board of Trustees: 



Hon. A. Bowie Davis, Prest. 
Hon. Janes L. Earle, 
E. W. Whitman, Esq. 
Colonel Edward Lloyd. 
J. Howard McHenry, Esq. 
Allen Dodge Esq. 
Hon. John F. Lee. 



His Excellency James B. Groom, Gov" 

ernor of Md. 
Hon. John Lee Carroll, President of 

the Senate.- 
Hon. J. T. Hines, Speaker House of 

Delegates. 
Prof. M. A. Newell, Prest. State 

School Commissioners. 

For further information apply to 

Gen'l SAMUEL JONES, President. 
P. 0. adderss — College Station, Pr. George Co., Va. 



Piedmont Ai:p-Line Railway, 



Richmond and Danville, Richmond and Danville R. W. 
Division, and North Western N. C. R. W. 



N. C. 



001ST3DE3STSEID TliEs^E TA.BLB- 

In effect on and after Sunday, October 12th, 1873, 
GOING NORTH. GOING SOUTH. 



STATIONS. 



Leave Charlotte, 

" Air-Line Junction, 

" Salisbury, 

" Greensboro, 

" Danville, 

" Burkeville, 
Arrive at Richmond, 



MAIL. 

10.00 p.m. 8,15 a.m. 

10.06 " 8.3d " 

10.06 a. M. 10.21 «■ 

3.30 " 12.45 p. m. 

6.20 " 3.12 " 

11.35 " 7.36 " 

2.17 P.M. 10.17 " 



GOING EAST. 



STATIONS. 

Leave Greensboro' 
" Co. Shops, 
" Raleigh, 

Arrive at Goldsboro,* 



MAIL. 

3.30 a. s 
4.45 " 
8.05 " 

11.15 " 



STATIONS. MAIL. 

Leave Riehmond, 128 p. M. 

Burkeville, 4.45 " 

Danville, 9,18 " 

Greensboro', 12.20 a. M. 

Salisbury, 2.38 " 
Air-Line Junction, 4.29 " 

Arrive at Charlotte, 4.35 " 



GOING WEST. 



a Arrive 



« Leave 



5.00 a. 
8.29 « 
12.48 P. 
3.50 « 
6.06 ' 
8.10 ' 
8.15 ' 



MAIL. 

12.20 A. M. 

9.35 " 

5.26 " 

2^0 P. M. 



NORTH WESTERN N. C. R. R. 

Salem Branch. 

Leave Greensboro' 4.30 p. m.; arrive at Salem 6.25 p. m.; leave Salem 8 A. M. 
boro' 10.00 a. m. 



arrive at Greens- 



Mail trains daily, both ways. 

On Sundays Lynchburg Accommodation leave Richmond at 9.45 a. M., arrive at Burkeville 12,45 
P. m., leave Burkeville 5.85 A. M., arrive at Richmond 8.45 a. m. 

Pullman Palace Care on all night .trains between Charlotte and Richmond (without change). 

Papers that have arrangements to advertise the schedule of this Company will please prints* 
above. 

For further information, address S. E. ALLEN, 

„-* \ General Tieket Agent, Greensboro', N. C. 

X M. R. TALCOTT, Eng'r & Gen'l Sup'L nov— tf 



>r 



a 



TO SPORTSMEN. 
I am raising the bandfomeel ;unl finest 
breed of setter dogs to be found in Vir- 
ginia, aero — of the Irish upon the Eng- 
&<Q3 ^*? ^~ ■ m ^ m ^^((s)% lish dog. By the 17th of July next (they 
HUMPHREYS' HOMEOPATHIC being three months old), I shall be able 
VETERINARY SPECIFICS, to deliver a limited number of puppies 
For the Cure of Hoi-hon, Cattle, Sheep, I of this breed at the express office. To- 



O THE MILD POWER , 

CURES 



SHEEP FOR SALE. 

Persons wanting stock sheep can be 
supplied in any numbeT; also Cotswold 
Buck Lambs for sale, by applying to 

R. H. CROCKETT, 
j e — 3t Wytheville, Wythe Co., Va. 

THE CROTON GRAPE. 

Fine two-year old Plants of this va- 
riety by mail or express. 



Send for 



Doks and Hog*. lersville. Louisa county, Va., at the fol- 

These invaluable curatives have been before the i liw : np . nriees • Males ft80- Fpmnlpt 

for twolve yearn, and have everywhere *<>n . V g J? nCLS ' 1 : iaies ' * ,u ' . l em.iies, 

golden opinions for kconomy, simplicity and kffi- $25. The puppies will begin to hunt 

ca.-y. iavKHYKTADLK HZH, HOBsi BAiuwAD men, we ll in November next. For beauty of 

TtllKMEV, THAINEKS, BBBKDKBS. FAKMEKS Ulld AQ- 1 / • U 1 1 1 1 \ J r 

inrn.TUKiBTs, all ham tn.,1 tl.em, in every disease color ( a nch glossy black), and for 

known among domestic animals, and all say that staunchness to the points and high aC- 

^n^V > ^!m IX1 ?Si^^r Fa3 FSSf tion in the field, these dogs are unsur- 

11. I'M DANUhit and KAI'IIMIY and CElt- i * , , ° ry \r r> 

TA1NTY OF CTRE, they are UN APPROACH- paetea. Address R. M. C, 

ABLE. Ten thousand cases of the Canadian IVyman's Store, Spotsylvania Co., Va. 

Horse Epidemic have been treated by them 

in New York alone with results approached by no 
other system or method. The medicines are sim-] 
pie, free from danger, and max be given in ami 
instant, and are always reliable as curatives. 
LIST OF SPECIFICS, in bottles of fluid (fifty 
i ich), and principal diseases for which each 
bottle is curative : — 

A. A.— Cures all Inflammations, Fe- 
vers, or Congestions, $1 00 

B.B.— Cures nil Strains, Founder, Rheu- 
matism, Diseases of Tendons, Liga- 
ments or Joints, . 1 00 

C. C— Cures IMstempcr, Canadian Horse 
Disease. Haaal Uleet, tore Throat 

and Barnaul 1 00 

D.D.— Cures Hots, "Worms, Grubs, . . 1 00 
K.K.— Cures Coughs, Colds, Bronchitis, 

Inflamed Lungs OT Air Passages, . 1 00l 
F. F.— Cures Colic, or Bellyache ; lioven, 
or "Wind-Blown, T urging or .Diar- 
rhea, 1 00 

G.G.— Arrests threatened Loss of 

Foal, OT caif, or Miscarriage, . .100 
H.H.— Cures Dropsy and Diseases of 
Kidneys and Bladder; scanty, 
painful or difficult Urination, . . 1 00 
I. I.— Cures Eruptions, Abscesses and 

Ulcers, Mange, b'arcy, Fistulas, etc. 1 00 
J. J.— Cures Diseases of Digestion, 
111 Condition, Para l ysis, Stomach 
Staggers, Jaundice, eta, . . . . 1 00 
PRICES. 
Veterinary Case, in Klack Walnut. 
with Veterinary Manual, and 10 
bottles of Medicine and Medicator com- 
plete, $10 00 

Single Bottles, each fifty doses of Medi- 
cine, 1 00 

: inary Mam; Medicator, 85 cts. 

BST 1». S. Meat free by lixpress to 
my pi<rt of the country, on receipt of 
the price, in orders of $5 or upwards. 
Address 



by mail 
Price-List. 

S. W. UNDERHILL, 
ap Croton Landing P. 0., N. Y. 



AGENTS WANTED.— We are in 
want of a few first-class Salesmen 
to sell Nursery Stock in various parts 
of the country. We want men of good 
character, habits and business capacity, 
who can furnish undoubted references, 
and who will give their whole time and 
energy to the business. 

None need apply who cannot furnish 
references and bond. To such we can 
give constant employment with a good 
salary. CHASE BROTHKIIS. 

W. P. BISSELL, Manager, 919 Bank 
St., Richmond, Va. ju— tim 



Humphreys' Specific 

Homeopathic Medicine Co., 
jtfiee and Depot, No. ->i>i Bboadwat, New Yokk. 
"* For Sale by all Druggists. 

w. c. smithT 

Manufacturer of and Dealer in 

Children's Carriages, 

China, G lass and Willow Ware, 

\»bof Every Dcsoriftiov, Afghans, 

M \ i 

Invalid Chairs made to order; also 
epairing neatly done. Saleroom 412 
»i"ad Main Street, 

'actory 808. 812 and 814 Fifth 
lichmond, va. ap— lv 



BEAUTIFULLY 

0GUES fr 



S^-JEWS 



lngl75 FACtS, and coflUli big 

v ready. 

Tnnur p . '. t>.> mailed i 

free; to nil otbei c, w dc! 

we return in Seeds or Plants, \nthhr*t order. 

AUjntrchamn <>> »ur i: 
(«artlc.iiiiu lor Profit. _ 

or Practical Floriculture 
Prire J1..V) en ■'> (yfi r dd 1 

litta, and wil 
] < ■ ■ pua annual: j, Jctt v. 

I 

Secdtmon, 35 Cortland! Struct, New York. 
Cants 



— 



wm 



CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO E. R. 




On and after SUNDAY, April 19th, 1874, passenger trains will 

run as follows : 

FROM RICHMOND : 

8:30 A. M. MAIL TRAIN.— For Gordcnsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, White 
Sulphur, Hinton, and all intermediate Stations, daily (except Sundays), arriving 
at Hinton at 10:20 P. M. This train connects at Gordonsville for Orange, Cul- 
peper, Warrenton, Manassas, Alexandria, Washington and the North, and at 
Charlottesville for Lynchburg, Bristol, Knoxsville, Chattanooga and the South. 

4:45 P. M. ACCOMMODATION TRAIN.— For Gordonsville and all inter- 
mediate Stations, daily (except Sunday), arriving at Gordonsville 8:30 P.M. 

9:30 P. M. CINCINNATI EXPRESS.— For Gordonsville, Charlottesville, 
Staunton, Goshen, Milboro', Covington, White Sulphur, and all Stations west of 
White Sulphur, daily (except Sunday), arriving at Huntington, 5:30 P. M. This 
train connects at Gordonsville for Washington, Baltimore and the North, and for 
Lynchburg, Bristol, and the South, and at Huntington with the Steamers Bostona 
and Fleetwood for Cincinnati and all points West and Southwest, arriving at Cin- 
cinnati 6 A. M. 

Baggage checked through. 

FOR THROUGH TICKETS, rates and information, apply at 826 Main Street 
Ballard and Exchange Hotel, or at company's Office, Broad Street and Sixteenth 

A. H. PERRY, General Sup't. 
Edgar Yliet, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. 

B. A. HANCOCK, 

Mff 01SBT &» * J 

MAISTCHESTER, VA. 3 

Will practice in the Courts of Chesterfield, Powhatan and Henrico Counties; 
the city Courts of Richmond and Court of Appeals. Special attention given to 
cases in Bankruptcy and to collections in Richmond- 

PIRE PROOF^fev- -- ■ I _??* Water Proof 



DURABLE. 




I ECONOMICAL 



vowir. 



STOPS -A_XjXi LEAKS- 

M.m^M"rm <wM,mwmm mm mwrnmig 

4®- SEND FOR TESTIMONIALS. -©ft 
This paint has been tested in all sections of the country, and Lva reliable article, one gallon 
covers 200 square feet of tin or iron. Felt roofs can be mato dwable, and water tight at a small 
expense. The paint never cracks nor scales off. 

m~ CONTAINS NO TAR =©» 
And is supplied, mixed ready for use, at 80 cents a gallon. Warped shingles it brings to tlteir places 
decaying ones it preserves for many years and will 

«&. SA VE EXPENSE OF RESHINGLING «=®R 
Giving the entire roof the ornamental appearance and fire proof qualities of slate itself. 
Send for circular containing lull particulars and reierences. 

NEW YORK SLATE ROOFING CO., 

P. 0. Box 1761, Office, 6 Cedar Street, New York. 

July— 3t. 



totl^ei